Skip to main content

Surgical Treatment of Spondylotic Vertebral Artery Compression

  • Chapter
Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery

Part of the book series: Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery ((NEUROSURGERY,volume 8))

Abstract

The occurrence of cervical spondylosis increases with increasing age. Cervical spondylosis is demonstrable in 70 to 75 percent of the population over 50 years (Mc Rae 1960, Rosomoff and Rossmann 1966), yet complaints are noted in only half of the cases. In general, the symptoms and signs are not proportional to the severity of the radiological changes. With very mild symptoms sometimes we find astonishingly serious radiological changes and vice versa. The localization of spondylotic changes seems to decide the severity of symptoms. If spondylosis develops in a congenitally narrow vertebral spinal canal symptoms will come earlier and be more severe (Burrows 1963, Crandall and Batzdorf 1966, Waltz 1967). Injury to the spine gives rise to more serious symptoms in the presence of spondylosis (Mayfield 1954, Jennett 1970, Schürmann and Busch 1970, Austin 1972, Brihaye et al. 1977).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aboulker, J., Metzger, J., David, M., Engel, P., Ballivet, J., 1965: Les myélopathies cervicales d’origine rachidienne. Neurochirurgie 11, 87–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, G. (ed.), 1972: The spinal cord. 2nd ed. Springfield, Ill.: Ch. C Thomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babin, E., Haller, M., 1973: Correlation between bony radiological signs and dolicho-arterial loops of the cervical vertebral artery. Neuroradiology 7, 15–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakay, L., Leslie, E.V., 1965: Surgical treatment of vertebral artery insufficiency caused by cervical spondylosis. J. Neurosurg. 23, 596–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barré, 1924: Troubles pyramidaux et arthrite vertébrale chronique. Médecine 5, 358–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R., Sheehan, S., Meyer, J. S., 1961: Arteriographic study of cerebrovascular disease. II. Cerebral symptoms due to kinking, tortuosity and compression of carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck. Arch. Neurol. 4, 119–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bärtschi-Rochaix, W., 1949: Migraine cervicale. Bern: H. Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bechinger, D., Kornhuber, H. H., Krott, H. M., 1969: Zur Vertebralis-Basilaris-Insuffizienz. HNO 17, 175–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belart, W., 1946: Die rheumatische Perispondylitis der Halswirbelsäule und das Zervi-kalsyndrom. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 76, 797–801.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergquist, E., 1971: Bilateral arteriovenous fistulae. A complication of vertebral angiography by direct percutaneous puncture. Two cases, one with spontaneous closure. Brit. J. Radiol. 44, 519–523.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaschke, K. E., 1956: Kreis und Kugel, II. Aufl. Berlin: Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boismare, F., Boquet, J., 1973: L’exploration rhéographique de l’insuffisance circulatoire vertébro-basilaire. Intéret des épreuves dynamiques. Nouv. Presse Méd. 2, 1792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, M. M., Girard, P. F., Buffard-Gauthier 1967: Insuffisance vertébro-basilaire d’origine traumatique possible. Rev. Oto-Neuro-Ophtalm. 39, 319–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brain, W. R., Northfield, D., Wilkinson, M., 1952: The neurological manifestation of cervical spondylosis. Brain 75, 187–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bravo, G., Portera, A., Mata, P., 1966: Spondylarthrose cervicale. Neurochirurgie 12, 395–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breig, A., Turnbull, J., Hassler, O., 1966: Effects of mechanical stresses on the spinal cord in cervical spondylosis. J. Neurosurg. 25, 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brihaye, J., Flament-Durand, J., Retif, J., 1977: Pathology of cervical spinal cord lesions without radiologically demonstrable injury of the cervical spine. International Congress Series No. 433. Neurological Surgery. Amsterdam-Oxford: Excerpta Medica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B. S., Tatlow, W. F., 1963: Radiographic studies of the vertebral arteries in cadavers. Effects of position and traction on the head. Radiology 81, 80–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, E. H., 1963: The sagittal diameter of the spinal canal in cervical spondylosis. Clin. Radiol. 14, 77–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, Marshall, J., 1965: Angiographic investigation of patients with transient ischaemic attacks. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 28, 533–539.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrast, B., Korbicka, J., 1962: Die Beeinflussung der Strömungsverhältnisse in der Arteria vertebralis durch verschiedene Kopf-und Halshaltungen. Dtsch. Z. Nervenheilk. 183, 426–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, E., Robinson, P. K., 1956: Cervical myelopathy: a complication of cervical spondylosis. Brain 79, 483–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collard, M., Colette, J. M., Piraux, A., 1967a: Radiologie study of the pathology of the trunk of the vertebral artery. J. Belge Radiol. 50, 222–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collard, M., Contraux, C., Thiébaut, M. 8., Thiébaut, F., 1967b: Le nystagmus d’origine cervicale. Rev. Neurol. 117, 677–688.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conolly, E. S., Seymour, R. J., Adams, J. E., 1965: Clinical evaluation of anterior cervical fusion for degenerative cervical disc disease. J. Neurosurg. 23, 431–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crandall, P. H., Batzdorf, V., 1966: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J. Neurosurg. 25, 57–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, E. S., De Bakey, M. E., Fields, W. S., 1958: Roentgenographic diagnosis and surgical treatment of basilar artery insufficiency. J. Amer. med. Ass. 168, 509–514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dan, N. G., 1976: The management of vertebral artery insufficiency in cervical spondylosis: a modified technique. Austr. N. Z. J. of Surgery 46, 164–165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djindjian, R., Pansini, A., 1962: L’artériographie vertébrale dans les cervicarthroses et les malformations de la charnilère cervico-occipitale. Rev. Neurol. 108, 691–698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, W. J., Thom, A. S., Young, A. D., 1970: Mechanics of fluids, II. ed., 725p. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, F. E., Carey, L., Kitrinos, N. P., 1968: Congenital arteriovenous fistula between the vertebral artery and vertebral vein. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 29, 629–630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, F. A., 1971: Clinical neurology. Philadelphia-London-Toronto: W. B. Saunders Comp.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Negamy, E., Sedgwick, E. M., 1979: Delayed cervical somatosensory potentials in cervical spondylosis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 42, 238–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, B. S., 1969: The spine. A radiological text and atlas, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang, H. C. H., Palmer, J. J., 1956: Vascular phenomena involving brain stem structures: a clinical and pathological correlation study. Neurology 6, 402–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faris, A. A., Poser, C. M., Agnew, C. H., Youngstrom, K., 1963: Radiologic visualization of neck vessels in man. Neurology 13, 386–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstein, B., Langton, J. N. K., Jameson, R. M., Schiller, F., 1954: Experiments on pain referred from deep somatic tissues. J. Bone Jt Surg. 36 A, 981–997.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frykholm, R., 1951: Lower cervical vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Surgical anatomy and pathology. Acta Chir. Scand. 101, 345–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galera, R., Tovi, D., 1968: Anterior disc excision with interbody fusion in cervical spondylotic myelopathy and rhizopathy. J. Neurosurg. 28, 305–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gass, H. H., 1959: Kinks and coils of the cervical carotid artery. Surg. Forum 9, 721–724.

    Google Scholar 

  • Junghanns, H., 1952: Die funktionelle Röntgenuntersuchung der Halswirbelsäule. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 76, 591–594.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, H. M., Meier, W. E., Klumpe, D. A., 1976: Noninvasive angiography for the diagnosis of vertebral artery disease using Doppler ultrasound (Vertebral artery Doppler). Stroke 7, 364–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kindt, G. W., Youmans, J. R., 1969: The effect of stricture length on critical arterial stenosis. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 128, 729–734.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kovács, Á., 1955: Subluxation and deformation of the cervical apophyseal joints. A contribution to the aetiology of headache. Acta Radiol. 43, 1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1974: Observation of the cervical segment of the spinal canal by an extension device. Acta Radiol. 15, 33–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krayenbühl, H., Yaşargil, M. G., 1957: Die vaskulären Erkrankungen im Gebiet der A. vertebralis und A. basilaris. Stuttgart: G. Thieme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremer, M., 1958: Sitting, standing and walking. Part 1 and 2. Brit. med. J. 2, 63–68 and 121-126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunert, W., 1961: Rheographische Messungen im Vertebralis-Stromgebiet. Nervenarzt 32, 34–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labauge, R., Thévenet, A., Crouzet, G., Nivolas, M., 1967: Les insuffisances vertébrobasilaires d’incidence chirurgicale (à propos de 87 malades opérés). Rev. Neurol. 117, 373–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lechner, H., Geyer, N., Lugaresi, E., Martin, F., Lifshitz, K., Markovich S., (eds.), 1969: Rheoencephalography and pletysmographical methods. Amsterdam: Exc. Med. Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. C. P., Kazam, E., Newman, A. D., 1978: Computed tomography of the spine and spinal cord. Radiology 128, 95–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, E. V., Alker, G. J., Bakay, L., 1966: Three positional pancervical angiography. Acta Radiol. 5, 328–336.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liéou, Y. C., 1928: Syndrome sympathique et arthrite chronique de la colonne vertébrale cervicale. Strasbourg: Schüler-Mink.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luschka, H., 1858: Die Halbgelenke des menschlichen Körpers. Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayfield, F. H., 1954: Cervical spine trauma: neurosurgical aspects. Clin. Neurosurg. 2, 83–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham, J. W., 1969: Spontaneous arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery and vein. J. Neurosurg. 31, 220–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McRae, D. L., 1960: The significance of abnormalities of the cervical spine. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 84, 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, J. S., Leiderman, H., Denny-Brown, D., 1956: Electroencephalographic study of insufficiency of the basilar and carotid arteries in man. Neurology 6, 455–477.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, Sheehan, S., Bauer, R. B., 1960: An arteriographic study of cerebrovascular disease in man: I. Stenosis and occlusion of the vertebral-basilar arterial system. Arch. Neurol. 2, 21–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagashima, C. 1970: Surgical treatment of vertebral artery insufficiency caused by cervical spondylosis. J. Neurosurg. 32, 512–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, Iwasaki, T.. Kawanuma, S., et al. 1977: Traumatic arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery with spinal cord symptoms. J. Neurosurg. 46, 681–687.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nornes, H., Hørven, I., Tønjum, A. M., 1971: Simultaneous recording of corneal indentation pulse and internal carotid blood flow. Acta Neurol. Scand. 47, 291–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Northfield, D. W. C., 1955: Diagnosis and treatment of myelopathy due to cervical spondylosis. Brit. med. J. 2, 1474–1477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, G. R., 1959: Clinicopathologic correlations in cervical spondylosis. Neurology 9, 273–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallis, C., Jones, A. M., Spillane, J. D., 1954: Cervical spondylosis: incidence and implications. Brain 77, 274–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, E. E., Spillane, J. D., 1957: The cervical spine. An anatomopathological study of 70 specimens with particular reference to the problem of cervical spondylosis. Brain 80, 571–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pásztor, E., 1978: Decompression of vertebral artery in cases of cervical spondylosis. Surg. Neurol. 9, 371–377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfalz, C. R., Richter, H. R., 1956: Photoelektrische Nystagmusregistrierung. Practica oto-rhino-laryngologica 18, 253–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Planiol, Th., Pourcelot, L., 1974: Doppler effect study of carotid circulation. In: Ultrasonics in Medicine. Proceedings of the Second World Congress, 1973 (Vlieger, M., White, D. N., McCready, V. R., eds.), pp. 104–111. New York: American Elsevier Publ. Comp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popovicin, L., Asgian, B., 1968: Clinical and electroencephalographical contributions to the interpretation of Barré-Liéou syndrome (in Hungarian). Orv. Szemle (Tirgu Mures) 14, 122–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asgian, B. —, Piros, F., 1969: Clinical, biochemical, radiological, and electroencephalographical correlation in vertebrobasilar circulatory insufficiency in cervical arthrosis (in Hungarian). Orvosi Szemle (Tirgu Mures) 15, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratezi, F., Deidda, C., Caramelli, L., Dabizzi, R. P., 1969: Original method of selective rheography of the carotid and the vertebral arteries. In: Rheoencephalography and pletismographical methods (Lechner, H. et al., ed.). Amsterdam: Exc. Med. Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosomoff, H. L., Rossmann, F., 1966: Treatment of cervical spondylosis by anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Arch. Neurol. 14, 392–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, G., Baumgartner, J., De Morsier, G., 1964: Syndrome bulbaire rétro-olivaire et artériosclérose sténosante ostiale des deux artlères vertébrales. Neurochirurgie 10, 251–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, G. M. S., Cope, S., 1955: Cervical vertigo. Lancet 2, 1355–1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlüter, J., 1921: Apparat zur Bestimmung des elektrischen Widerstandes im Gehirn. Zbl. f. Chirurgie 48, 1827–1832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, R. C., Schlemm, G. W., 1961: Vertebral artery insufficiency in acute and chronic spinal trauma. J. Neurosurg. 18, 349–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schürmann, K., Busch, G., 1970: Die Behandlung der cervicalen Luxationsfrakturen durch die ventrale Fusion. Chirurg 41, 225–228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, S., Bauer, R. B., Meyer, J. S., 1960: Vertebral artery compression in cervical spondylosis, arteriographic demonstration during life of vertebral artery insufficiency due to rotation and extension of the neck. Neurology 10, 968–986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simeone, F., Goldberg, H. I., 1968: Thrombosis of vertebral artery from hyperextension injury of the neck. J. Neurosurg. 29, 540–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt, E. V., 1967: Narusenija mozgovogo krovoobrascsenija ih hirurgicseszkoe lecsenije. Moszkva: Medicina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. R., Vanderark, G. D., Kempe, L. G., 1971: Cervical spondylosis causing vertebrobasilar insufficiency: a surgical treatment. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 34, 388–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. A., Estridge, M. N., 1962: Neurologic complications of head and neck manipulations. J.A.M.A. 182, 528–531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, B. M., McCormick, W. F., Rodriguez, J. N., Taveras, J. M., 1962: Postmortem angiography of cerebral vascular system. Arch. Neurology 7, 545–558.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoops, W. L., King, R. B., 1962: Neural complications of cervical spondylosis. Their response to laminectomy and foramenectomy. J. Neurosurg. 19, 986–999.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stopford, J. S. B., 1960: Arteries of pons and medulla oblongata. J. Anat. 50, 131–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. G., Harbison, J. W., Vines, F. S., Becker, D., 1975: Embolic posterior cerebral artery occlusion secondary to spondylotic vertebral artery compression. J. Neurosurg. 43, 618–622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Symon, L., Lavender, P., 1967: The surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Neurology 17, 117–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • —, 1971: Surgical treatment. In: Cervical spondylosis (Wilkinson, M., ed.). Philadelphia-Toronto: W. B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taitz, C., Nathan, H., Arensburg, B., 1978: Anatomical observations of the foramina transversaria. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 41, 170–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. R., 1964: Vascular factors m the myelopathy associated with cervical spondylosis. Neurology 14, 62–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepe, H. J., 1956: Die Häufigkeit osteochondrotischer Röntgenbefunde der Halswirbelsäule bei 400 symptomfreien Erwachsenen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 85, 659–663.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tissington-Tatlow, W. F., Banner, H. G., 1957: Syndrome of vertebral artery compression. Neurology 7, 331–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toole, J. F., Tucker, S. H., 1960: Influence of head position upon cerebral circulation. Studies on blood flow in cadavers. Arch. Neurol. 2, 616–623.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toussaint, J. P., Fabeck, P., Brihaye, J., Crahay, S., 1966: Le syndrome cervical traumatique. Acta Orthopaedica Belgica 32, 119–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Töndury, G., 1974: Embryonale und postnatale Entwicklung der Wirbelsäule. In: Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie, Vol. VI/1 (Diethelm, L., Herausg.). Berlin-Heidelberg-New-York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trobe, J. D., Lorber, M. L., Schlezinger, N. S., 1973: Isolated homonymous hemianopsia. A review of 104 cases. Arch. Ophthalmol. 89, 377–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unterharnscheidt, F., 1956: Syncopal cervical vertebral artery syndrome. Nervenarzt 27, 481–486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varga, J., 1974: Handbook of hydraulic and pneumatic machines (in Hungarian). Budapest: Müszaki Könyvkiadó.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbiest, H., 1970: La chirurgie antérieure et latérale du rachis cervical. Neurochirurgie 16, Suppl. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • —, 1978: From anterior to lateral operations on the cervical spine. Neurosurg. Rev. 1, 47–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —, Pazy Geuze, H. D., 1966: Anterolateral surgery for cervical spondylosis in cases of myelopathy or nerve-root compression. J. Neurosurg. 25, 611–622.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virtamo, P., Kivalo, E., 1957: Impressions of the vertebral artery by deformation of the unco-vertebral joints. Postmortem angiographic studies. Acta Radiol. 48, 410–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vlajic, I., Distelmaier, P., 1978: Traumen der Halswirbelsäule und Kompression der Vertebralarterien. Neurochirurgia 21, 122–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. B., Hoyt, W. F., 1969: Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, Vol. 3, 3rd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltz, T. A., 1967: Physical factors in the production of the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis. Brain 90, 395–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, M., 1960: The morbid anatomy of cervical spondylosis and myelopathy. Brain 83, 589–617.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, H. M., Kumar, A. J., Gadoth, N., Hodges III, F. J., 1978: Traumatic vertebrobasilar occlusive disease in childhood. Neurology 28, 185–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pásztor, E. (1981). Surgical Treatment of Spondylotic Vertebral Artery Compression. In: Krayenbühl, H., et al. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery. Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, vol 8. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7046-5_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-7046-5_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7048-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-7046-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics