Zusammenfassung
Aerial plant parts are capable of absorbing gases and solutes from the surrounding atmosphere and from deposits of dusts or sprays. This phenomenon, or the associated agricultural practice, has been described as foliar feeding, non-root feeding, extra-root feeding, “Blattdüngung” and nutrient absorption by above ground plant parts. In some of the descriptive terms for the phenomenon there is the implication that aerial plant parts other than leaves may also participate in nutrient uptake. Experiments that conclusively demonstrated the uptake of nutrients through leaf surfaces were published as early as 1844 by Gris and were followed by those of Mayer (1874) and Böhm (1877). In recent years the agricultural importance of foliar applications of mineral nutrients has progressively achieved greater proportions.
This review was carried out as part of Contract AT (11–1)–888 with the Division of Biology and Medicine, United States Atomic Energy Commission.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Alben, A. O.: Evaluation of zinc chelate and zinc sulfate sprays for controlling rosette on Cheley and Stuart pecans. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80:312–314 (1962).
Allen, M.: The uptake of metallic ions by leaves of apple trees. II. The influence of certain anions on uptake from magnesium salts. Jour. Hort. Sci. 35:127–135 (1960).
Allen, M. The uptake of metallic ions by leaves of apple trees. IV. The uptake of copper by leaves of Cox’s Orange Pippin momentarily dipped in solution of copper sulfate. Jour. Hort. Sci. 40:42–57 (1965).
Amberger, A., and E. Latzko: Über die Aufnahme des Cyanamids durch oberirdische Pflanzenteile und seine Verweildauer in der Pflanze. Z. Pflanzenernähr., Düng., Bodenkde. 67:211–219 (1954).
Aufhammer, G., and M. Hopfengart: Untersuchungen zur Mineralsalzaufnahme durch die Blätter bei Getreide. Z. Pflanzenbau u. Pflanzenschutz 3:241–246 (1952).
Bacher, T. O.: The effect of ammonia in the air on the growth of the plant. Cornell University, M. S. Thesis, 36 pp. (1928).
Beeftink, W. G., J. van der Boon, H. H. Borgman, P. R. Den dulk, J. Van den ende, P. Knoppien, A. Pouwer, J. P. N. L. Roorda van eysinga, J. Ch. Van schouwburg, A. C. Van schreven and H. J. Wezenburg: Voiding van de plant via het blad (Nutrition of the plant through the leaf). Overdruck mit Mededelingen Directeur van de Tuinbouw 20:150–157 (1957).
Biddulph, S., O. Biddulph and R. Cory: Visual indications of upward movement of foliar-applied P32 and C14 in the phloem of the bean stem. Amer. J. Bot. 45:648–652 (1958).
Bloom, J. R., and J. C. Walker: Effect of nutrient sprays on Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytopath. 45:443–444 (1955).
Boguslawski, E. von, and A. Vömel: Über Blattdüngung mit Einzelnährstoffen und Volldüngung bei Hafer. Landwirtsch. Forsch. 9:83–94 (1957).
Böhm, J.: Über die Aufnahme von Wasser und Kolksalsen durch die Blätter der Feuerbohne. Landw. Vers. Sta. 20:51–59 (1877).
Bottini, E., and E. Morra di Lavriano: Sulla possibilita delia nutrizione vegetale attraverso le foglie. Ricerche eseguite sul pomoforo e sulla cicora. Ann. Sper. Agrar. 12:1175–1190 (1958).
Boynton, D.: Nutrition by foliar application. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 5:31–54 (1954).
Brewer, R. F., F. H. Sutherland, R. G. Timmons and F. B. Guillemet: The effects of low atmospheric fluoride concentrations on bearing navel orange trees. (Abstract.) Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Penn. State Univ., University Park, Penn., Aug. 30-Sept. 3 (1959).
Buchner, A.: Neue Wege der Düngung im Intensionsbetrieb. Arbeiten DLG 46, 48 pp. Frankfurt am Main (1957).
Bukovac, M. J., F. G. Teub-ner and S. H. Wittwer: Absorption and mobility of magnesium 28 in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 75:429–434 (1960).
Bukovac, M. J., H. B. Tukey and S. H. Wittwer: Effet de la greffe et de l’orientation du scion sur la circulation des substances nutritives d’après la méthode des radio-isotopes. Colloque International sur la Greffe des tissus végétaux et animaux. Comptes Rendus des Travaux, Juin 7–11, pp. 115–130 (1957).
Bukovac, M. J., and S. H. Wittwer: Absorption and mobility of foliar applied nutrients. Plant Physiol. 32:428–435 (1957).
Bukovac, M. J., and S. H. Wittwer Absorption and distribution of foliar applied mineral nutrients as determined with radioisotopes. Third Colloquium on Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems. Montreal, Canada pp. 215–230 (1961).
Burr, G. O., C. E. Hartt, T. Tani-moto, D. Takahashi and H. W. Brodie: The circulatory system of the sugarcane plant. Proc. First (UNESCO) Intern. Conf. Radioisotopes in Sci. Research 4:351–368 (1958).
Burr, G. O., T. Tanimoto, C. E. Hartt, A. Forbes, G. Sadaoka, F. M. Ashton, J. H. Payne, J. A. Silva and G. E. Sloane: Uses of radioisotopes by the Hawaiian Sugar Plantations. Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy 12:177–183, United Nations, New York, N. Y., 553 pp. (1956).
Chapman, H. W.: Personal communication. Dept. Hort., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo., U.S.A. (1959).
Cook, J. A.: Field trials with foliar sprays of Zn-EDTA to control zinc deficiency in California vineyards. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 72:148–164 (1958).
Cook, J. A., and F. G. Mitchell: Screening trials of chelated zinc materials toward the correction of zinc deficiency in Vinifera grapevine. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 72:149–157 (1958).
Crafts, A. S.: Weed control: Applied Botany. Amer. J. Bot. 43:548–556 (1956).
Currier, H. B., and C. D. Dyb-ing: Foliar penetration of herbicides-review and present status. Weeds 7:195–213 (1959).
Dean, L. A.: The availability of soil and fertilizer phosphorus to plants. Conf. on Radioactive Isotopes in Agriculture, Jan. 12–14, E. Lansing, Mich. TID 7512. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington D. C. (1956).
Dilley, D. R., and D.R.Walker: Personal communication. Dept. Hort. N.Carolina State College, Raleigh, N. C. (1959).
Dorokhov, V. L.: Effect of nutrition by foliar application on the rate of photosynthesis. Fiziol. Rast. 4:183–191 (1957).
Dunlap, D. B., and A. H. Thompson: Effect of boron sprays in the development of bitter-pit in the York Imperial apple. Univ. Maryland Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull. A-102. 31 pp. (1959).
Eaves, C. A., and J. S. Leefe: Note on the influence of foliar sprays of calcium on the firmness of strawberries. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 42:746–747 (1962).
Eddings, J. L., and A. L. Brown: Absorption and translocation of foliar applied iron. Plant Physiol. 42:15–19 (1967).
Eggert, R., and L. T. Kardos: Further results on the absorption of phosphorus by apple trees. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 64:47–51 (1954).
Egorov, A. V.: Non-root feeding of plants with phosphorus. Reports of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy 16:164–177 (1957).
Epstein, E.: Passive passage and active transport of ions in Commission Report TID 7512, Washington D.C. (1956).
Erikson, E.: Composition of atmospheric precipitation. Tellus 4:215–232, 280–303 (1952).
Fisher, E. G., and D. R. Walker: The apparent absorption of phosphorus and magnesium from sprays applied to the lower surface of Mcintosh apple leaves. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 65:17–24 (1955).
Forshey, C. G.: The effect of nitrogen status of magnesium deficient apple trees on the response to epsom salts sprays. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 73:40–45 (1959).
Franke, W.: Role of guard cells in foliar absorption. Nature 202:1236–1237 (1964).
Fried, M.: The absorption of sulfur dioxide by plants as shown by the use of radioactive sulfur. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 13:135–138 (1949).
Frischknecht, C., W. Binns, D. A. Greenwood, L. E. Harris, M. L. Miner, B. L. Richards and F. B. Wann: The effect of fluorides on plants and animals. Utah Agri. Extension Circular 179, 12 pp. (1953).
Geraldson, C. M.: The control of blackheart of celery. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63:353–358 (1954).
Geraldson, C. M. Control of blossom-end rot of tomatoes. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 69:309–317 (1957).
Greenham, D. W. P., and G. C. White: The control of magnesium deficiency in dwarf pyramid apples. J. Hort. Sci. 34:238–247 (1959).
Gris, E.: Nouvelles expériences sur l’action des composés ferrugineux solubles, appliqués à la végétation et spécialement au traitement de la chlorose et à la débilité des plantes. Compt. Rend. (Paris) 19:1118–1119 (1844).
Haagen-Smit, A. J., E. F. Darley, M. Zaitlin, H. Hull and W. Noble: Investigations on injury to plants from air pollution in the Los Angeles area. Plant Physiol. 27:18–34 (1952).
Halliday, D. J.: Foliar application of major nutrients to fruit and plantation crops. Outlook on Agriculture 3:111–115 (1961).
Harding, R. B., M. P. Miller and M. Fireman: Absorption of salts by citrus leaves during sprinkling with water suitable for surface irrigation. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71:248–256 (1958).
Harrison, B. F., M. D. Thomas and G. R. Hill: Radioautographs showing the distribution of sulfur in wheat. Plant Physiol. 19:245–257 (1944).
Heggestad, H. E., and J. T. Middleton: Ozone in high concentrations as cause of tobacco leaf injury. Science 129:208–210 (1959).
Henkens, Ch. H.: Enkele resultaten van onderzoek over sporenelementen molybdeen en mangaan. Landbouwkundig Tijdschrift 68:109–112 (1956).
Henkens, Ch. H. Het voorkomen van kwade harten in erwten door bespuiting met mangaan s ulfaat. Landbouwvoorlichting 15:262–265 (1958).
Hinsvark, O. N., S. H. Wittwer and H. B. Tukey: The metabolism of foliar-applied urea. I. Relative rates of C14O2 production by certain vegetable plants treated with labeled urea. Plant Physiol. 28:70–76 (1953).
Hofmann, E., and A. Süss: Über die Aufnahme von radioaktivem Schwefel (35 S) bei einigen Kulturpflanzen. Naturwiss. 41:506–507 (1954).
Ikonenko, T. K.: The interrelationship between root and foliar nutrition and photosynthesis in plants. Fiziol. Rast. (Translated Edition) 6:94–97 (1959).
Ingham, G.: Effect of materials adsorbed from the atmosphere in maintaining soil fertility. Soil Sci. 70:205–212 (1950).
Johnson, F., D. F. Allmendinger, V.L.Miller and D. Polley: Fall applications of boron sprays as a control for blossom blast and twig dieback of pears. Phytopath. 45:110–114 (1955).
Johnson, K. E. E., J. F. Davis and E. J. Benne: Control of magnesium deficiency in Utah 10-B celery grown on organic soil. Proc. Soil. Sci. Soc. Amerr. 21:528–532 (1957).
Johnson, K. E. E., J. F. Davis and E. J. Beine: Occurrence and control of magnesium-deficiency symptoms in some common varieties of celery. Soil Sci. 91:203–207 (1961).
Jyung, W. H.: Foliar absorption of mineral nutrients with special reference to the use of radioisotopes and the “leaf washing technique”. M. S. Thesis, Michigan State Univ., 45 pp. (1959).
Jyung, W. H., and S. H. Wittwer: Foliar absorption an active uptake process. Amer. J. Bot. 51:437–444 (1964).
Jyung, W. H., and S. H. Wittwer: Pathways and mechanisms for foliar absorption of mineral nutrients. Agr. Sci. Rev. 3:26–36 (1965).
Jyung, W. H., S. H. Wittwer and M. J. Bukovac: The role of stomata in the foliar absorption of Rb by leaves of tobacco, bean and tomato. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 86:361–367 (1965).
Jyung, W. H., S. H. Wittwer and M. J. Bukovac: Ion uptake by cells enzymically isolated from green tobacco leaves. Plant Physiol. 40:410–414 (1965).
Kaindl, K.: Untersuchung über die Aufnahme von P32 markiertem primärem Kaliumphosphat durch die Blattoberfläche. Die Bodenkultur 4:324–353 (1953).
Kaindl, K. Untersuchung über die Aufnahme von P32 markiertem primärem Kaliumphosphat durch die Oberfläche von Weizenblättern. Die Bodenkultur 9:43–49 (1956).
Kalinkevich, A. F.: The effect of synthetic urea on the formation of sulfhydryl groups in plants in extra-radical nutrition. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR (Translated Edition) 117:270–271 (1957).
Kannan, S., and S. H. Wittwer: Absorption of iron by enzymically isolated leaf cells. Pysiologia Plant. 20:911–919 (1967.)
Katz, M.: Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere and its relation to plant life. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41:2450–2465 (1949).
Kessler, B., and Z. W. Moscicki: Effect of triiodobenzoic acid and maleic hydrazide upon the transport of foliar applied calcium and iron. Plant Physiol. 33:70–72 (1958).
Kilbinger, A.: Kohlensäure, ein Lebensstoff, 52pp. München 19: Landbau. 1955.
Koontz, H., and O. Biddulph: Factors affecting absorption and translocating of foliar applied phosphorus. Plant Physiol. 32:463–470 (1957).
Krantz, B. A., A. L. Brown, B. B. Fischer, W. F. Pendery and V. W. Brown: Foliage sprays correct iron chlorosis in grain sorghum. Calif. Agr. 16 (5), 5–6 (1962).
Krzysch, GL: Blattdüngung mit Mineralsalzen. Z. Pnanzenemähr., Düng., Bodenkde. 80:42–55 (1958a).
Krzysch, GL Der Einfluβ steigender Salzkonzentrationen und der Spritztermine auf den Erfolg einer Blattdüngung. Z. Pflanzenernähr., Düng., Bodenkde. 83:214–224 (1958b).
Labanauskas, C. K.:Foliar sprays correct manganese deficiencies on desert grapefruit. Calif. Agr. 17:14–15 (1963).
Lingle, J. C., and D. M. Holmberg: Zinc-deficient crops. California Agriculture 10:13–14 (1956).
Krzysch, GL The response of sweet corn to foliar and soil zinc applications on a zinc deficient soil. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 70:308–315 (1957).
Lingle, J. C., D. M. Holmberg and M. P. Zobel: The correction of zinc deficiency of tomatoes in California. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 72:397–402 (1958).
LundegIrdh, H.: Der Kreislauf der Kohlensäure in der Natur, 308 pp. Jena: Fischer. 1924.
Matskov, F. F.: Non-root feeding of plants. Ukranian Academy of Sciences, 264 pp., Kiev, USSR (1957).
Matskov, F. F., and T. K. Ikonenko: The correlation between foliage feeding, photosynthesis and root feeding of plants. Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 118:601–603 (1958).
Mayer, A.: Über die Aufnahme von Ammoniak durch oberirdische Pflanzenteile. Landw. Vers. Sta. 17:329–340 (1874).
Maynard, D. N., B. Gersten and H. F. Vernell: The cause and control of brown heart of escarole. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 81:371–375 (1962).
McKee, H. S.: Nitrogen metabolism in leaves. In: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 8:516–553 (1958).
Mederski, H. J., and D. J. Hoff: Factors affecting absorption of foliar-applied manganese by soybean plants. Agron. J. 50:175–178 (1958).
Meetham, A. R.: Atmospheric pollution, 302 pp. London: Pergamon Press. 1956.
Millikan, C. R., and B. C. Hanger: Effects of chelation and of certain cations on the mobility of foliar-applied 45Ca in stock, broad bean, peas, and subterranean clover. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 18:211–226 (1965).
Naundorf, G.: Neue Düngungsmethoden beim Kakao. Gordian 63 (1398), 9–12 (1959).
Noguchi, Y. (Editor): Studies on foliar absorption (in Japanese), 83 pp. Tokyo: Yokudo. 1954.
Oland, K.: Responses of cropping apple trees to post-harvest urea sprays. Nature 198:1282–1283 (1963).
Olsen, R. A.: Absorption of sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere by cotton plants. Soil Sci. 84:107–111 (1957).
Opritov, V. A.: The role of bioelectric potentials in the uptake and transfer of materials in plants. Biophysics (Translated Edition) 3:34–42 (1958).
Phillips, R. L., and M. J. Bukovac: Influence of root temperature on absorption of foliar-applied radiophosphorus and radiocalcium. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 90:555–560 (1967).
Prummel, J.: Genezing van kaligebrek bij aardappelen door bespuiting of overbemesting in een laat stadium. Landbouwvoorl. 15:237–241 (1958).
Raber, O.: Principles of Plant Physiology, 432 pp. New York: The MacMillan Co. 1937.
Ramunni, A.: Prove di assorbimento per via fogliare del potassio, sotto forma di sali diversi, in Nicotiana tabacum. Tobacco 62:245–254 (1958).
Reinau, E.: Praktische Kohlensäuredüngung in Gärtnerei und Landwirtschaft, 203 pp. Berlin: Springer. 1927.
Richards, B. L., J. T. Middleton and W. B. Hewitt: Air pollution with relation to agronomic crops. V. Oxidant stipple of grape. Agronomy J. 50:559–561 (1958).
Richards, B. L.: Personal communication. University of California, Riverside, Calif. (1959).
Robertson, R. N.: Mineral Nutrition of Plants, Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 4:243–279. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer. 1958.
Rüssel, R. S., H. M. Squire and R. P. Martin: The effects of operation hurricane on plants and soils. A.E.R.E. Report, Oxford University, pp. 1–74 (1955).
Sanford, W. G., D. P. Gowing, H. Y. Young and R. W. Leeper: Toxicity to pineapple plants of biuret found in urea fertilizers from different sources. Science 120:349–350 (1954).
Sanford, W. G., G. Nightengale, W. S. Stewart, D. P. Gowing, C. Sideris, R. W. Leeper, H. Y. Young, B. Krauss and J. Fo: Personal communication. Pineapple Research Institute, Honolulu (1958).
Sato, K., M. Ishihara and R. Harada: Studies on the foliar sprays of phosphate in fruit trees (1). J. Hort. Assoc. Japan 23:159–164 (1954).
Scott, F. M.: Liquid deposition in intercellular space. Nature 203:164–165 (1964).
Selders, A. A., and F. P. Hungate: The foliar sorption of iodine in plants. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington D. C. (HW-44890) (1956).
Sideris, C. P.: Effects of sea water sprays on pineapple plants. Phyto-path. 45:590–594 (1955).
Silberstein, O., and S. H. Wittwer: Foliar application of phosphatic nutrients to vegetable crops. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 58:179–190 (1951).
Single, W. V.: The mobility of manganese in the wheat plant. I. Redistribution and foliar application. Ann. Bot. N. S. 22:479–488 (1958).
Sol, H. H.: Pretreatment and chloride uptake in Vallisneria leaves. Acta Bot. Neerl. 7:131–173 (1958).
Sosa-Bourdouill, C., and P. Lecat: Mesure de l’absorption foliaire par l’emploi du phosphore radioactive P32. Compt. Rend. 234:2221–2223 (1952).
Stankovic, D., and M. J. Bukovac: Utijac temperatura i elementa Na, B i Cu na apsorbovanje i kretanje fosfora kod mlade biljke pasulja. Arh. poljopr. Nauk 11:126–131 (1958).
Stark, F. C., and W. A. Matthews: Improving quality of cantaloupes and tomatoes by foliar feeding. Univ. of Maryland Agri. Exper. Sta. Bul. 464 (1958).
Stewart, I., and C. D. Leonardi: Molybdenum deficiency in Florida citrus. Nature 170:714 (1952).
Stout, P. R., and C.M.Johnson: Molybdenum deficiency in horticultural and field corps. Soil Sci. 81:183–190 (1956).
Strausberg, D. V.: The influence of temperature on the assimilation of nutrients by plants in the polar regions. Fiziol. Rast. (English Translation) 5:228–234 (1958).
Sugiyama, T., A. Kitajima, Y. Machida and H. Yashiro: Responses of vegetables to foliar applications of nitrogenous and phosphatic compounds. From “Studies on Foliar Application”, pp. 31–37 (1954).
Tamm, C.O.: Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology 4:233–242. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer. 1958.
Teubner, F. G., S. H. Wittwer, W. G. Long and H. B. Tukey: Some factors affecting absorption and transport of foliar-applied nutrients as revealed by radioactive isotopes. Mich. Agr. Exper. Sta. Quart. Bull. 39:398–415 (1957).
Teubner, F. G., M. J. Bukovac, S. H. Wittwer and B. K. Gaur: The utilization of foliar-applied radiophosphorus by several vegetable crops and tree fruits under field conditions. Michigan Agr. Exper. Sta. Quart. Bull. 44:455–465 (1962).
Thellier, M.: Penetration et transport du bore fourni en application foliaire utilisant l’isotope stable 10 comme traceur. (Abstract.) IX Intern. Botanical Congress, Montreal, Canada, Aug. 19–29 (1959.)
Todd, G. W.: Effect of ozone and ozonated 1-hexene on respiration and photosynthesis of leaves. Plant Physiol. 33:416–420 (1958).
Thomas, M. D., and G. R. Hill: Absorption of sulphur dioxide by alfalfa and its relation to leaf injury. Plant Physiol. 10:291–307 (1935).
Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks, T. R. Collier and G. R. Hill: The utilization of sulfate and sulfur dioxide for the sulfur nutrition of alfalfa. Plant Physiol. 18:345–371 (1943).
Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks and G. R. Hill: Some chemical reactions of sulfur dioxide after absorption by alfalfa and sugar beets. Plant Physiol. 19:212–226 (1944).
Thomas, M. D., R. H. Hendricks, L. C. Bryner and G. R. Hill: A study of the sulfur metabolism of wheat, barley and corn using radioactive sulphur. Plant Physiol. 19:227–244 (1944).
Thomas, M. D., and G. R. Hill: Photosynthesis under field conditions. In: Photosynthesis in Plants (500 pp.), pp. 19–52. Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.: Iowa State College Press. 1949.
Thorne, G. N.: Nutrient uptake from leaf sprays by crops. Field Crop Abstracts 8:147–152 (1955).
Thorne, G. N. The effect of applying a nutrient in leaf sprays on the absorption of the same nutrient by the roots. J. Exp. Bot. 8:401–412 (1957).
Thorne, G. N. Factors affecting uptake of radioactive phosphorus by leaves and its translocation to other parts of the plant. Ann. Bot. 22:381–398 (1958).
Trefftz, G.: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Ernährung über das Blatt. Die Kulturpflanze 4:325–346 (1956).
Tukey, H. B.: The uptake of nutrients by leaves and branches of fruit trees. Report 13th Intern. Hort. Congress. The Royal Hort. Soc, London 1:297–306 (1953).
Tukey, H. B., and S. H. Wittwer: The entry of nutrients into plants through stem, leaf, and fruit, as indicated by radioactive isotopes. Progress in Nuclear Energy, Series 6. Biological Sciences and Medicine, 1:106–114. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., or London: Pergamon Press Ltd. 1956.
Tukey, H. B., S. H. Wittwer, F. G. Teubner and W. G. Long: Utilization of radioactive isotopes in resolving the effectiveness of foliar absorption of plant nutrients. Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Proc. Intern. Cong., Geneva, Switzerland. Vol. 12, Radioactive Isotopes and Ionizing Radiations in Agriculture, Physiology, and Biochemistry, pp. 138–143. United Nations Publ., New York (1956).
Turrell, F. M., and J. R. Weber: Elemental sulphur dust, a nutrient for lemon leaves. Science 122:119–120 (1955).
Van Alphen, Th. G.: Bespuiting met borium op verschillende gewassen. Land-bouwkundig Tijdschr. 67:761–780 (1955).
Van Alphen Bespuiting met mangaan op verschillende gewassen (Spraying crops with manganese). Centrum voor Landbouwdocumentatie, Wageningen, Literatuuroverzicht No. 17 (1956).
Van Alphen Bespuiting met koper op verschillende gewassen (Spraying crops with copper). Centrum voor Landbouwdocumentatie, Wageningen, Literatuuroverzicht No. 20 (1957).
Van Overbeek, J.: Absorption and translocation of plant regulators. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 7:355–372 (1956).
Venkataramani, K. S.: Responses of tea bushes to foliar application of fertilizers. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 38:239–248 (1959).
Voblikova, T. A.: Influence of phosphorus fumigation on plants (In Russian). Doklady Akad. Nauk SSSR 96 (1954).
Volk, R. J., and C. McAuliffe: Factors affecting the foliar absorption of N15 labeled urea by tobacco. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. 18:308–312 (1954).
Wallihan, E. F., T. W. Embleton and W. Printy: Zinc deficiency in the avocado. California Agriculture 12:4–5 (1958).
Ward, J. R.: Copper deficiency in young apple trees in Tasmania. Tasm. J. Agr. 30:329–332 (1959).
Wassink, E. C: Efficiency of light energy conversion in plant growth. Plant Physiol. 34:356–361 (1959).
Wenkham, N. S., and C. D. Miller: Sodium content of Hawaii-grown foods. Hawaii Farm Sci. 6:2–3 (1957).
Withee, L. V., and C. W. Carlson: Foliar and soil applications of iron compounds to control iron chlorosis in grain sorghum. Agron. J. 51:474–476 (1959).
Wittwer, S. H.: Growth hormone production during sexual reproduction of higher plants. Missouri Agri. Exper. Sta. Res. Bull. 371 (1943).
Van Alphen Nutrient uptake with special reference to foliar absorption, 139–164. In: Atomic Energy and Agriculture, C. L. Comar, Editor (AAAS Washington, D.C., 450 pp.) (1957).
Van Alphen Foliar absorption of plant nutrients. Adv. Front. Plant Sci. 8:161–182 (1964).
Van Alphen Carbon dioxide and its role in plant growth. Proc. 17th Internat. Hort. Congr. 3:311–322 (1966).
Van Alphen Foliar application of nutrients. Plant Food Rev. 2:11–14 (1967).
Wittwer, S. H., and W. S. Lundahl: Autoradiography as an aid in determining the gross absorption and utilization of foliar applied nutrients. Plant Physiol. 26:792–797 (1951).
Wittwer, S. H., and Wm. Robb: Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse atmospheres for food crop production. Econ. Bot. 18:34–56 (1964).
Wittwer, S. H., M. J. Bukovac and H. B. Tukey: Advances in foliar feeding of plant nutrients from: Fertilizer Technology and Usage, pp. 429–455. Madison, Wisconsin: Soil Science Society of America. 1963.
Wittwer, S. H., H. B. Tukey, F. G. Teubner and W. G. Long: Current status of nutritional spraying as revealed by radioisotopes. Atompraxis 7:243–247 (1957).
Wittwer, S. H., and F. G. Teubner: Foliar absorption of mineral nutrients. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 10:13–32 (1959).
Wittwer, S. H., W. H. Jyung, Y. Yamada, M. J. Bukovac, R. De, S. Kannan, H. P. Rasmussen and S.N. Haile Mariam: Pathways and mechanisms for foliar absorption of mineral nutrients as revealed by radioisotopes. From: Isotopes and Radiation in Soil-Plant Nutrition Studies, pp. 387–403. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1965.
Woodbridge, C. G., N. R. Benson and L. P. Batjer: Nutrition of fruit trees in the Pacific northwest. (Abstract.) IX Intern. Botanical Congress, Montreal, Canada, Aug. 19–29 (1959).
Woodford, E. K., K. Holly and C. C. McCready: Herbicides. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 9:311–358 (1958).
Wort, D. J.: The foliar application of 2,4-D and other growth regulators with and without added minor elements. Proc. IV Intern. Congress Plant Protection, Hamburg, Germany, Sept. (1957).
Wort, D. J.: Effects of 2,4-D-nutrient dusts on the growth and yield of beans and sugar beets. Agron. J. 58:27–29 (1966).
Yamada, Y., S. H. Wittwer and M. J. Bukovac: Penetration of ions through isolated cuticles. Plant Physiol. 39:28–32 (1964).
Yamada, Y., S. H. Wittwer and M. J. Bukovac: Penetration of organic compounds through isolated cuticular membranes with special reference to C14 urea. Plant Physiol. 40:170–175 (1965).
Yamada, Y., W. H. Jyung, S. H. Wittwer and M. J. Bukovac: The effects of urea on ion penetration through isolated cuticular membranes and ion uptake by leaf cells. Proc. Soc. Hort. Sci. 87:429–432 (1965).
Zhurbitsky, Z.: Personal communication. K. A. Timiriazev Institute of Plant Physiol. USSR Acad, of Sciences, Moscow (1959).
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1969 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wittwer, S.H., Bukovac, M.J. (1969). The Uptake of Nutrients through Leaf Surfaces. In: Arnon, D.I., et al. Pflanzenernährung. Handbuch der Pflanzenernährung und Düngung, vol 1 / 1. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8220-8_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-8220-8_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-8221-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-8220-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive