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Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products pp 356–421Cite as

Methoden und Ergebnisse der Sequenzanalyse von Ribonucleinsäuren

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Zusammenfassung

Eines der erstaunlichsten Phänomene der Biologie ist die Tatsache, daβ die Kontinuität der Lebewesen, d. h. ihre Fähigkeit zur Reproduktion, letzten Endes auf dem Wechselspiel zweier Typen von linearen Makromolekülen in den Zellen beruht, den Nucleinsäuren und Proteinen. Die für diese Kontinuität verantwortliche genetische Information einer Zelle ist als eindimensionale 4-Buchstaben-Schrift in den Nucleotid-sequenzen der Deoxyribonucleinsäuren (DNA’s) verschlüsselt und wird im Verlauf der Proteinsynthese in die eindimensionale 20-Buchstaben-Schrift der Aminosäuresequenzen von Proteinmolekülen übersetzt.

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Abbreviations

Anticodon :

Sequenz von 3 benachbarten Nucleotiden einer tRNA, die sich in antiparalleler Weise mit dem Codon einer mRNA paaren lähßt.

Cistron oder Gen :

Abschnitt auf dem Doppelstrang der DNA, der eine Einheit der Information und Funktion darstellt.

Codon :

Eine Sequenz von 3 benachbarten Nucleotiden einer mRNA, die I Aminosäure (oder Kettenabbruch) codiert.

DEAE-:

Diäthylaminoäthyl-.

Deoxyribonucleosid :

der Pentose-Zucker des (→) Nucleosids ist β-D-Deoxyribose.

DNA :

Deoxyribonucleinsäure.

EDTA :

Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure.

Gen :

siehe Cistron.

Genetische Information :

Die in der Nucleotidsequenz einer DNA oder mRNA enthaltene Information.

Komplementäre Basenpaarung :

Wasserstoffbrückenbindung zwischen Adenin und Thymin (oder Uracil) sowie Guanin und Cytosin in einer Nucleinsäure-Doppelhelix.

Mutation :

Veränderung der Basensequenz eines Gens:

1. Punktmutation, Umwandlung einer Base in eine andere (es gibt Transitionen und Transversionen);

2. Deletion, Verlust eines oder mehrerer Nucleotide;

3. Insertion, Einfügung eines oder mehrerer Nucleotide;

4. Inversion, Umkehrung einer Nucleotidsequenz.

Nucleosid :

Besteht aus einem Pentose-Zucker, mit dem in N-glycosidischer Bindung eine Purin- oder Pyrimidin-Base verknüpft ist.

Nucleotid :

Grundbaustein der Nucleinsäuren, Phosphorsäureester eines Nucleosids.

p und —:

bezeichnen eine Phosphatgruppe, und zwar links von der Abkürzung eines Nucleosids ein 5′-Phosphat (z. B. pA oder —A = Adenosin-5′-phosphat), rechts davon ein 3′-Phosphat (z. B. Gp oder G— = Guanosin-3′-phosphat).

p!:

2′,3′-Cyclophosphat, z. B. Ip! = Inosin-2′,3′-cyclophosphat.

PDE :

Phosphodiesterase, spaltet vom 3′- oder 5′-Ende der Polynucleotide schrittweise Mononucleotide ab.

PME :

Phosphomonoesterase, spaltet endständige Phosphatgruppen von Polynucleotiden ab bzw. überführt Mononucleotide in Nucleoside; im allgemeinen wird die alkalische Phosphomonoesterase aus Escherichia coli verwendet.

Polynucleotid :

Eine lineare Sequenz von Nucleotiden, deren Pentose-Einheiten durch 3′,5′-Phosphodiesterbrücken verbunden sind.

PP :

Pyrophosphat.

Ribonucleosid :

Der Pentose-Zucker des (→) Nucleosids ist β-D-Ribose. In Abb. 7 (S. 377) sind die in den tRNA’s aus Hefe gefundenen Ribonucleoside mit ihren Abkürzungen zusammengestellt. Die Art der Verknüpfung von Base und Ribose (R) ist in Abb. 3 (S. 364) zu sehen. Zusätzliche Abkürzungen: U*, Gemisch von U und UH2; rT und T (in RNA), Ribothymidin.

RNA :

Ribonucleinsäure.

mRNA :

Messenger-Ribonucleinsäure, Matrizen-RNA, die zur Nucleotidsequenz eines Gens oder Gen-Komplexes komplementär ist und die Synthese einer oder mehrerer Aminosäuresequenzen dirigiert.

sRNA :

Lösliche Ribonucleinsäure, Gemisch verschiedener tRNA’s.

tRNA :

Transfer-Ribonucleinsäure, bi-funktionelle RNA mit einer Akzeptor-Funktion (Bindung einer bestimmten Aminosäure am 3′-Hydroxy-Ende des 3′-terminalen Adenosins) und einer Transfer-Funktion (Wechselwirkung mit dem für die übertragene Aminosäure spezifischen Codon der mRNA im aktiven Proteinsynthese-Komplex) .

RNase :

Ribonuclease, Enzym, das bestimmte Phosphodiesterbindungen von Ribopolynucleotiden spaltet (vgl. Abb. 3, S. 364).

T1-RNase :

Ribonuclease T1 aus Takadiastase.

T2-RNase :

Ribonuclease T2 aus Takadiastase.

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    Dieter Dütting

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  1. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA

    L. Zechmeister

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Dütting, D. (1968). Methoden und Ergebnisse der Sequenzanalyse von Ribonucleinsäuren. In: Zechmeister, L. (eds) Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 26. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7134-9_8

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