Zusammenfassung
Die meisten Reaktionen am sp 3 -hybridisierten Kohlenstoff sind dadurch gekennzeichnet daß ein Substituent X durch einen Substituenten Y ersetzt wird, wobei der neue Substituent beide für die C—Y-Bindung nötigen Elektronen liefert. Der ersetzte Substituent verläßt natürlich das Molekül mit beiden Elektronen der ursprünglichen σ-Bindung:
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Ernest, I. (1972). Polare Reaktionen. In: Bindung, Struktur und Reaktionsmechanismen in der organischen Chemie. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8437-0_3
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