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Kognitive Lernprozesse: Ein Erklärungsversuch

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Künstliche Intelligenz und Heuristisches Programmieren

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Zusammenfassung

Nachdem Turing (1956) auf die Demonstrationsmöglichkeit, daß eine Maschine denken könnte, hinwies, hat dieses altehrwürdige Problem die besten der kreativen Wissenschaftler herauszufordern begonnen (von Neumann 1958; Shklovskii und Sagan 1966; Brillouin 1956). Die Begriffe Denken, Erkennen und Wiedererkennen, Konzeptformation, Problemlösen, induktives und deduktives Schließen, Intelligenz, Planen sowie Einsicht wurden auf zunehmend höherem theoretischen Niveau von zahlreichen Forschern in diesem logisch-mathematischen Kontext untersucht, jedoch nicht so sehr mit der Sprache der Humanpsychologie, wo diese Begriffe doch ihren Ursprung haben. Eine Forschungshauptströmung betonte den dynamischen Erwerbsprozeß von intellektuellen Fähigkeiten und Erkenntniszuständen mittels Ein-Ausgabe. Dies war jener Ansatz, der zu der Entwicklung der Theorie der adaptiven Kontrollsysteme mit Rückkoppelung und Selbstregulierung parallel lief (Wiener 1948; Ashby 1953; Solomonoff 1956), nämlich des Lernens durch induktive Inferenz. Der Ansatz hat aber den Höhepunkt seiner Popularität überschritten und ist nun außer Mode. Trotz eindrucksvoller Belege für ein Lernen durch Rechenanlagen (Uhr 1964; Samuel 1959) dürfte der weitverbreitete und populäre Glaube bestehen, daß nicht genug Ideen darüber vorliegen, wie allgemeine Lernprogramme, die einer Rechnerrealisierung dessen, was wir bei Personen ein Lernen der sophistiziertesten Art nennen, nahe kommen, zu entwerfen sind (wir teilen diesen Glauben nicht und hoffen, den Leser von unserem Standpunkt überzeugen zu können).

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  1. Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Amherst, N. Y., USA

    Nicholas V. Findler

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Kochen, M. (1975). Kognitive Lernprozesse: Ein Erklärungsversuch. In: Findler, N.V. (eds) Künstliche Intelligenz und Heuristisches Programmieren. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8389-2_13

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8389-2_13

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