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Cell surface antigens of Phytophthora spores: biological and taxonomic characterization

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The Protistan Cell Surface

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Summary

The oomycetes are a class of protists that produce biflagellate asexual zoospores. Members of the oomycetes have close phylogenetic affinities with the chromophyte algae and are widely divergent from the higher fungi. This review focuses on two genera, Phytophthora and Pythium, which belong to the family Pythiaceae, and the order Peronosporales. These two genera contain many species that cause serious diseases in plants. Molecules on the surface of zoospores and cysts of these organisms are likely to play crucial roles in the infection of host plants. Knowledge of the properties of the surface of these cells should thus help increase our understanding of the infection process. Recent studies of Phytophthora cinnamomi and Pythium aphanidermatum have used lectins to analyse surface carbohydrates and have generated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed towards a variety of zoospore and cysts surface components. Labelling studies with these probes have detected molecular differences between the surface of the cell body and of the flagella of the zoospores. They have been used to follow changes in surface components during encystment, including the secretion of an adhesive that bonds the spores to the host surface. Binding of lectin and antibody probes to the surface of living zoospores can induce encystment, giving evidence of cell receptors involved in this process. Freeze-substitution and immunolabelling studies have greatly augmented our understanding of the synthesis and assembly of the zoospore surface during zoosporogenesis. Synthesis of a variety of zoospore components begins when sporulation is induced. Cleavage of the multinucleate sporangium is achieved through the progressive extension of partitioning membranes, and a number of surface antigens are assembled onto the zoospore surface during cleavage. Comparisons of antibody binding to many isolates and species of Phytophthora and Pythium have revealed that surface components on zoospores and cysts exhibit a range of taxonomic specificities. Surface antigens or epitopes may occur on only a few isolates of a species; they may be species-specific, genus-specific or occur on the spores of both genera. Spore surface antigens thus promise to be of significant value for studies of the taxonomy and phylogeny of these protists, as well as for disease diagnosis.

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Abbreviations

MAbs:

monoclonal antibodies

ConA:

Concanavalin A

SBA:

soybean agglutinin

WGA:

wheat germ agglutinin

gps:

glycoproteins

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Author notes

  1. B. K. Gabor

    Present address: PetoSeed Co., Woodland, California, USA

  2. F. Gubler

    Present address: Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Science, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

  3. G. J. Hyde

    Present address: Department of Biology, York University, Ontario, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia

    A. R. Hardham, D. M. Cahill, M. Cope, B. K. Gabor, F. Gubler & G. J. Hyde

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  1. School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Richard Wetherbee  & Jeremy D. Pickett-Heaps  & 

  2. Provasoli-Guillard Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, USA

    Robert A. Andersen

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Hardham, A.R., Cahill, D.M., Cope, M., Gabor, B.K., Gubler, F., Hyde, G.J. (1994). Cell surface antigens of Phytophthora spores: biological and taxonomic characterization. In: Wetherbee, R., Pickett-Heaps, J.D., Andersen, R.A. (eds) The Protistan Cell Surface. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9378-5_12

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