Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pathogen Avirulence Genes and Elicitors of Plant Defense

  • Chapter
Genes Involved in Plant Defense

Part of the book series: Plant Gene Research ((GENE))

Abstract

The hypersensitive response (HR) is an active, inducible defense reaction employed by plants against pathogens. Its main superficial feature is the rapid necrosis of plant cells surrounding the infection site of an invading pathogen. Of more functional importance, 30 or more plant genes are specifically derepressed following recognition of a pathogen, some of which account for the inhibition of subsequent pathogen invasion. These ‘defense response genes’ control a wide range of expressive mechanisms associated with the HR, including the production of chitinases, antiviral proteins, protease inhibitors, ß-1,3 glucanases and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins as well as encoding enzymes involved in the production of lignin, callose and phytoalexins at the infection site.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aldaoud R., Dawson W.O., Jones G.E. (1989) Rapid, random evolution of the genetic structure of replicating tobacco mosaic virus populations. Intervirology 30: 227–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alt F.W., Blackwell T.K., Yancopoulos G.D. (1987) Development of the primary antibody repertoire. Science 238: 1079–1087

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson A.J. (1989) The biology of glycoporteins as elicitors. In: Kosuge T., Nester E.W. (eds) Plant-microbe interactions. Molecular and genetic perspectives, vol 3. Macmillan, New York, pp 87–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Apostol I, Heinstein P.F., Low P.S. (1989) Rapid stimulation of an oxidative burst during elicitation of cultured plant cells. Role in defense and signal transduction. Plant Physiol 90: 109–116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson M.M., Keppler L.D., Orlandi E.W., Baker C.J., Mischke C.F. (1990) Involvement of plasma membrane calcium influx in bacterial induction of the K + /H + and hypersensitive responses in tobacco. Plant Physiol 92: 215–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayers A.R., Ebel J., Valent B., Albersheim P. (1976) Host-pathogen interactions. X. Fractionation and biological activity of an elictior isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora mega sperm a var. sojae. Plant Physiol 57: 760–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber M.S., Bertram R.E., Ride J.P. (1989) Chitin oligosaccharides elicit lignification in wounded wheat leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 3–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennetzen J.L., Qin M.-M, Ingels S., Ellingboe A.H. (1988) Allele-specific and mutator-associated instability at the RpJ disease-resistance locus of maize. Nature 332: 369–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch C.B., De Wit P.J.G.M., Kuc J. (1984) Elicitation of phytoalexins by arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids: a host survey. Physiol Plant Pathol 25: 199–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonas U., Stall R.E., Staskawicz B. (1989) Molecular and structural characterization of the avirulence gene avr Bs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Mol Gen Genet 218: 127–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonneville J.M., Sanfacon H., Fiitterer J., Hohn T. (1989) Posttranscriptional trans-activation in cauliflower mosaic virus. Cell 59: 1135–1143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bostock R.M., Kuć J.A., Laine R.A. (1981) Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from Phytophthora infestans elicit fungitoxic sesquiterpenes in the potato. Science 212: 67–69

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowler C., Alliotte T., De Loose M, van Montagu M., Inzé D. (1989) The induction of manganese superoxide dismutase in response to stress in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. EMBO J 8:31–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce R.J., West C.A. (1989) Elicitation of lignin biosynthesis and isoperoxidase activity by pectic fragments in suspension cultures of castor bean. Plant Physiol 91: 889–897

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruegger B.B., Keen N.T. (1979) Specific elicitors of glyceollin accumulation in the Pseudo-monas glycinea-soybean host-parasite system. Physiol Plant Pathol 15: 43–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buonaurio R., Torre G.D., Montalbini P. (1987) Soluble superoxide dismutase (SOD) in susceptible and resistant host-parasite complexes of Phaseolus vulgaris and Uromyces phaseoli. Physiol Mol Plant Pat hol 31: 173–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callow J.A. (1977) Recognition, resistance and the role of plant lectins in host-parasite interactions. Adv Bot Res 4: 1–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cervone F., Hahn M.G., DeLorenzo G., Darvill A., Albersheim P. (1989) Host-pathogen interactions. XXXIII. A plant protein converts a fungal pathogenicity factor into an elicitor of plant defense response. Plant Physiol 90: 542–548

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collinge D.B., Slusarenko A.J. (1987) Plant gene expression in response to pathogens. Plant Mol Biol 9: 389–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collinge D.B., Slusarenko A.J. (1987) Plant gene expression in response to pathogens. Plant Mol Biol 9: 389–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosio E.G., Popperl H., Schmidt W.E., Ebel J. (1988) High-affinity binding of fungal ß-glucan fragments to soybean (Glycine max L.) microsomal fractions and protoplasts. Eur J Biochem 175: 309–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer C.L., Edwards K., Dron M., Liang X., Dildine S.L., Bolwell G.P., Dixon R.A., Lamb C.l., Schuch W. (1989) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene organization and structure. Plant Mol Biol 12: 367–383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Culver J.N., Dawson W.O. (1989a) Point mutations in the coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus induce hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2:209–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culver J.N., Dawson W.O. (l989b) Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein: an elicitor of the hypersensitive reaction but not required for the development of mosaic symptoms in Nicotiana sylvestris. Virology 173: 755–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniels C.H., Fritensky B., Wagoner W., Hadwiger L.A. (1987) Pea genes associated with nonhost disease resistance to Fusarium are also active in race-specific disease resistance to Pseudomonas. Plant Mol Biol 8: 309–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis K.R., Darvill A.G., Albersheim P. (1986) Host-pathogen interactions. XXXI. Several biotic and abiotic elicitors act synergistically in the induction of phytoalexin accumulation in soybean. Plant Mol Biol 6: 23–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson W.O., Bubrick, P., Grantham, G.L. (1988) Modifications of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene affecting replication, movement, and symptomatology. Phytopathology 78: 783–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Day P. (1974) Genetics of host-parasite interactions. Freeman, San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  • De Wit P.J.G.M. (1992) Functional models to explain gene-for-gene relationships in plant-pathogen interactions. In:Boller T., Meins F (eds) Genes involved in plant defense. Springer. Wien New York. pp 25–47 [Dennis E.S. et al (eds) Plant gene research. Basic knowledge and application]

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • De Wit P.J.G.M., Hoffman A.E., Velthuis G.C.M, Kuć J.A. (1985) Isolation and characterization of an elicitor of necrosis isolated from intercellular fluids of compatible interactions of Cladosporium fulcum (Syn. Fulvia fulva) and tomato. Plant Physiol 77: 642–647

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickman M.B., Podila G.K., Kolattukudy P.E. (1989) Insertion ofcutinase gene into a wound pathogen enables it to infect intact host. Nature 342;446–448

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon R.A. (1986) The phytoalexin response: elicitation, signalling and control of host gene expression. Biol Rev 61: 239–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djordjevic M.A., Rolfe B.G., Lewis-Henderson W. (1992) An analysis of host range specificity of Rhizobium as a model system for virulence genes in phytobacteria. In: Boller T., Meins F. (eds) Genes involved in plant defense. Springer, Wien New York, pp 51–83 [Dennis E.S. et al (eds) Plant gene research. Basic knowledge and application]

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Doke N. (1985) NADPH-dependent O2 generation in membrane fractions isolated from wounded potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans. Physiol Plant Pathol 27:311–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doke N., Ohashi Y. (1988) Involvement of an O2 generating system in the induction of necrotic lesions on tobacco leaves infected with tobacco mosaic virus. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 32: 163–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doke N., Garas N.A., Kuć J. (1979)Partial characterization and aspects of the mode of action of a hypersensitivity-inhibiting factor (HIF) isolated from Phytophthora infestans. Physiol Plant Pathol 15: 127–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dron M., Clouse S.D., Dixon R.A., Lawton M.A., Lamb C.J. (1988) Glutathione and fungal elicitor regulation of a plant defense gene promoter in electro po rated protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6738–6742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebel J., Grisebach G. (1988) Defense strategies of soybean against the fungus Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea: a molecular analysis. Trends Biochem Sci 13: 23–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebel J., Scheel D. (1992) Elicitor recognition and signal transduction. In: Boller T., Meins F. (eds) Genes involved in plant defense. Springer, Wien New York, pp 183–205 [Dennis E.S. et al (eds) Plant gene research. Basic knowledge and application]

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ellingboe A.H. (1981) Changing concepts in host-pathogen genetics. Annu Rev Phytopathol 19: 125–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis J.G., Lawrence G.J., Peacock W.J., Pryor A.J. (1988) Approaches to cloning plant genes conferring resistance to fungal pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 26: 245–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer E.E., Helgeson J.P. (1987) An extracellular protein from Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae is associated with stress metabolite accumulation in tobacco callus. Plant Physiol 85: 733–740

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flor H.H. (1942) Inheritance of pathogenicity in Melampsora lini. Phytopathology 32: 653–669

    Google Scholar 

  • Funatsu G., Fraenkel-Conrat H. (1964) Location of amino acid exchanges in chemically evoked mutants of tobacco mosaic virus. Biochemistry 3: 1356–1362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel D.W. (1989) Genetics of plant parasite populations and host-parasite specificity. In: Kosuge T., Nester E.W. (eds) Plant-microbe interactions. Molecular and genetic perspectives, vol 3. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 343–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel D.W., Burges A., Lazo G.R. (1986) Gene-for-gene interactions of five cloned avirulence genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum with specific resistance genes in cotton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 6415–6419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabriel D.W., Loschke D.C., Rolfe B.G. (1988) Gene-for-gene recognition: the ion channel defense model. In: Palacios R., Verma D.P.S. (eds) Molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions 1988. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul MN, pp3–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowda S., Wu F.C., Scholthof H.B., Shepherd R.J. (1989) Gene VI of figwort mosaic virus (caulimovirus group) functions in posttranscriptional expression of genes on the fulllength RNA transcript. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 9203–9207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grab D., Feger M., Ebel J. (1989) An endogenous factor from soybean (Glycine max L.) cell cultures activates phosphorylation of a protein which is dephosphorylated in vivo in elicitor-challenged cells. Planta 179: 340–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamdan M.A.M.S., Dixon R.A. (1987) Fractionation and properties of elicitors of the phenylpropanoid pathway from culture filtrates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 91–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves J.A., Bailey J.A. (1978) Phytoalexin production by hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris in response to constitutive metabolites released by damaged bean cells. Physiol Plant Pathol 13: 89–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heath M.C. (1980) Effects of infection by compatible species or injection of tissue extracts on the susceptibility of nonhost plants to rust fungi. Phytopathology 70: 356–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchin F.E., Jenner C.E., Harper S., Mansfield J.W., Barber, C.E., Daniels M.J. (1989) Determinant of cultivar specific avirulence cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola race 3. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 309–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holdsworth M.J., Laties G.G. (1989) Identification of a wound-induced inhibitor of a nuclear factor that binds the carrot extensin gene. Planta 180: 74–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H.-C., Schuurink R., Denny T.P., Atkinson M.M., Baker C.J., Yucel I., Hutcheson S.W., Collmer A. (1988) Molecular cloning of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae gene cluster that enables Pseudomonas fiuorescens to elicit the hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. J Bacteriol 170: 4748–4756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutcheson S.W., Collmer A., Baker C.J. (1989) Elicitation of the hypersensitive response by Pseudomonas syringae. Physiol Plant 76: 155–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Islam M.R., Shepherd K.W., Mayo G.M.E. (1989) Recombination among genes at the L group in flax conferring resistance to rust. Theor Appl Genet 77: 540–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson A.O., Hunter B.G., Gustafson G.D. (1989) Hordeivirus relationships and genome organization. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27: 95 121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jin D.-F., West C.A. (1984) Characteristics of galacturonic acid oligomers as elicitors of casbene synthetase activity in castor bean seedlings. Plant Physiol 74: 989–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones E.Y., Stuart D.I., Walker N.P.C. (1989) Structure of tumour necrosis factor. Nature 338:225–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman S., Legrand M., Geoffrey P., Fritig B. (1987) Biological function of pathogenesisrelated proteins: four PR proteins of tobacco have 1,3-ß-glucanase activity. EMBO J 6: 3209–3212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T. (1990) Gene-for-gene complementary in plant-pathogen interactions. Annu Rev Genetics 24: 441–463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Bruegger B. (1977) Phytoalexins and chemicals that elicit their production in plants. ACS Symp Ser 62: 1–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Buzzell R.I., (1991) New disease resistance genes in soybean against Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea: evidence that one of them interacts with a bacterial elicitor. Theor Appl Genet 81: 133–138

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Legrand M. (1980) Surface glycoproteins: evidence that they may function as the race specific phytoalexin elicitors of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Physiol Plant Pathol 17:175–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Staskawicz B. (1988) Host range determinants in plant pathogens and symbionts. Annu Rev Microbiol 42: 421–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Yoshikawa M. (1983) ß-1,3-endoglucanase from soybean releases elicitor-active carbohydrates from fungus cell walls. Plant Physiol 71: 46–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Keen N.T., Tamaki S., Kobayashi D.Y., Gerhold D., Stayton M., Shen H., Gold S., Lorang J., Thordal-Christensen H., Dahlbeck D., Staskawicz B. (1990) Bacteria expressing avirulence gene 0 produce a specific elicitor of the soybean hypersensitive reaction. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 112–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelemu S., Leach J.E. (1990) Cloning and characterization of an avirulence gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 59–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendra D.F., Hadwiger L.A. (1987) Cell death and membrane leakage not associated with the induction of disease resistance in peas by chit os an or Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli. Phytopathology 77: 100–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendra D.F., Christian D., Hadwiger L.A. (1989) Chitosan oligomers from Fusarium solani/pea interactions, chitinase/B-glucanase digestion of sporelings and from fungal wall chitin actively inhibit fungal growth and enhance disease resistance. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35: 215–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler L.D., Novacky A. (1987) The initiation of membrane lipid peroxidation during bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 30: 233–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler L.D., Novacky A. (1989) Changes in cucumber cotyledon membrane lipid fatty acids during paraquat treatment and a bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction. Phytopathology 79: 705–708

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keppler L.D., Baker C.J., Atkinson M.M. (1989) Active oxygen production during a bacteriainduced hypersensitive reaction in tobacco suspension cells. Phytopathology 79: 974–978

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinet J.-P. (1989) Antibody-cell interactions: Fc receptors. Cell 57: 351–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knorr D.A., Dawson W.O. (1988) A point mutation in the tobacco mosaic virus capsid protein gene induces hypersensitivity in Nicotiana syluestris. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:170–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi D.Y., Tamaki S.J., Keen N.T. (1989) Cloned avirulence genes from the tomato pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato confer cultivar specificity on soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 157–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi D.Y., Tamaki S.J., Keen N.T. (1990a) Molecular characterization of avirulence gene D from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 94–102

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi D.Y., Tamaki S.J., Trollinger D.J., Gold S., Keen N.T. (1990b) A gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with homology to avirulence gene D from P. s. pv. tomato but devoid of the avirulence phenotype. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 103–111

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogel G., Beissmann R. Reisener H.J., Kogel K.H. (1988) A single glycoprotein from Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici cell walls elicits the hypersensitive lignification response in wheat. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 173–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köhle H., Jeblick W., Poten F., Blaschek W., Kauss H. (1985) Chitosan-elicited callose synthesis in soybean cells as a Cal+-dependent process. Plant Physiol 77: 544–551

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolattukudy P.E. (1985) Enzymatic penetration of the plant cuticle by fungal pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23: 223–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuć J., Rush J.S. (1985) Phytoalexins. Arch Biochem Biophys 236: 455–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurosaki F., Tsurusawa Y., Nishi A. (1987a) The elicitation of phytoalexins by Ca T + and cyclic AMP in carrot cells. Phytochemistry 26: 1919–1923

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurosaki F., Tsurusawa Y., Nishi A. (1987b) Breakdown of phosphatidylinositol during the elicitation of phytoalexins produced in cultured carrot cells. Plant Physiol 85: 601–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb C.J., Lawton M.A., Dron M., Dixon R.A. (1989) Signals and transduction mechanisms for activation of plant defenses against microbial attack. Cell 56: 215–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legrand M., Kauffmann S., Geoffroy P., Fritig B. (1987) Biological function of pathogenesisrelated proteins: four tobacco pathogenesis-related proteins are chitinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6750–6754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindner W.A., Hoffmann C., Grisebach H. (1988) Rapid elicitor-induced chemiluminescence in soybean cell suspension cultures. Phytochemistry 27: 2501–2503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litzenberger S.C. (1949) Nature of susceptibility to Helminthosporium victoriae and resistance to Puccnia coronata in Victoria oats. Phytopathology 39: 300–318

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lois R., Dietrich A., Hahlbrock K., Schulz W. (1989) A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from parsley: structure, regulation and identification of elicitor and light responsive cisacting elements. EMBO J 8: 1641–1648

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh R.A. (1976) Genetics of wheat and wheat rusts since Farrer. J Austr Inst Agricult Sci: 203–216

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayama S., Tani T., Ueno T., Midland S.L., Sims J.J., Keen N.T. (1986) The purification of victorin and its phytoalexin elicitor activity in oat leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 1–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellano V.J., Cooksey D.A. (1988) Development of host range mutants of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens. Appl Environ Microbiol 54: 884–889

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minsavage G.V., Dahlbeck D., Whalen M.C,. Kearney B., Bonas U., Staskawicz B.J., Stall R.E. (1990) Gene-for-gene relationships specifying disease resistance in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria-pepper interactions. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 3: 41–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moerschbacher B., Kogel K.H., Noll U., Reisener H.J. (1986) An elicitor of the hypersensitive lignification response in wheat leaves isolated from the rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. I. Partial purification and characterization. Z Naturforsch 41c: 830–838

    Google Scholar 

  • Napoli C., Staskawicz B. (1987) Molecular characterization and nucleic acid sequence of an avirulence gene from race 6 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. J Bacteriol 169: 572–578

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nothnagel E.A., McNeil M., Albersheim P., Dell A. (1983) Host-pathogen interactions XXII. A galacturonic acid oligosaccharide from plant cell walls elicits phytoalexins. Plant Physiol 71: 916–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ocampo C.A., Moerschbacher B., Grambow H.J. (1986) Increased lipoxygenase activity is involved in the hypersensitive response of wheat leaf cells infected with virulent rust fungi or treated with fungal elicitor. Z Naturforsch 41c: 559–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Oku H., Shiraishi T., Ouchi S. (1987) Role of specific suppressors in pathogenesis of Mycosphaerella species. In: Nishimura S., Vance C.P., Doke N. (eds) Molecular determinants of plant diseases. Springer, Tokyo, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp145–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker J.E., Hahlbrock K., Scheel D. (1988) Different cell-wall components from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea elicit phytoalexin production in soybean and parsley. Planta 176: 75–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlovkin J., Novacky A., Ulrich-Eberius C.I. (1986) Membrane potential changes during bacteria-induced hypersensitive reaction.Physiol Mol Plant Pat hol 28: 125–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peever T.L., Higgins V.J. (1989a) Electrolyte leakage, lipoxygenase, and lipid peroxidation induced in tomato leaf tissue by specific and nonspecific elicitors from Cladosporium fulvum. Plant Physiol 90: 867–875

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peever T.L., Higgins V.J. (1989b) Suppression of the activity of non-specific elicitor from Cladosporium fulvum by intercellular fluids from tomato leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 471–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelissier B., Thibaud J.B., Grignon C., Esquerre-Tugaye M.T. (1986) Cell surfaces in plant-microorganism interactions. VII. Elicitor preparations from two fungal pathogens depolarize plant membranes. Plant Sci 46: 103–109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor T. (1987) The origin and structure of fungal disease resistance genes in plants. Trends Genet 3: 157–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricci P., Bonnet P., Huet J.-C., Sallantin M., Beauvais-Cante F., Bruneteau M., Billard V., Michel G., Pernollet J.-C. (1989) Structure and activity of proteins from pathogenic fungi Phytophthora eliciting necrosis and acquired resistance in tobacco. Eur J Biochem 183: 555–563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ride J.P., Barber M.S. (1987) The effects of various treatments on induced lignification and the resistance of wheat to fungi. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 349–360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers K.R., Albert F., Anderson A.J. (1988) Lipid peroxidation is a consequence of elicitor activity. Plant Physiol. 86: 547–553

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ronald P.C., Staskawicz B.J. (1988) The avirulence gene aur BsJ from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria encodes a 50 kDa protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1: 191–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan C.A. (1988) Oligosaccharides as recognition signals for the expression of defensive genes in plants. Biochemistry 27: 8879–8883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T., Meshi T., Takamatsu N., Okada Y. (1987) Coat protein gene sequence of tobacco mosaic virus encodes a host response determinant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6074–6077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saito T., Yamanaka K., Watanabe Y., Takamatsu N., Meshi T., Okada Y. (1989) Mutational analysis of the coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus in relation to hypersensitive response in tobacco plants with the N’ gene. Virology 173: 11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiifer W., Straney D., Ciuffetti L., VanEtten H.D., Yoder O.C. (1989) One enzyme makes a fungal pathogen, but not a saprophyte, virulent on a new host plant. Science 246: 247–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer R.P., Livingston R.S. (1984) Host-selective toxins and their role in plant diseases. Science 223: 17–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelzer E., Kruger-Lebus S., Hahlbrock K. (1989) Temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression around sites of attempted fungal infection in parsley leaves. Plant Cell 1: 993–1001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt W.E., Ebel J. (1987) Specific binding of a fungal glucan phytoalexin elicitor to membrane fragments from soybean Glycine max. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4117–4121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoelz J., Shepherd R.J., Daubert S. (1986) Region VI of cauliflower mosaic virus encodes a host range determinant. Mol Cell Biol 6: 2632–2637

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoelz J., Shepherd R.J., Daubert S.D. (1987) Host response to cauliflower mosaic virus (caMv) in solanaceous plants is determined by a 496 bp DNA sequence within gene VI. In: Arntzen C.J., Ryan C.A. (eds) Molecular strategies for crop protection. AR Liss, New York, pp 253–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholtens-Toma I.M.J, De Wit P.J..G.M. (1988) Purification and primary structure of a necrosis-inducing peptide from the apoplastic fluids oftomato infected with Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva). Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 59–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp J.K., McNeil M., Albersheim P. (1984) The primary structures of one elicitor-active and seven elicitor-inactive hex a (ß-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucitols isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. J Biol Chern 259: 11321–11336

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd K.W., Mayo G.M.E. (1972) Genes conferring specific plant disease resistance. Science 175: 375–380

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shintaku M.H., Kluepfel D.A., Yacoub A., Patil S.S. (1989) Cloning and partial characterization of an avirulence determinant from race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35: 313–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sims J.E., Acres R.B., Grubin C.E., McMahan C.J., Wignall J.M., March C.J., Dower S.K. (1989) Cloning the interleukin I receptor from human T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 8946–8950

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stab M.R., Ebel J. (1987) Effects of Ca2 + on phytoalexin induction by fungal elicitor in soybean cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 257: 416–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staskawicz B.J., Dahlbeck D., Keen N.T. (1984) Cloned avirulence gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea determines race-specific incompatibility on Glycine max (L.). Merr Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 6024–6028

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stermer B.A., Bostock R.M. (1987) Involvement of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in the regulation of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin synthesis in potato. Plant Physiol 84: 404–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stermer B.A., Bostock R.M. (1989) Rapid changes in protein synthesis after application of arachidonic acid to potato tuber tissue. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35: 347–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone B.A. (1989) Cell walls in plant microbe associations. Aust J Plant Physiol 16: 5–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland M.W., Deverall B.J, Moerschbacher B.M., Reisener H.-J. (1989) Wheat cultivar and chromosomal selectivity of two types of eliciting preparations from rust pathogens. Physiol Mol Plant Pat hol 35: 535–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson J., Kearney B., Dahlbeck D., Staskawicz B. (1988) Cloned avirulence gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria complements spontaneous race-change mutants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1: 5–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi H., Shimamoto K., Ehara Y. (1989) Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI causes growth suppression, development of necrotic spots and expression of defence-related genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Mol Gen Genet 216: 188–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takamatsu N., Ishikawa M., Meshi T., Okada Y. (1987) Expression of bacterial chloramphenicolacetyl transferase gene in tobacco plants mediated by TMV-RNA. EMBO J 6: 307–311

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper C.S., Anderson A.J. (1986) Two cultivars of bean display a differential response to extracellular components from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 411–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tepper C.S., Albert F.G., Anderson A.J. (1989) Differential mRNA accumulation in three cultivars of bean in response to elicitors from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34:85–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Traylor E.A., Shore S.H., Ransom R.F., Dunkle L.D. (1987) Pathotoxin effects in sorghum are also produced by mercuric chloride treatment. Plant Physiol 84: 975–978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VanEtten H.D., Matthews D.E., Matthews P.S. (1989) Phytoalexin detoxification: importance for pathogenicity and practical implications. Annu Rev Phytopathol 27: 143–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vivian A., Atherton G.T., Bevan J.R., Crute J.R., Mur L.A.J. Taylor J.D. (1989) Isolation and characterization of cloned DNA conferring specific avirulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi to pea (Pisum satirum) cultivars, which possess the resistance allele, R2. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 335–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weltring K.-M., Turgeon B.G., Yoder O.C., VanEtten H.D. (1988) Isolation of a phytoalexindetoxification gene from the plant pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca by detecting its expression in Aspergillus nidulans. Gene 68: 335–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West C.A. (1981) Fungal elicitors of the phytoalexin response in higher plants. Naturwissenschaften 68: 447–457

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen M.C., Stall R.E. Staskawicz B.J. (1988) Characterization of a gene from a tomato pathogen determining hypersensitive resistance in non-host species and genetic analysis o this resistance in bean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6743–6747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams A.F., Barclay A.N. (1988) The immunoglobulin superfamily-domains for cell surface recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 6: 381–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittmann H.G., Wittmann-Liebold B. (1966) Protein chemical studies of two RNA viruses and their mutants. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 31: 163–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert T.J. Macko V. (1989) Specific binding of victorin to a 100 kDa protein from oats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4092–4096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert T.J., Macko V., Acklin W., Juan B., Seibl J., Meili J., Arigoni D. (1985) Structure of victorin C. the major host-selective toxin from Cochliobolus victoriae. Experientia 41: 1524–1529

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpert T.J., Macko V., Acklin W., Arigoni D. (1988) Molecular features affecting the biological activity of the host-selective toxins from Cochliobolus victoriae. Plant Physiol 88: 37–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong G.H., Elwell J.H., Oberley L.W., Goeddel D.V. (1989) Manganous superoxide dismutase is essential for cellular resistance to cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor. Cell 58: 923–931

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa M. (1978) Diverse modes of action of biotic and abiotic phytoalexin elicitors. Nature 275: 546–547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa M. (1988) Molecular mechanisms for induction of host defense in fungal diseases. In: Molecular strategies for pathogenicity and host defense in viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. Abstracts of satellite meeting of the 5th International Congress of Plant Pathology, Kyoto. Japan. pp 3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa M. Matama M. Masago H. (1981) Release of a soluble phytoalexin elicitor from mycelial walls of Phylophli1ora meyasperma var. sojae by soybean tissues. Plant Physiol 67:1032–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshikawa M. Keen N.T., Wang M.-C. (1983) A receptor on soybean membranes for a fungal elicitor of phytoalexin accumulation. Plant Physiol 73: 497 506

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, CA, 92521, Riverside, USA

    Noel T. Keen & William O. Dawson

Authors
  1. Noel T. Keen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. William O. Dawson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botanisches Institut, Universität Basel, Basel, Switzerland

    Thomas Boller

  2. Friedrich Miescher Institut, Basel, Switzerland

    Frederick Meins Jr.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Keen, N.T., Dawson, W.O. (1992). Pathogen Avirulence Genes and Elicitors of Plant Defense. In: Boller, T., Meins, F. (eds) Genes Involved in Plant Defense. Plant Gene Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6684-0_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6684-0_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7380-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6684-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation