Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Molecular Analysis of Genes Determining Spatial Patterns in Antirrhinum majus

  • Chapter
Temporal and Spatial Regulation of Plant Genes

Part of the book series: Plant Gene Research ((GENE))

Abstract

Coloration in plants and animals provides favourable material for the analysis of pattern formation. The ease of observing differences in colour has lead to the documentation of an enormous amount of variation in the pattern and intensity of pigmentation. Genetic analysis of this variation has revealed large allelic series at loci such as white and yellow in Drosophila melanogaster (Judd, 1976; Nash and Yarking, 1974) succinea in the beetle Harmonia axyridis (Tan, 1945), agouti in mammals (Searle, 1968), nivea (niv) and pallida (pal) in Antirrhinum majus (Baur, 1924; Fincham and Harrison, 1967; Carpenter et al, 1987), c1, a1, a2, and R in Zea mays (Coe and Neuffer, 1977) and an1, an2 in Petunia hybrida (Bianchi et al, 1978; Gerats et al, 1983). A major reason for the variability in colour is that it usually does not affect the viability of an organism, although in natural populations coloration may have important consequences on ecological aspects such as the dispersal of pollen in flowering plants (Stanton et al, 1986).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baur, E., 1924: Untersuchungen über das Wesen, die Entstehung und Vererbung von Rassenunterschieden bei Antirrhinum majus. Bibliotheca Genetica 4, 1–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennetzen, J. L., Swanson, J., Taylor, W. C., Freeling, M., 1984: DNA insertion in the first intron of maize Adh1 affects message levels: Cloning of progenitor and mutant Adh1 alleles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 4125–4128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi, F., Cornelissen, P. T. J., Gerats, A. G. M., Hogervorst, J. M. N., 1978: Regulation of gene action in Petunia hybrida: unstable alleles of a gene for flower colour. Theor. Appl. Genet. 53, 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bingham, P. M., Zachar, Z., 1985: Evidence that two mutations, w DZL and z 1, affecting synapsis-dependent genetic behaviour of white are transcriptional regulatory mutations. Cell 40, 819–825.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U., Sommer, H., Harrison, B. J., Saedler, H., 1984a: The transposable element Tam1 of Antirrhinum majus is 17 kb long. Mol. Gen. Genet. 194, 138–143.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas, U., Sommer, H., Saedler, H., 1984b: The 17 kb Tam1 element of Antirrhinum majus induces a 3 bp duplication upon integration into the chalcone synthase gene. EMBO J. 3, 1015–1019.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, R., Coen, E. S., Hudson, A. D., Martin, C. R., 1984: Transposable genetic elements and genetic instability in Antirrhinum. Seventy-third Annual Report of the Johan Innes Institute. (Norwich: Crowe and Sons Ltd.), pp. 52–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, R., Martin, C., Coen, E. S., 1987: Comparison of genetic behaviour of the transposable element Tam3 at two unlinked pigment loci in Antirrhinum majus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 82–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chia, W., Howes, G., Martin, M., Meng, Y., Moses, K., Tsubota, S., 1986: Molecular analysis of the yellow locus of Drosophila. EMBO J. 5, 3597–3605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, E. H., Neuffer, M. G., 1977: The Genetics of Corn. In: Corn and corn improvement. Sprague, G. F. (ed), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coen, E. S., Carpenter, R., 1986: Transposable elements in Antirrhinum majus: generators of genetic diversity. Trends in Genet. 2, 292–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen, E. S., Carpenter, R., Martin, C., 1986: Transposable elements generate novel spatial patterns of gene expression in Antirrhinum majus. Cell 47, 285–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen, E. S., Carpenter, R., 1988: A semi-dominant allele, niv-525, acts in trans to inhibit expression of its wild-type homologue in Antirrhinum majus. EMBO J. 7 in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demerec, M., 1940: Genetic behaviour of euchromatic segments inserted into heterochromatin. Genetics 25, 618–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dooner, H. K., 1983: Coordinate genetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes in maize. Mol. Gen. Genet. 189, 136–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincham, J. R. S., Harrison, B., 1967: Instability at the Pal locus in Antirrhinum majus. II. Multiple alleles produced by mutation of one original unstable allele. Heredity 22, 211–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eissenberg, J. C., Kimbrell, D. A., Fristrom, J. W., Elgin. S. C. R., 1984: Chromatin structure at the 44D larval cuticle gene in Drosophila: the effect of a transposable element insertion. Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 9025–9037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerats, A. G. M., Farcy, E., Wallroth, M., Groot, S. R C., Schram, A., 1983: Control of anthocyanin synthesis in Petunia hybrida by multiple allelic series of the genes An1 and An2. Genetics 106, 501–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gierl, A., Schwarz-Sommer, Z., Saedler, H., 1985: Molecular interactions between the components of the En-I transposable element system of Zea mays. EMBO Journal 4, 579–583.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glandsdorff, N., Charlier, D., Zafarullah, M., 1980: Activation of gene expression by IS2 and IS3. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 45, 153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, B. J., Carpenter, R., 1973: A comparison of the instabilities at the nivea and pallida loci in Antirrhinum majus. Heredity 31, 309–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hehl, R., Sommer, H., Saedler, H., 1987: Interaction between the Tam1 and Tam2 transposable elements of Antirrhinum majus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 47–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, A., Carpenter, R., Coen, E. S., 1987: De novo activation of the transposable element Tam2 of Antirrhinum majus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 54–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izant, J. G., Weintraub, H., 1985: Constitutive and conditional suppression of exogenous and endogenous genes by anti-sense RNA. Science 229, 345–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jack, J. W., Judd, B. H., 1979: Allelic pairing and gene regulation: A model for the zeste-white interaction in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 1368–1372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, B. H., 1976: Genetic units of Drosophila — complex loci. In: The genetics and biology of Drosophila vol. 1b. Ashburner, M., Novitski, E (eds.) pp. 767–799. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jund, R., Loison, G., 1982: Activation of transcription of a yeast gene in E. coli by an IS5 element. Nature 296, 680–681.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaulen, H., Schell, J., Kreuzaler, F., 1986: Light induced expression of the chimeric chalcone synthase-NPTII gene in tobacco cells. EMBO J. 5, 1–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levis, R., Hazelrigg, T., Rubin, G. M. 1985: Effects of genomic position on the expression of transduced copies of the white gene of Drosophila. Science 229, 558–561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P. A., Bishop, J. M., Varmus, H. E., Cappechi, M. R., 1983: Location and function of retroviral and SV40 sequences that enhance biochemical transformation after microinjection of DNA. Cell 33, 705–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon, M. F., 1961: Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190, 372–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. R., Carpenter, R., Coen, E. S., Gerats, A. G. M., 1986: The control of floral pigmentation in A. majus. In: Soc. Expt. Biol. Symp. 32, 19–52. Thomas and Grierson (eds.), Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, C. R., Carpenter, R., Sommer, H., Saedler, H., Coen, E. S., 1985: Molecular analysis of instability in flower pigmentation of Antirrhinum majus, following isolation of the pallida locus by transposon tagging EMBO J. 4, 1625–1630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mol, J. N. M., Schram, A. W., de Vlaming, P., Gerats, A. G. M., Kreuzaler, F., Hahlbrock, K., Reif, H. J., Veitkamp, E., 1983: Regulation of flavonoid gene expression in Petunia hybrida: Description and partial characterization of a conditional mutant in chalcone synthase gene expression. Mol. Gen. Genet. 192, 424–429.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mount, S. M., 1982: A catalogue of splice-junction sequences. Nucl. Acids Res. 10, 459–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash, W. G., Yarkin, R. G., 1974: Genetic regulation and pattern formation: a study of the yellow locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genet. Res. Camb. 24, 19–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roeder, G. S., Rose, A. B., Perlman, R. E., 1985: Transposable element sequences involved in the enhancement of yeast gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 5428–5432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saedler, H., Nevers, P., 1985: Transposition in plants: a molecular model. EMBO J. 4, 585–590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz-Sommer, Zs., Gierl, A., Berntgen, R., Saedler, H., 1985: Sequence comparison of “states” of a1-m1 suggests a model for Spm (En) action. EMBO J. 4, 2439–2443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneuwly, S., Kuroiwa, A., Gehring, W. J., 1987: Molecular analysis of the dominant homoeotic Antennapedia phenotype. EMBO J. 6, 201–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, M. P., Weiner, A. J., Hazelrigg, T. I., Polisky, B. A., Pirotta, V., Scalenghe, F., Kaufman, T. C., 1983: The molecular organisation of the Antennapaedia locus of Drosophila. Cell 35, 763–776.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, A. G., 1968: Comparative genetics of coat colour in mammals. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, H., Carpenter, R., Harrison, B. J., Saedler, H., 1985: The transposable element Tam3 of Antirrhinum majus generates a novel type of sequence alteration upon excision. Mol. Gen. Genet. 199, 225–231.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, H., Bonas, U., Saedler, H., 1988: Transposon-induced alterations in the promoter region affect transcription of the chalcone synthase gene of Antirrhinum majus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 211, 49–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiribille, R., Forkmann, G., 1982: Genetic control of chalcone synthase activity in flowers of Antirrhinum majus. Phytochemistry 21, 2231–2234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanton, M. L., Snow, A. A., Handel, S. N., 1986: Floral evolution: attractiveness to pollinators increases male fitness. Science 232, 1625–1627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C., 1968: Developmental genetics of pattern. In: Genetic mosaics and other essays, pp. 130–173. Harvard Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, C. C., 1945: Mosaic dominance in the inheritance of color patterns in the lady-bird beetle, Harmonia axyridis. Genetics 31, 195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyaya, K. C., Sommer, H., Krebers, E., Saedler, H., 1985: The paramutagenic line niv-44 has a 5kb insert, Tam2, in the chalcone synthase gene of Antirrhinum majus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 199, 201–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zachar, Z., Davidson, D., Garza, D., Bingham, P. M., 1985: A detailed developmental and structural study of the transcriptional effects of insertion of the copia transposon into the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 111, 495–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK

    Enrico S. Coen, Jorge Almeida, Tim P. Robbins, Andrew Hudson & Rosemary Carpenter

Authors
  1. Enrico S. Coen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jorge Almeida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tim P. Robbins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrew Hudson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Rosemary Carpenter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA

    Desh Pal S. Verma

  2. Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA

    Robert B. Goldberg

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Coen, E.S., Almeida, J., Robbins, T.P., Hudson, A., Carpenter, R. (1988). Molecular Analysis of Genes Determining Spatial Patterns in Antirrhinum majus . In: Verma, D.P.S., Goldberg, R.B. (eds) Temporal and Spatial Regulation of Plant Genes. Plant Gene Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6950-6_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6950-6_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7448-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6950-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation