Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spasticity—Clinical Classification and Surgical Treatment

  • Chapter
Book cover Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

Part of the book series: Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery ((NEUROSURGERY,volume 6))

Abstract

A better understanding of spasticity and of its pathophysiology has progressively emerged from the period of pure neurological description. Spasticity should no longer be considered either as unavoidable during the recovery of a motor deficit, or as an irreversible state.

Problems of neurogenic bladder will not be studied in this article. Cf.: Pedersen, E. Acta neurol. Scand. Suppl. 20, Vol. 42 (1966), 184 p.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Al-Moods. W.S., et al., 1973: Longterm stimulation of cat fast twitch skeletal muscle. Nature 244, 225–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ashby, P., Verrier, M., Lightfoot, E., 1974: Segmental reflex pathways in spinal shock and spinal spasticity in man. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 37, 1352–1360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Barker, D., 1968: L’innervation motrice des muscles striés. Actual. Neurophysiol. 8, 23–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Benedetti, A., Carbonin, C., 1977: Résultats de la myelotomie lombaire dans les paraplégies spastiques avec contractions musculaires (observations préliminaires chez 12 malades). Neurochirurgie 23, 347–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bennett, A. H., 1888: Brain 10, 289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Benezech, J., 1975: Etude couplée des potentiels évoqués et du réflexe d’Hoffmann chez les traumatisés médullaires. Thèse médecine Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bischof, W., 1952: Die longitudinale Myelotomie, erstmalig zervikal durchgeführt. Zbl. Neurochir. 12, 205–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bischof, W., 1967: Zur dorsalen longitudinalen Myelotomie. Zbl. Neurochir. 28, 123–126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bobath, K., Bobath, B., 1957: Control of motor function in the treatment of cerebral palsy. Physiotherapy 43, 295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Brondgeest, P. J., 1860: De tono musculorum voluntati sibidorum Hool. Breit. anat. Physiol. Wiss. Quoted by Fulton, J. F., 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cadilhac, J., Benezech, J., Georgesco, M., 1975: Etudes des potentiels évoqués et du réflexe d’Hoffmann dans les lésions traumatiques de la moelle. Revue d’EEG et Neuro Physiologie clinique 5, 418.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cadilhac, J., 1967: Les troubles expérimentaux du tonus musculaire. In: Girard, P. G., Pellet, H., pp. 516–529, Médecine Expérimentale, 1 vol. 587 pp. Paris: Masson.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cajal (Ramon Y.) S., 1901: Histologie du système nerveux, I, 986 p. Paris: Maloine.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Collins, W., Nulsen, P., Randt, C., 1960: Relation of peripheral nerve fiber size and sensation in man. Arch. Neurol. 3, 381–385.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cook, A. W., Weinstein, S. P., 1973: Chronic dorsal stimulation in multiple sclerosis. Preliminary report. New York State J. Med. 73, 2868–2872.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Cooper, I. S., 1971: Motor functions of the thalamus with recent observations concerning the role of the pulvinar Int. J. Neurol. 8, 238–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cooper, I. S., Amin, I., Chandra, R., 1973: A surgical investigation of the clinical physiology of the LP pulvinar complex in man. J. Neurol. Sci. 18, 89–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Delmas-Marsalet, P., van Bogaert, L., 1935: Sur un cas de myoclonies rythmiques continues déterminées par une intervention chirurgicale sur le tronc cérébral. Revue Neurol. 64, 728.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Delwaide, P. J., 1973: Human monosynaptic reflexes and presynaptic inhibition. In: New Developments in E. M. G. and Clinical Neurophysiology, 2, 67–84. J. E. Desmedt, édit. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Desmedt, J. E., Noel, P., 1973: Average cerebral evoked potentials in the evaluation of lesions of the sensory nerves and of the central somatocensory pathway. In: New Developments in E. M. G. arid Clinical Neurophysiology, 2, 352–371. J. E. Desmedt, édit. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dimitrijevic, M. R., Gracanin, F., 1967: Control of release phenomena in hemiplegics by means of afferent electrical stimulation. International Meeting on Electromyography, Glasgow. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurosphysiol. 25, 395.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dimitrijevic, W. R., Nathan, P. M., 1967, 1968: Studies of spasticity in man:

    Google Scholar 

  23. Some features of spasticity. Brain 90,1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Analysis of strech reflex in spasticity. Brain 90,333–358.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Analysis of reflex activity evoked by noxious cutaneous stimulation. Brain 91,349–368.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Djalali, F., 1970: Relations neurophysiologiques brachio-lombaires chez le chat spinal. Thèse de doctorat es-Sciences Naturelles, Aix-Marseille 1, C. N. R. S. 4.674 A. O., dactylo. 150 P.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Eccles, J. C., 1957: The physiology of nerve cells, p. 270. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Eccles, J. C., 1964: The physiology of synapses, pp. 220–238. Berlin-HeidelbergNew York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Eccles, J. C., 1969: The inhibitory pathways of the central nervous system. The Sherrington lectures TX. Springfield, Ill.: Ch. C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Feld, M., Pecker, J., 1951: Essais de cordotomie postérieure dans les paraplégies spasmodiques. Application au syndrome paraplégique de Little. Sté. Neurochir. langue française 85, 542–548.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Foerster, O., 1908: Über eine neue operative Methode der Behandlung spastischer Lähmungen mittels Resektion hinterer Rückenmarkswurzeln. Z. Ortop. Chir. 22, 203.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Foerster, O., 1913: On the indications and results of the excision of posterior spinal nerve roots in men. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 16, 463–474.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Fraioli, B., 1973: Spasticita: problemi fisiopatologici, clinici e terapeutici. Riv. Neurol. 43, 196–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fraioli, B., Guidetti, B., 1975: Effects of stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar and lateralis posterior nucleus on intractable pain and dyskinetic syndromes of man Appl. Neurophys. 38, 23–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Fraioli, B., Guidetti, B., 1977: Effects of the stereotactic lesion of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in man. Appl. Neurophys. 38, 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Fraioli, B., Guidetti, B., 1975: La rizotomia posteriore parziale ed una nuova tecnica, la radicolotomia posteriore parziale, nel trattamento della spasticita tonica. Riv. Pat. Nerv. Ment. 96, 65–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Fraioli, B., Guidetti, B., La Torre, E., 1972: La dentalolisi stereotassica nel trattamento della spasticita e delle discinesie. Gazz. San. 78, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fulton, J. F., 1926: Muscular contraction and the reflex control of movement, p. 644. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Comp. 1926.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fuxe, K., 1965: Evidence for the existence of monoamine containing neurons in the central nervous system. IV. Distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64 supp.,’247, 39–85.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Granit, R., 1955, 1956: Receptors and sensory perception. A discussion of aims, means and results of electrophysiological research into the process of reception. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. 1955. Ibid. J. Physiol. (tond.) 131, 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Granit, R., 1955, 1956: Receptors and sensory perception. A discussion of aims, means and results of electrophysiological research into the process of reception. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. 1955. Ibid. J. Physiol. (tond.) 131, 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Gracanin, F., Grobelnik, J., 1968: Clinical and technical evaluation of the Ljubljana functional electronic peroneal brace. Proceeding of the Symposium on electronics in Medicine, Ljubljana, 9, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gracanin, F., 1972: Use of functional stimulation in rehabilitation of hemiplegic patients, 109 p. The Institute of the SR slovenia for rehabilitation of the disabled. Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gros, C., Privat, J. M., Benezech, J., Frerebeau, P., 1976: Sectorial posterior rhizotomy, a new technique of surgical treatment for spasticity. Acta Neurochir. ( Wien ) 35, 181–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gros, C., Ouaknine, G., Vlahovitch, B., Frerebeau, Ph., 1967: La radicotomie sélective postérieure dans le traitement neurochirurgical de l’hypertonie pyramidale. Neuro-chirurgie 13, 505–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gros, C., Frerebeau, Ph., Kuhner, A., Perez-Dominguez, E., Privat, J. M., 1973: Technical modification in the Foerster operation. Selective posterior lumbar roots section. The results of 18 years of practice. International Congress of Neuro-Surgery, Tokyo, october 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Gros, C., Frerebeau, Ph., Privat, J. M., Perez-Dominguez, E., Bazin, M., 1976: Chirurgie stéréotaxique dans les dystonies et dyskinésies non parkinsoniennes. A propos d’une série personnelle de 48 cas. Neuro-chirurgie 22, No. 6, 539–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Gros, C., et al., 1977: Table ronde sur la chirurgie de la spasticité. Société Fran?aise de Neurochirurgie. Neuro-chirurgie 23, 316–388.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Grossiord, A., Tardieu, C., Lacert, Ph., 1975: Approche électrologique de la réflectivité des paraplégiques. Ann. Méd. Physique 18, 245–254.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Guidetti, B., Fraioli, B., 1976: Problèmes cliniques et possibilités neurochirurgicales actuelles dans les syndromes dyskinétiques. Neuro-chirurgie 22, 552–561.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Guidetti, B., Fraioli, B., 1976: Problèmes cliniques et possibilités neurochirurgicales actuelles dans les syndromes dyskinétiques. Neuro-chirurgie 22, 552–561.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Guidetti, B., Fraioli, B., Neurosurgical treatment of spasticity and dyskinesias Acta Neurochir. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hagbarth, K. E., Eklund, G., 1966: Motor effect of vibratory muscle stimuli in man. In 33 Proceeding of the first Nobel Symposium Stockholm, pp. 177, 186. R. Granit, ed. Stockholm: Almquist et Wiksell. 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hagbarth, K. E., 1967: Vibration of muscles in the cerebral palsied children. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Heimburger, R. F., et al., 1973: Cervical posterior rhizotomy for reducing spasticity in cerebral palsy. J. Neurosurg. 39, 30–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Heimburger, R. F., 1968: Stereotaxic destruction of the human dentate nucleus. Confin. Neurol. 26, 358–396.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Held, J. P., Pierrot-Deseilligny, E., 1969: Rééducation motrice des affectations neurologiques, 200 p. Paris: Baillière, ed.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Herman, R., 1970: The myototic reflex clinico-physiological aspects of spasticity and contracture. Brain 93, 273–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jansen, J., 1954: Efferent cerebellar connections. In: Jansen, J., Brodai, A. (eds.), Johan Grundt Traum (publ.). Aspects of cerebellar anatomy. I, 189.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Jansen, J. K. S., 1962: Spasticity. Functional aspects. Acta Neurol. Scand. 38, sup. 3, 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Jeglic, A., et al., 1966, 1967: Electrical stimulation of skeletal muscles by directly powered implanted radio frequency receivers. Proceeding of International Symposium on External control of Human Extremities, pp. 42, 53, Dubrovnik 1966, and Yugoslavian Conference for electronics and automation, Beograd 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Kanaka, T. S., Balasubramanian, V., 1974: Stereotaxic pulvinotomy for cerebral palsy. Proc. Inst. Neurol. Madras 4, 58 62.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Keats, S., 1957: Combined adductor-gracilis tenotomy and selective obturatornerve resection for the correction of adduction deformity of the hips in children with cerebral palsy. J. Bone and Joint Surg. 39 A, 1087–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Krayenbühl, H., Siegfried, J., 1969: La Chirurgie stéréotaxique du noyau dentelé dans le traitement des hyperkinésies et des états spastiques. Neuro-chir. ( Paris ) 15, 51.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Laitinen, L., Singounas, E., 1971: Longitudinal myelotomy in the treatment of spasticity of the legs. J. Neurosurg. 35, 536 540.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Levine, M. G., Knott, Kabat, 1952: Relation of spasticity by electrical stimulation of antagonist muscles. Arch. Phys. Med. 33, 668–673.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Liberson, W. T., Holmquest, H., Scot, D., Dow, M., 1961: Functional electrotherapy: stimulation of the peroneal nerve synchronized with the swing phase of the gait of hemiplegic patients. Arch. Phys. Med. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Liberson, W. T., 1965: Experiment concerning reciprocal inhibition of antagonists elicited by electrical stimulation of agonists in a normal individual. Amer. J. Phys. Med. 36, 306–308.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Liljestrand, G., Magnus, R., 1919: Pflug. Arch. ges. Physiol. 176, 168.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lundberg, A., 1967: Supraspinal control of transmission in spinal reflex pathways. In: Recent Advance in Clinical Neurophysiology. Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., sup. 25, 35–46.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Matthews, P. C. B., Rushworth, G., 1956: J. Physiol. (tond.) 131, 30.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Matthews, P. B. C., 1972: Mammalian muscle receptors and their central action, 612 p. London: E. Arnold. 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Maury, M., Audic, B., Guillaumat, M., Francois, N., 1975: L’évolution de la spasticité dans le centre de paraplégiques adultes hommes. Ann. Méd. Physique 18, 567 570.

    Google Scholar 

  74. McCarty, C. S., Kiefer, E. J., 1949: Thoracic lumbar and sacral spinal cordectomy. Proc. Staff. Meet. Mayo Clin. 24, 108.

    Google Scholar 

  75. McNeal, D. R., Wilemon, W. K., 1969: Treatment of spasticity through functional electrical stimulation. Neuroelectric conference San Francisco, February.

    Google Scholar 

  76. McNeal, D. R., 1973: Peripheral nerve stimulation: Superficial and implanted in fields WS red.: Neural organization and its relevance to prosthetics, pp. 77–100. New York: Intercontinental Medical Book Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  77. McNeal, D., Munsat, Th., Waters, R., 1976: Effects of nerve stimulation on human muscle. Arch. Neurol. 33, 606–617.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Melzack, R., Wall, P., 1965: Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 150, 971–979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Mendell, L., Wall, P., 1965: Responses of single dorsal cord cells of peripheral cutaneous unmyelinated fibers. Nature 206, 97–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Milani Comparetti, A., 1965: Spasticity versus patterned postural and motor behaviour of spastics. Europa Medicophysica I, 3, I, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Moyes, P. D., 1969: Longitudinal myelotomy for spasticity. J. Neurosurg. 31, 615–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Monro, D., 1945: The rehabilitation of patients totally paralysed below waist: anterior rhizotomy for spastic paraplegia. New Engl. J. Med. 233, 456–461.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Nashold, B. S., Slaughter, D. G., 1969: Effects of stimulating of destroying the deep cerebellar regions in man J Neurosurg. 31, 172.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Ouaknine, G., 1965: La radicotomie sélective postérieure dans le traitement de l’hypertonie pyramidale, 98 p. Thèse Med., Montpellier.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Paillard, J., 1955: Réflexes et régulations d’origine proprioceptive chez l’homme. Thèse Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Perot, Pl., 1973: The clinical use of somatosensory evoked potentials in spinal cord injury. Clin. Neurosurg. 20, 367–381.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Pette, D., et al., 1973: Effects of long-term electrical stimulation on some contractile and metabolic characteristics of fast rabbit muscles. Pflüg. Arch. ges. Physiol. 338, 257–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Phelps, W. M., 1951: Treatment of paralytic disorders exclusive of poliomyelitis: In: Bancroft, F. W., Marble, H. C., Surgical treatment of the motor-skeletal system. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pierrot-Desseilligny, E., 1969: Le réflexe “H”, son intéret pour l’exploration fonctionelle du système nerveux. Presse Médicale 77, 4–10.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Pierrot-Desseilligny, F., Bussel, B., Morin, C., 1973: Supraspinal control of the changes induced in H-reflex by cutaneous stimulation as studied in normal and spastic man. In: New Developments in E. M. G. and clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 2, pp. 67–84. J. E. Desmedt, édit. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Pollock, L. J., Davis, L. E., 1923, 1930, 1931: Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. Chicago 10, 391; Ibid., 23, 303. Amer. J. Physiol. 98, 47.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Pourpre, M. H., 1960: Traitement neurochirurgical des contractures chez les paraplégiques post-traumatiques. Neurochirurgie 6, 229–236.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Privat, J. M., 1976: La radicotomie postérieure sectorielle. Communication présentée à la table ronde sur la chirurgie de la spasticité. Société Française de Neurochirurgie. Les Arcs (cf. Ref. 30 ).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Privat, J. M., Benezech, J., Frerebeau, Ph., Gros, C., 1976: Sectorial posterior rhizotomy; a new technique of surgical treatment of spasticity. Ve European Neurosurgical Congress, Oxford, sept. 1975. Acta Neurochir. ( Wien ) 35, 181–195.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Privat, Ch., 1974: La radicotomie sélective postérieure dans le cadre de la rééducation fonctionnelle de l’hypertonie. Mémoire - Montpellier, 70 p.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Privat, Ch., Frerebeau, Ph., Privat, J. M., Gros, C., 1975: La radicotomie sélective postérieure dans le cadre de la rééducation fonctionnelle de l’hypertonie. Evolution de la notion de sélectivité III èmes entretiens de rééducation et de réadaptation fonctionnelles. Montpellier, Mars 1975. Cahiers Rééd., Réadapt. 10, 229–236.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Privat, Ch., Frerebeau, Ph., Privat, J. M., Gros, C., 1975: La radicotomie sélective postérieure dans le cadre de la rééducation fonctionnelle de l’hypertonie. Evolution de la notion de sélectivité III èmes entretiens de rééducation et de réadaptation fonctionnelles. Montpellier, Mars 1975. Cahiers Rééd., Réadapt. 10, 229–236.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Romanu, F. C. A., van der Meulen, J. P., 1967: Slow and fast muscle after crossinnervation: Enzymatic and physical changes. Arch. Neurol. 17, 387–402.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Ralston, H., 1965: The organization of substantia gelatinosa Rolandi in the cat lumbo-sacral spinal cord. Zellforsch. 67, 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Rondot, P., 1968: Etudes cliniques et physiopathologique des contractures. Rev. Neurol. 118, 321–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Rushworth, G., 1960: Spasticity and rigidity: an experimental study and review. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 23, 97–117.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Sherrington, C. S., 1909: On plastic tonus and proprio ceptive reflexes. Quart. J. exp. physiol. II, 109–156.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Siegfried, J., 1971: Stereotaxic cerebellar surgery. Confin. Neurol. 33, 350–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Siegfried, J., 1972: Stereotactic treatment of hypertonicity. In: Present limits of neurosurgery. I. Fusek and Z. Kunc, eds., I vol., pp. 549–550. Prague: Avicenum.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Siegfried, J., 1974: Methods and results in hyperkinesia and hypertonicity. In: Recent progress in neurological surgery. K. Sano and S. Ischii, eds., I vol., pp. 251–255. Amsterdam: Experta Medica; New York: American Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Siegfried, J., 1977: Stereotactic pulvinarotomy in the treatment of intractable pain. Progress Neurol. Surg. Vol. 8, Part II, 104–113.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Siegfried, J., Verdie, J. C., Long term assessment of sterotactic dentatomy for spasticity. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) Suppl. 24, pp. 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Silver, C. M., Simon, S. D., 1959: Gastrocnemius muscle recession (Silfverskiold operation) for spastic-equinus deformity in cerebral palsy. J. Bone and Joint Surg. 41 A, 1021–1028.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Silfverskiold, N., 1923–1924: Reduction of the uncrossed two-joint muscles of the leg. to one-joint muscles in spastic condition. Acta Chir. Scand. 56, 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Sindou, M., 1972: Etude de la jonction radiculo-médullaire postérieure. La radicellotomie postérieure sélective dans la chirurgie de la douleur, 182 p. Thèse Med., Lyon.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Sindou, M., Fischer, G., Goutelle, A., Schott, B., Mansuy, L., 1974: La radicellotomie postérieure sélective dans le traitement des spasticités. Rev. Neurol. b, 130, 201–216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Steinberger, W. W., et al., 1968: Maintenance of denervated rabbit muscle with direct electrostimulation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 49, 573–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Stoffel, A., 1912–1913: The treatment of spastic contracture. Am. J. Orthop. Surg. 10, 611.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Szentagothai, I., 1974: Neuronal and synaptic arrangement in the substantia gelatinosa. J. Comp. Neurol. 122, 219–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Tardieu, G., Got, G., Lespargot, A., 1975: Indications d’un nouveau type d’infiltrations au point moteur (Alcool à 96°). Ann. Méd. Physique 18, 539–556.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tardieu, G., 1962: Action des infiltrations d’alcool dilué sur diverses raideurs liées aux lésions cérébrales. Bull. et Mém. Soc. Méd. Hôp. de Paris 113, 1, 7, 12.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Tardieu, G., Got, C., Lespargot, A., 1975: Indication d’un nouveau type d’infiltration au point moteur (alcool à 96°). Application clinique d’une étude expérimentale. Ann. Méd. Physique 18, 539–557.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Tarlov, I. M., 1967: Rigidity in man due to spinal interneuron loss. Arch. Neurol. 16, 536, 443.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Tönnis, W., Bischof, W., 1962: Ergebnisse der lumbalen Myelotomie nach Bischof. Zbl. Neurochir. 23, 120–132.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Valbo, A. B., Hagbarth, K. E., 1973: Microelectrode recording from human peripheral nerves. In: New Developments in E. M. G. and Clinical Neurophysiology, 2, 67 84. J. E. Desmedt, édit. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Vedel, J. D., 1973: Cortical control of dynamic and static gamma motoneuron activity. In: New Developments in E. M. G. and Clinical Neurophysiology, 3, 126–135. J. E. Desmedt, édit. Basel: Karger.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Verdie, J. C., 1975: Le noyau dentelé. Données fondamentales. Analyse de 50 cas de dentatotomies stéréotaxiques, 178 p. Thèse med. Toulouse, Octobre.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Vodovnik, L., Dimitrijevic, M. R., Prevec, T., Logar, M., 1966: Electronic walking aids for patients with peroneal palsy. Wld. Electron. Inst. 4 /2, 58.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Vodovnik, L., 1969: Stimulation of spastic extremities: some engineering considerations. Proceedings of the 8th Intern. conference on Medical and Biological Engineering, Chicago 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Weaver, R. A., Landau, W. M., Higgins, J. P., et al., 1963: Fusimotor function Part II. Evidence of fusimotor depression in human. Arch. Neurol. 9, 127–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Wall, P., 1964: Presynaptic control of impulses at the first central synapse in the cutaneous pathway. In: Progress in brain research: physiology of spinal neurons, pp. 92–118. J. Eccles and J. Schade, eds. New York: Elsevier Publ. Co.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Walshe, F. M. R., 1924: Procaine injection for spasticity. Brain 47, 159–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Yamada, S., Perot, L., Ducker, T. B.: Longitudinal myelotomy for control of mass spasms in paraplegia. 5th International Congress of Neurological Surgery, Tokyo 1973.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France

    C. Gros

Authors
  1. C. Gros
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Zürich, Switzerland

    H. Krayenbühl  & M. G. Yaşargil  & 

  2. Bruxelles, Belgium

    J. Brihaye

  3. Homburg, Saar, Germany

    F. Loew

  4. London, UK

    V. Logue  & L. Symon  & 

  5. Padova, Italy

    S. Mingrino

  6. Paris, France

    B. Pertuiset

  7. Helsinki, Finland

    H. Troupp

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gros, C. (1979). Spasticity—Clinical Classification and Surgical Treatment. In: Krayenbühl, H., et al. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol 6. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7055-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7055-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7057-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-7055-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation