Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An ultrastructural comparison of the mitotic apparatus, feeding apparatus, flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton in euglenoids and kinetoplastids

  • Chapter
Book cover The Cytoskeleton of Flagellate and Ciliate Protists

  • 103 Accesses

Summary

The euglenoids and kinetoplastids form a diverse assemblage of organisms which show no obvious phylogenetic relationship with other flagellates. An ultrastructural examination and comparison of the flagellar apparatus, the feeding apparatus, and mitotic nucleus indicate a number of shared morphological features which support a common ancestry for the two groups. Of particular interest is the euglenoid, Petalomonas cantuscygni, which shares many of the ultrastructural features common to both groups. Based on the data presented, we hypothesize that a euglenoid with features similar to those now present in P. cantuscygni was ancestral to both the euglenoid and kinetoplastid lines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

MTR:

complex of reinforcing microtubules

References

  • Balaban N, Waithaka HK, Njogu AR, Goldman R (1989) Isolation of a subpellicular microtubule protein from Trypanosoma brucei that mediates crosslinking of microtubules. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 14: 393–400

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi L, Rondanelli EG, Carosi G, Gerna G (1969) Endonuclear mitotic spindle in the leptomonad of Leishmania tropica. J Parasitol 55: 1091–1092

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouck GB (1971) The structure, origin, isolation and composition of the tubular mastigonemes of the Ochromonas flagellum. J Cell Biol 50: 362–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouck GB (1972) Architecture and assembly of mastigonemes. Adv Cell Mol Biol 2: 237–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouck GB Rogalski A, Valaitis A (1978) Surface organization and composition of Euglena II. Flagellar mastigonemes. J Cell Biol 77:805–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bramblett GT Kambadur R, Flavin M (1989) Immunocytochemical studies with antibodies to three proteins prominent in the isolated microtubule cytoskeleton of a trypanosomatid. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 13: 145–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooker BE (1971) Fine structure of Bodo sal tans and Bodo caudautus. (Zoomastigophora: Protozoa) and their affinities with the Trypanosomatidae. Bull Br Mus Nat Hist 22: 89–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugerolle G (1973) Étude ultrastructurale du trophozoite et du kyste chez le genre Chilomastix Alexieff 1910 (Zoomastigophorea, Retortomonadida, Grasse 1952). J Protozool 20: 574–585

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugerolle G (1977) Ultrastructure du genre Retortomonas Grassi 1879 (Zoomastigophorea, Retortomonadida, Wenrich 1932). Protistologica 8: 233–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugerolle G Joyon L (1975) Étude cytologique ultrastructurale des genres Proteromonas et Karotomorpha (Zoomastigophorea, Proteromonadida, Grassé 1952). Protistologica 11: 531–546

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugerolle G Lom J, Nohynkova E, Joyon L (1979) Comparison et des structures cellulaires chez plusiers especes de Bodonides et Cryptobiides appartenantaux genres Bodo, Cryptobia et Trypanoplasma (Kinetoplastida Mastigorphora). Protistologica 15: 197–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Burzell LA (1973) Observations on the proboscis-cytopharynx complex and flagella of Rhynchomonas metabolita Pshenin, 1964 (Zoomastigophorea: Bodonidae). J Protozool 20: 385–393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brugerolle G (1975) Fine structure of Bodo curvifilus Griessman (Kinetoplastida: Bodonidae). J Protozool 22: 35–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Cachon J, Cachon M, Cosson M-P, Cosson J (1988) The paraflagellar rod: a structure in search of a function. Biol Cell 63: 169–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalier-Smith T (1981) Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine? Bio Systems 14: 461–481

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaley N, Lord A, LaFontaine G (1977) A light and electron microscopic study of nuclear structure throughout the cell cycle in the euglenoid Astasia longa. J Cell Sci 27: 23–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Corliss JO (1984) The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla. BioSystems 17: 87–126

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft SL (1979) Ultrastructural study of the nucleus of Leishmania hertigi. Protistologica 15: 103–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuhna NL, De Souza W, Hasson-Voloch A (1984) Isolation of the flagellum and characterization of the paraxial structure of Her-petomonas megaseliae. J Submicrosc Cytol 16: 705–713

    Google Scholar 

  • De Souza W, Meyer H (1974) On the fine structure of the nucleus in Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue culture forms. Spindle fibers in the dividing nucleus. J Protozool 21: 48–52

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Souza W, Meyer H Souto-Padron T (1980) The paraxial structure of the flagellum. Trypanosomatidae. J Parasitol 66: 229–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Souza W, Rossi MA, Kitajima EW, Santos R, Roitman I (1976) An electron microscopic study of Herpetomonas sp. Leishmaniapessoai). Can J Microbiol 22: 197–203

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge JD (1975) The fine structure of Trachelomonas (Eugleno-phyceae). Arch Protistenk 117: 65–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty EC (1955) Comparative evolution and the origin of sexuality. Syst Zool 4: 145–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyden BP (1977) Morphology and ultrastructure of Bodo designis Skuja 1948. Protistologica 13: 169–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Farina M, Attias M, Souto-Padron T, De Souza W (1986) Further studies on the organization of the paraxial rod of trypanosomatids. J Protozool 33: 552–557

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer MA (1988) A re-evaluation of the taxonomy of the Euglenophyceae based on ultrastructural characteristics. PhD thesis, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer MA Triemer RE (1988 a) Flagellar systems in the euglenoid flagellates. BioSystems 21: 283–291

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer MA (1988 b) A redescription of the genus Ploeotia Duj. (Euglen-ophyceae). Taxon 37: 319–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Foissner W, Blatterer H, Foissner I (1988) The Hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec), a new protistan phylum from Gondwanian soils. Eur J Protistol 23: 361–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Freymuller E, Camargo EP (1981) Ultrastructural differences between species of trypanosomatids with and without endosym-bionts. J Protozool 28: 175–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch FE (1935) Structure and reproduction of the algae, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallo J-M, Schrevel J (1985) Homologies between paraflagellar rod proteins from trypanosomes and euglenoids revealed by a monoclonal antibody. Eur J Cell Biol 36: 163–168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillott MA, Triemer RE (1978) Ultrastructure of cell division in Euglena. J Cell Sci 231: 25–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimann K, Reize IB, Melkonian M (1989a) The flagellar developmental cycle in algae: flagellar transformation in Cyanophora paradoxa (Glaucocystophyceae). Protoplasma 148: 106–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Heimann K, Reize IB, Melkonian M Benting J, Timmermann S, Melkonian M (1989 b) The flagellar developmental cycle in algae: two types of flagellar development in uniflagellated algae. Protoplasma 153: 14–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Hey wood P, Weinmann D (1978) Mitosis in the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma cyclops. J Protozool 25: 287–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibberd DJ, Leedale GF (1970) Eustigmatophyceae—a new algal class with unique organization of the motile cell. Nature 225: 759–760

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibberd DJ, Leedale GF (1971) A new algal class—the Eustigmatophyceae. Taxon 20: 523–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Hibberd DJ, Leedale GF (1972) Observations on the cytology and ultrastructure of the new algal class, Eustigmatophyceae. Ann Bot 36: 49–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchen ET (1974) The fine structure of the colonial kinetoplastid flagellate Cephalothamnion cyclopum Stein. J Protozool 21: 221–231

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollande A (1952) Classe des eugleniens (Euglenoidina Butschli, 1884). In: Grasse PP (ed) Traite de zoologie, vol 1, fasc 1. Mason, Paris, pp 238–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Honigberg BM (1963) A contribution to systematics of the nonpigmented flagellates. In: Ludvik J, Lom J, Vavra J (eds) Progress in protozoology. Academic Press, New York, pp 68–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Honigberg BM Balamuth M, Bovee EC, Corliss JO, Godjics M, Hall RP, Kudo RR, Levine ND, Loeblich AR Jr, Weiser J, Weinrich DH (1964) A revised classification of the phylum Protozoa. J Protozool 11: 7–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyams JS (1982) The Euglena paraflagellar rod: structure, relationship to other flagellar components and preliminary biochemical characterization. J Cell Sci 55: 199–210

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inoki S, Ozeki Y (1969) Electron microscopic observations on division of kinetoplasts in Trypanosoma gambiense. Biken J 12: 31–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivic PA, Walne PL (1984) An evaluation of a possible phylogenetic relationship between the Euglenophyta and Kinetoplastida. Orig Life 13: 269–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Klebs G (1883) Über die Organisation einiger Flagellaten-Gruppen und ihre Beziehungen zu Algen und Infusorien. Unters Inst Tübingen 1: 233–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Kugrens P, Rosowski JR (1972) Ultrastructure of mitosis in Colacium. J Phycol 8: 9 a

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1967) Euglenoid flagellates. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1968) The nucleus in Euglena. In: Buetow DE (ed) The biology of Euglena. Academic Press, New York, pp 185–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1970) Observations on the mitochondrial reticulum in living Euglena gracilis. Cytobiologie 1: 195–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1978) Phylogenetic criteria in euglenoid flagellates. BioSystems 10: 183–187

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1982) Ultrastructure. In: Buetow DE (ed) The biology of Euglena, vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 1–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian MM, Chapman DJ (eds) (1989) Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian M, Reize IB, Preisig HR (1987) Maturation of a flagel-lum/basal body requires more than one cell cycle in algal flagellates: studies on Nephroselmis olivacea (Prasinophyceae). In: Wiessner W, Robinson DG, Starr RCJ (eds) Algal development. Molecular and cellular aspects. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, New York Tokyo, pp 102–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Mignot J-P (1964) Observations complementaires sur la structure des flagelles d’Entosiphon sulcatum (Duj.) Stein, flagelle euglenien. Acad Sci Paris 258: 3360–3363

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF (1966) Structure et ultrastructure de quelques euglenomonadines. Protistologica 2: 51–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Leedale GF Brugerolle G, Bricheux G (1987) Intercalary strip development and dividing cell morphogenesis in the euglenid Cyclidiopsis acus. Protoplasma 139: 51–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup Ø (1982) Flagellar structure in algae: a review, with new observations particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae, and Reckertia. Phycologia 21: 427–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup Ø Hori T (1989) Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in Pyramimonas octopus (Prasinophyceae). II. Flagellar roots, connecting fibers, and numbering of individual flagella in green algae. Protoplasma 148: 41–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Mylnikov AP (1986) Ultrastructure of a colorless flagellate Phyllomitus apiculatus Skuja 1948 (Kinetoplastida). Arch Protistenk 132: 1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet B (1974) An ultrastructural study of the feeding apparatus in Peranema trichophorum. J Protozool 21: 39–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohynkova E (1984) A new pathogenic Cryptobia from freshwater fishes: a light and electron microscopic study. Protistologica 20: 181–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens K, Farmer MA, Triemer RE (1988) The flagellar apparatus and reservoir/cytoskeleton of Cryptoglena pigra (Euglenophyceae). J Phycol 24: 520–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson WB, Woo PTK (1984) Ultrastructural studies on mitosis in Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Mastigophora: Zoomastigophorea). Can J Bot 62: 1167–1171

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulin JJ (1969) Ultrastructural observations on the kinetosome cycle of Crithidia fasciculata and its significance to other members of the order (Kinetoplastida). Trans Am Microsc Soc 88: 400–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps JD, Weik KL (1977) Cell division in Euglena and Phacus I. Mitosis. In: Rost TL, Gifford EM Jr (eds) Mechanisms and control of cell division. Academic Press, New York, pp 308–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter D (1973) Isonema papillatum sp. n., a new colorless marine flagellate: a light and electron microscopic study. J Protozool 20: 351–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston TM (1969) The form and function of the cytostome-cytopharynx of the culture forms of the elasmobranch haemoflagellate Trypanosoma raiae Laveran & Mesnil. J Protozool 16: 320–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raikov IB (1982) The protozoan nucleus. Springer, Wien New York [Alfert M et al (eds) Cell biology monographs, vol 9]

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell DG, Newsam RJ, Palmer GCN, Gull K (1983) Structural and biochemical characterization of the paraflagellar rod of Crithidia fasciculata. Eur J Cell Biol 30: 137–143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaeppi K, Deflorin J, Seebeck T (1989) The major component of the paraflagellar rod of Trypanosoma brucei is a helical protein that is encoded by two identical, tandemly linked genes. J Cell Biol 109: 1695–1709

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster FL, Goldstein S, Hershenov B (1968) Ultrastructure of a flagellate, Isonema nigricans nov. gen. nov. sp. from a polluted marine habitat. Protistologica 4: 141–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Senn G (1900) Flagellata. In: Engler A, Prantl K (eds) Die natürlichen Planzenfamilien, voll. W Engelmann, Leipzig, pp 93–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin T, Gull K (1989) The cell division cycle of Trypanosoma brucei brucei: timing of event markers and cytoskeletal modulations. Philos Trans R Soc Lond [Biol] 323: 573–588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skarlato SO (1987) Fine structural pecularities of the nucleus of the parasitic flagellate Trypanosoma borelli. Rep Acad Sci USSR 293: 220–221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogin ML, Elwood HJ, Gunderson JH (1986) Evolutionary diversity of eukaryotic small-subunit rRNA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 1383–1387

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solari AJ (1980 a) Function of the dense plaques during mitosis in Trypanosoma cruzi. Exp Cell Res 127: 457–460

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solari AJ (1980 b) The 3-dimensional fine structure of the mitotic spindle in Trypanosoma cruzi. Chromosoma 78: 239–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solari AJ (1983) The ultrastructure of mitotic nuclei of Blastocrithidia triatomae. Z Parasitenk 69: 3–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer JR, Blum JJ (1965) Cell division in Astasia longa. Exp Cell Res 39: 504–527

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souto-Padron T, Gon Calves de Lima VMQ, Roitman I, DeSouza W (1980) An electron microscopic and cytochemical study of Leptomonas samueli. Z Parasitenk 62: 127–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinert M, Novikoff AB (1960) The existence of a cytostome and the occurrence of pinocytosis in the trypanosome, Trypanosoma mega. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 8: 563–569

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surek B, Melkonian M (1986) A cryptic cytostome in Euglena. Protoplasma 133: 39–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Swale EMF (1973) A study of the colourless flagellate Rhynchonomonas nasuta (Stokes) Klebs. Biol J Linn Soc 5: 255–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor FJR (1976) Flagellate phylogeny: a study in conflicts. J Protozool 23: 28–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor FJR (1980) The stimulation of cell research by endosymbiotic hypotheses for the origin of the eukaryotes. In: Schwemmer W, Schenk HEA (eds) Endocytobiology. W de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 917–947

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE (1985) Ultrastructural features of mitosis in Anisonema sp. (Euglenida). J Protozool 32: 683–690

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE (1986) Light and electron microscopic description of a colorless euglenoid, Serpenomonas costata n. g., n. sp. J Protozool 33: 412–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE (1988) Ultrastructure of mitosis in Entosiphon sulcatum (Euglenida). J Protozool 35: 53–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE Farmer MA (1988) Petalomonas cantuscygni, a possible evolutionary link between the euglenoids and the kinetoplastids. J Phycol 24: 22 a

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE, Fritz L (1986) Structure and operation of the feeding apparatus in a colorless euglenoid, Entosiphon sulcatum. J Protozool 34: 154–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE, Fritz L (1988) Ultrastructural features of mitosis in Ploeotia costata (Heteronematales, Euglenophyta). J Phycol 24: 514–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE, Fritz L Ott DW (1990) Ultrastructure of Diplonema ambulator Lar-sen & Patterson (Euglenozoa) and its relationship to Isonema. Eur J Protozool 25: 316–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer RE, Fritz L Fritz L, Herman R (1986) Fine structure of mitosis in Leishmania adlerii. Protoplasma 134: 154–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K (1977) DNA throughout the single mitochondrion of a kinetoplastid flagellate: observations on the ultrastructure of Cryptobia vaginalis (Hesse 1910). J Protozool 24: 221–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K (1989) Phylum Zoomastigina class Kinetoplastida. In: Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ (eds) Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Barlett, Boston, pp 215–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K Preston TM (1970) Spindle microtubules in the dividing nuclei of trypanosomes. J Cell Sci 6: 365–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K (1976) Comparative cell biology of the kinetoplastid flagellates. In: Lumsden HR, Evans DA (eds) Biology of the Kinetoplastida. Academic Press, London, pp 35–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Willey RL, Wibel RG (1985 a) The reservoir cytoskeleton and a possible cytostomal homologue in Colacium (Euglenophyceae). J Phycol 21: 570–577

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K (1985b) A cytostome/cytopharynx in green euglenoid flagellates (Euglenales) and its phylogenetic implications. BioSystems 18: 369–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K (1987) Flagellar roots and the reservoir cytoskeleton of Colacium libellae (Euglenophyceae). J Phycol 23: 283–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickerman K Walne PL, Kivic P (1988) Phagotrophy and the origins of the euglenoid flagellates. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 7: 303–340

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08855-1059, USA

    R. E. Triemer

  2. Center for Advanced Ultrastructural Research Barrow Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA

    M. A. Farmer

Authors
  1. R. E. Triemer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Farmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Triemer, R.E., Farmer, M.A. (1991). An ultrastructural comparison of the mitotic apparatus, feeding apparatus, flagellar apparatus and cytoskeleton in euglenoids and kinetoplastids. In: The Cytoskeleton of Flagellate and Ciliate Protists. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6714-4_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6714-4_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7391-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6714-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation