Abstract
It is probable that the course of human history has been affected many times by mutations in the hemagglutinin protein of influenza A viruses. Because the clinical and epidemiological features of past and modern epidemics are so similar, we can assume that past epidemics were caused by antigenically variable viruses like contemporary strains now under study. The legitimacy of this assumption is strengthened by serologic, and more recently, molecular genetic evidence of the return or recycling of virus variants from the past. By inference, contemporary studies of the genetics of influenza viruses have not only archaeological but predictive implications for this recycling virus.
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Kilbourne, E.D. (1983). The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics— A Perspective. In: Palese, P., Kingsbury, D.W. (eds) Genetics of Influenza Viruses. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8706-7_1
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