Abstract
The biomechanics of brain injuries describes how the impact of forces directed to the head are related to the primary physical and physiological effects in the skull and the brain.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbreviated Injury Scale 1985 Revision. American Association for Automotive Medicine, Arlington Heights IL. 60005. USA
Adams JH, Mitchell DE, Graham DI, Doyle D (1977) Diffuse brain damage of immediate impact type. Its relationship to ‘Primary brain-stem damage’ in head injury. Brain 100: 489–502
Adams JH, Graham D, Scott G, Parker L, Doyle D (1980) Brain damage in fatal non-missile head injury. J Clin Pathol 33: 1132–1145
Adams JH, Graham DI, Murray LS, Scott G (1982a) Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: An analysis of 45 cases. Ann Neurol 12: 557–563
Adams JH, Graham DI, Gennarelli TA (1982b) Neuropathology of acceleration-induced head injury in the subhuman primate. In: Grossman RG, Gildenberg PL (eds) Head injury: basic and clinical aspects. Raven Press, New York, pp 141–150
Aldman B, Ljung C, Thorngren L (1982) Intracranial deformation patterns due to impulsive loading-A model study. Paper for presentation at technical Session No 2 Biomechanics and Dummy Development of the 9th ESV Conference in Kyoto, November 3, 1982
Drake CG (1961) Subdural haematoma from arterial rupture. J Neurosurg 18: 597–601
Friede RL (1961) Experimental acceleration concussions. Arch Neurol (Chicago) 4: 449–462
Gadd CW (1967) Use of a weighted impulse criterion for estimating injury hazard. In: 10th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings, 8–9 November 1966, Alamogordo NM, New York: SAE paper no. 660793, pp 164–174
Gennarelli TA (1984) Clinical and experimental head injury. In: Aldman B, Chapon A (eds) The biomechanics of impact trauma. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Amsterdam, pp 103–115
Gennarelli TA (1985) The state of the art of head injury biomechanics. A review. Proceedings from the 29th Annual Conference, Washington, DC, October 7–9, 1985
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE (1982) Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma 22: 680–686
Gennarelli TA, Abel JM, Adams H, Graham D (1979) Differential tolerance of frontal and temporal lobes to contusion induced by angular acceleration. Proceedings of Twenty-third Stapp Car Crash Conference, October 17–19, San Diego, California. Published by Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096, pp 563–586
Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, Adams JH, Graham DI, Thompson CJ, Marcincin RP (1982a) Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate. Ann Neurol 12: 564–574
Gennarelli TA, Spielman GM, Langfitt TW, Gildenberg PL, Harrington T, Jane JA, Marshall LF, Miller JD, Pitts LH (1982b) Influence of the type of intracranial lesion on outcome from severe head injury. J Neurosurg 56: 26–32
von Gierke HE (1966) On the dynamics of some head injury mechanisms. In: Caveness WF, Walker AE (eds) Head injury. Conference proceedings. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia Toronto, pp 383–396
Goldsmith W (1966) The physical processes producing head injuries. In: Caveness WF, Walker AE (eds) Head injury. Conference proceedings. JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia Toronto, pp 350–382
Goldsmith W (1972) Biomechanics of head injury. In: Fung YC, Perrone N, Anliker M (eds) Biomechanics. Its foundation and objectives. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp 585–634
Goldsmith W (1983) Some aspects of the physical and mathematical modeling of loading to head/neck systems and implications of current DOT injury criteria. In: Head and neck injury. A Consensus Workshop, Department of Transportation HS 806 434. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC pp 133–148
Goldsmith W, Ommaya AK (1984) Head and neck injury criteria and tolerance levels. In: Aldman B, Chapon A (eds) The biomechanics of impact trauma. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Amsterdam, pp 149–187
Guillermain P (1986) Traumatic extradural hematomas. In: McLaurin RL (ed) Advances in neurotraumatology. Extracerebral collections. Springer, Wien New York, pp 1–50
Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR, Webster JE (1947) The Mechanism of production of linear skull fracture. Further studies on deformation of the skull by the “stresscoat” technique. J Surg Gynecol Obstet 85: 195–210
Gurdjian ES, Webster JE, Lissner HR (1955) Observations on the mechanism of brain concussion, contusion, and laceration. J Surg Gynecol Obstet 101: 680–690
Higgins LS, Schmall RA (1967) A device for the investigation of head injury effected by non-deforming head acceleration. Proc 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., New York, pp 57–72
Hirsch A, Ommaya A, Mahone R (1970) Tolerance of subhuman primate brain to cerebral concussion. Chapter XVI. In: Gurdjian ES, Lange WA, Patrick LM, Thomas LM (eds) Impact injury and crash protection. Ch C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, pp 352–369
Hodgson VR (1967) Tolerance of the facial bones to impact. Am J Anat 120: 113–122
Holbourn AHS (1943) Mechanics of head injuries. Lancet 2: 438–441
Hooper R (1959) Observations on extradural haemorrhage. Br J Surg 47: 71–87
Kornhauser M (1954) Prediction and evaluation of sensitivity to transient accelerations. J Appl Mech 21: 371–380
Kornhauser M, Gold A (1962) Application of the impact sensitivity method to animate structures. Proceedings of a Symposium: Impact Acceleration Stress. Washington, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, pp 333–344
Lee MC, Melvin JW, Ueno K (1987) Finite element analysis of traumatic subdural hematoma. 31st Stapp Car Crash, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, Conference Proceedings, pp 67–77
Lindgren SO (1966) Experimental studies of mechanical effects in head injury. Acta Chir Scand [Suppl] 360: 1–100
Lindgren S (1983) Mechanical and clinical approaches to head injury criteria. In: Head and neck injury Criteria. A Consensus Workshop, Department of Transportation HS 806 434. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp 49–61
Lissner HR, Lebow M, Evans FG (1960) Experimental studies on the relation between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man. Surg Gynec Obstet 111: 329–338
Liu YK (1979) Biomechanics and biophysics of CNS trauma. In: Odom GL (ed) Central nervous system trauma research. Status report, pp 36–52
Ljung C, Lindgren S, Aldman B (1983) On the analytical approach to head injury criteria. Proceedings of a Workshop on Head and Neck Injury Criteria. US Department of Transportation. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, DC, pp 194–197
Löfgren J, Pellettieri L (1967) Epidemiologia della contusione del lobo temporale. Minerva Neurochir 11: 242–246
Lubock P, Goldsmith W (1980) Experimental cavitation studies in a model head-neck system. J Biomech 13: 1041–1052
Löwenhielm P (1975) Mathematical stimulation of gliding contusions. J Biomech 8: 351–356
Melvin JW, Evans FG (1971) A strain energy approach to the mechanics of skull fracture. Proc 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc, New York, pp 666–685
Mitchell DE, Adams JH (1973) Primary focal impact damage to the brainstem in blunt head injuries. Does it exist? Lancet 4: 215–218
Ommaya AK (1968) Mechanical properties of tissues of the nervous system. J Biomechanics 1: 127–138
Ommaya AK (1985) Biomechanics of head injury: Experimental aspects. In: Nahum AM, Melvin J (eds) The Biomechanics of Trauma. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Norwalk, Connecticut, pp 245–269
Ommaya AK, Gennarelli TA (1974) Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness: Correlation of experimental and clinical observations on blunt head injuries. Brain 97: 633–654
Pudenz RH, Shelden HC (1946) The lucite calvarium. A method for direct observation of the brain. II. Cranial trauma brain movement. J Neurosurg 3: 487–505
Sellier K, Unterharnscheidt F (1963) Mechanik und Pathomorphologie der Hirnschäden nach stumpfer Gewalteinwirkung auf den Schädel. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Shenkin HA (1982) Acute subdural hematoma. Review of 39 consecutive cases with high incidence of cortical artery rupture. J Neurosurg 57: 254–257
Sjövall H (1943) The genesis of skull and brain injuries. An anatomical and physical study. Munksgaard, Copenhagen
Stalnaker RL, Low TC, Lin AC (1987) Translational energy criteria and its correlation with head injury in the sub-human primate. Proceedings of the 1987 International Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Birmingham, pp 223–238
Strich SJ (1956) Diffuse degeneration of the cerebral white matter in severe dementia following head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 19: 163–185
Starmark JE, Stålhammar D, Holmgren E (1988) The Reaction Level Scale (RLS85). Manual and guidelines. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 991: 12–20
Stålhammar D (1975) Experimental brain damage from fluid pressures due to impact acceleration. 1. Design of experimental procedure. Acta Neurol Scand 52: 7–26
Stålhammar D (1990) Mechanism of brain injury. In: Winken PJ, Bruyn GW, Klawans HL (eds) Head injury. Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, in press
Stålhammar D, Olsson Y (1975a) Experimental brain damage from fluid pressures due to impact acceleration. 3. Morphological observations. Acta Neurol Scand 52: 38–55
Stålhammar D, Olsson Y (1975b) Experimental brain damage from fluid pressures due to impact acceleration. 4. Comparative studies with acceleration-concussion. Acta Neurol Scand 52: 94–110
Teasdale G, Galbraith S (1981) Acute traumatic intracranial hematomas. Progress in Neurological Surgery 10: 66–99
Teasdale G, Jennett B (1974) Assessment of coma and impairment of consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet ii 81–84
Thibault LE, Gennarelli TA (1985) Biomechanics and craniocerebral trauma. In: Becker DP, Povlishick JT (eds) Central nervous system trauma. Status report, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, pp 379–389
Tomlinson BE (1970) Brain-stem lesions after head injury. J Clin Pathol 23 [Suppl 4]: 154–165
Tornheim PA, Liwnicz BH, Hirsch CS, Brown DL, McLaurin RL (1983) Acute responses to blunt head trauma. Experimental model and gross pathology. J Neurosurg 59: 431–438
Tsubokawa T, Nakamura S, Hayashi N, Miyagami M, Taguma N, Yamada J, Kurisaka M, Sugawara T, Shinozaki H, Goto T, Takeuchi T, Moriyasu N (1975) Experimental primary fatal head injury caused by linear acceleration — biomechanics and pathogenesis. Neurol Med Chir 15: 57–65
Unterharnscheidt F, Higgins LS (1969) Traumatic lesions of brain and spinal cord due to nondeforming angular acceleration of the head. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 27: 127–166
Yarnell PR, Lynch S (1973) The ‘ding’: Amnestic states in football trauma. Neurology 23: 196–197
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer-Verlag/Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stålhammar, D.A. (1991). Biomechanics of Brain Injuries. In: Frowein, R.A. (eds) Celebral Contusions, Lacerations and Hematomas. Advances in Neurotraumatology, vol 3. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6922-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6922-3_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7435-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6922-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive