Skip to main content

Abstract

The body of the lumbar vertebrae, like that of the cervical vertebrae, is wider in the transverse than the sagittal diameter. The dimensions of the vertebral body have been measured in skeletal populations of several ethnic groups (8, 30, 64, 96). The mean values obtained in the various studies are comparable, although not equal. This probably depends, to a large extent, on constitutional characteristics related to racial factors. An overall analysis of the results indicates that the transverse and sagittal diameters, as well as the height, as measured on the anterior aspect of the vertebral body, show a regular or only slightly irregular increase from L1 to L5 in all human populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adamkiewicz A.: Die Blutgefässe des menschlichen Rückenmarks. II Theil. Die Gefässe der Rückenmarkesoberfläche. Sitzungsber. Math. Naturwiss. Classe Akd. Wissensch. 85: 101–130, 1882.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmed M., Bjurholm A., Kreicbergs A. et al.: Neuropeptide Y, tyrosyne hydroxylase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibers in the vertebral bodies, discs, dura mater, and spinal ligaments of the rat lumbar spine. Spine 18: 268–273, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Batson O. V.: The function of the vertebral veins and their role in the spread of metastases. Ann. Surg. 112: 138–149, 1940.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Beaman D. N., Graziano G. P., Glover R. et al.: Substance P innervation of lumbar spine facet joints. Spine 18: 1044–1049, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bergland R. M.: Congenital intraspinal extradural cyst. J. Neurosurg. 28: 495–499, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bernick S., Caillet R.: Vertebral end-plate changes with aging of human vertebrae. Spine 7: 97–102, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bernick S., Walker J. M., Paule W. J.: Age changes to the annulus fibrosus in human intervertebral discs. Spine 16: 520–524, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Berry J. L., Moran J. M., Berg W. S. et al.: A morphometric study of human lumbar and selected thoracic vertebrae. Spine 12: 362–367, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bijlsma F., Copius Peereboom J. W.: The ageing pattern of human intervertebral disc. Gerontologia 18: 157–168, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bjerkedal T., Czeifel A., Gaiyad L. et al.: Valproic acid and spina bifida. Lancet 2: 1096, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Bogduk N.: The innervation of the lumbar spine. Spine 8: 286–293, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bogduk N., Tynan W., Wilson A. S.: The innervation of the human lumbar intervertebral discs. J. Anat. 132: 39–56, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bogduk N., Wilson A. S., Tynan W.: The human lumbar dorsal rami. J. Anat 134: 383–397, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bonola A., Bedeschi P.: Anomalie di origine, di decorso, di lunghezza e di diametro delle radici lombari e loro importanza nella patologia dell’ernia del disco. Reumatismo 8: 226–280, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Brailsford J. F.: Deformities of the lumbosacral region of the spine. Br. J. Surg. 16: 562–568, 1929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Buckwalter J. A., Maynard J. A., Cooper R. R.: Sheathing of collagen fibrils in human intervertebral discs. J. Anat. 125: 615–618, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Burton C. V.: On the diagnosis and surgical treatment of lumbar subarticular and “farout” lateral spinal stenosis. In: Lumbar discectomy and laminectomy. Watkins R. G., Collins J. S. Eds., Aspen Public. Rockille Maryland, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Cannon B. W., Hunter S. E., Picaza J. A.: Nerve-root anomalies in lumbar disc surgery. J. Neurosurg. 19: 208–214, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Castellvi A. E., Goldstein L. A., Chan D. P. K.: Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects. Spine 9: 493–495, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Cecchini M.: Patologia e clinica dello spazio epidurale spinale. Ed. Scientifiche Clinica Ortopedica Univ. Firenze, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cloward R. B.: Congenital spinal extradural cysts: case report with review of literature. Ann. Surg. 5: 851–864, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Cooper E. R. A.: The vertebral venous plexus. Acta Anat. (Basel) 42: 333–344, 1960.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Crellin R. Q., Jones E. R.: Sacral extradural cysts. A rare cause of low backache and sciatica. J. Bone Joint Surg. 55-B: 20–31, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Crock H. V., Goldwasser M.: Anatomic studies of the circulation in the region of the vertebral end-plate in adult greyhound dogs. Spine 9: 702–706, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Crock H. V., Yamagishi M., Crock M. C.: The conus medullaris and cauda equina in man. An atlas of the arteries and veins. Springer-Verlag, Wien New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Crock H. V., Yoshizawa H.: The blood supply of the vertebral column and spinal cord in man. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Crock H. V., Yoshizawa H., Kame S. K.: Observations on the venous drainage of the human vertebral body. J. Bone Joint Surg. 55-B: 528–533, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  28. De Marchi F.: Le articolazioni intervertebrali. La Clin. Ortop. 15: 26–32, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Edgar M. A., Nundy S.: Innervation of the lumbar spine. Innervation of the spinal dura mater. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 29: 530–534, 1966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Eisenstein S.: The morphometry and pathological anatomy of the lumbar spine in South African negroes and caucasoids with specific reference to spinal stenosis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 59-B: 173–180, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Eisenstein S.: Sponylolysis. A skeletal investigation of two population groups. J. Bone Joint Surg. 60-B: 488–494, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Eisenstein S.: The trefoil configuration of the lumbar vertebral canal. A study of South African skeletal material. J. Bone Joint Surg. 62B: 73–77, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Eisberg D. A., Dyke D. G., Brewer E. D.: The symptoms and diagnosis of extradural cysts. Bull. Neurol. Inst. N.Y 3: 395–417, 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Elster A. D.: Bertolotti’s syndrome revisited. Transitional vertebrae of the lumbar spine. Spine 14: 1373–1377, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Engel R., Bogduk N.: The menisci of the lumbar zygapophyseal joints. J. Anat. 135: 795–809, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Esses S. I., Botsford D. J., Huler R. H. et al.: Surgical anatomy of the sacrum. A guide for rational screw fixation. Spine 16: S283–288, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ethelberg S., Riishede J.: Malformation of lumbar spinal roots and sheaths in the causation of low backache and sciatica. J. Bone Joint Surg. 34-B: 442–446, 1952.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Eurell J. A., Kazarian L. E.: The vertebral cartilaginous endplate of the preadult rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta). A correlative scanning electron and light-microscopic study. Spine 11: 483–486, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Farfan H. F.: Mechanical disorders of the lower back. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fineschi G.: Anomalie anatomiche delle radici lombari. Arch. Putti 2: 222–236, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gandolfi M.: Le protrusioni posteriori del disco intervertebrale. Clinica e terapia delle protrusioni del tratto lombare. Rel. 51° Congr. SIOT, Catania, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Giles L. G. F., Taylor J. R.: Human zygoapophyseal joint capsule and synovial fold innervation. Br. J. Rheum. 26: 93–98, 1987.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Gortvai P.: Extradural cysts of the spinal canal. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 26: 223–230, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Gronblad M., Korkala O., Konttinen Y. et al.: Silver inpregnation and immunohistochemical study of nerves in lumbar facet joint plical tissue. Spine 16: 34–38, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hamanishi C., Tanaka S.: Dorsal root ganglia in the lumbosacral region observed from the axial views of MRI. Spine 18: 1753–1756, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Herzog W.: Morphologie und Pathologie des Ligamentum Flavum. Frankfurter Zeitschr. Pathol. 61: 250–267, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Heylings D. J. A.: Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments of the human lumbar spine. J. Anat. 125: 127–131, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hickey D. S., Hukins D. W. L.: X-ray diffraction studies of the arrangement of collagenous fibres in human fetal intervertebral disc. J. Anat. 131: 81–90, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Higuchi M., Kaneda K., Abe K.: Postnatal histogenesis of the cartilage plate of the spinal column. Electron microscopic observations. Spine 7: 89–96, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hirsch C., Ingelmark B. E., Miller M.: The anatomical basis for low back pain. Acta Orthop. Scand. 33: 1–17, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hofmann M.: Die Befestigung der Dura Mater im Wirbelcanal. Arch. Anat. Physiol. (Anat. Abt.) 403–412, 1898.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Horton W. G.: Further observations on the elastic mechanism of the intervertebral disc. J. Bone Joint Surg. 40-B: 552–557, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Hou S., Hu R., Sahi Y.: Pedicle morphology of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine in a chinese population. Spine 18: 1850–1855, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jackson H. C., Winkelmann R. K., Bickel W. H.: Nerve endings in the human lumbar spinal column and related structures. J. Bone Joint Surg. 48-A: 1272–1281, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Jackson R. P., Mcmanus A. C.: The iliac buttress. A computed tomographic study of sacral anatomy. Spine 18: 1318–1328, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Jiang H., Russell G., Raso J. et al.: The nature and distribution of the innervation of human supraspinal and interspinal ligaments. Spine 20: 869–876, 1995.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Jung A., Brunschwig A.: Recherches histologiques des articulations des corps vertebraux. Presse Med. 40: 316–326, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kikuchi S., Hasue M., Nishiyama K. et al.: Anatomic features of the furcal nerve and its clinical significance. Spine 11: 1002–1007, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Kikuchi S., Sato K., Konno S. et al.: Anatomic and radiographic study of dorsal root ganglia. Spine 19: 6–11, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Kim N.-H., Lee H.-M., Chung I.-H. et al.: Morphometric study of the pedicles of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in Koreans. Spine 19: 1390–1394, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kohler A., Zimmer E. A.: Limiti del normale ed inizio del patologico nella diagnostica radiologica dello scheletro. Casa Ed. Ambrosiana, Milano 1970, pp. 383–389.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Konttinen Y., Gronblad M., Antti-Poika I. et al.: Neuro-immunohistochemical analysis of peridiscal nociceptive neural elements. Spine 15: 383–386, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Korkala O., Gronblad M., Liesi P. et al.: Immunohistochemical demonstration of nociceptors in the legamentous structures of the lumbar spine. Spine 10: 156–157, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Krag M. H., Weaver D. L., Beynnon B. D. et al.: Morphometry of the thoracic and lumbar spine related to transpedicular screw placement for surgical spinal fixation. Spine 13: 27–32, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kumar R., Berger R. J., Dunsker S. B. et al.: Innervation of the spinal dura. Myth or reality? Spine 21: 18–26, 1996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Larsen J. L.: The posterior surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies. Part I. Spine 10: 50–58, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Larsen J. L.: The posterior surface of the lumbar vertebral bodies. Part II. An anatomic investigation concerning the curvatures in the horizontal plane. Spine 10: 901–906, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lazorthes G., Gonazé A., Bastide G. et al.: La vascularization artérielle du renflement lombaire. Etude des variations et des suppleances. Rev. Neurol. 114: 109–122, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lazorthes G., Gonazé A., Zadeh O. et al.: Arterial vascularization of the spinal cord. Recent studies of the anastomotic substitution pathways. J. Neurosurg. 35: 253–262, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Leck J.: Causation of neural tube defects: clues from epidemiology. Br. Med. Bull. 30: 158–163, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lee C. K., Rauschning W., Glenn W.: Lateral lumbar spinal canal stenosis: classification, pathologic anatomy and surgical decompression. Spine 13: 313–320, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Leonardi A.: Le protrusioni posteriori del disco intervertebrale. Generalità sulle protrusioni posteriori del disco intervertebrale. Rel. 51° Congr. SIOT, Catania, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Louis R.: Surgery of the spine. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1983.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  74. Luk K. D. K., Ho H. C., Leong J. C. Y.: The iliolumbar ligament. A study of its anatomy, development and clinical significance. J. Bone Joint Surg. 68-B: 197–200, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Magnusson P.B.: Differential diagnosis of causes of pain in the lower back accompanied by sciatic pain. Ann. Surg. 119: 878–901, 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Malinski J.: The ontogenetic development of nerve terminations in the intervertebral discs of man. Acta Anat. 38: 96–113, 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Marchant F., Ahmed A. M.: Investigation of the laminate structure of lumbar disc annulus fibrosus. Spine 15: 402–410, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. McLain R. F., Weinstein J. N.: Morphometric model of normal rabbit dorsal root ganglia. Spine 18: 1746–1752, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Meachim G., Cornah M. S.: Fine structure of juvenile human nucleus pulposus. J. Anat. 107: 337–350, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mineiro J. D.: Coluna vertebral humana. M. D. Thesis, Lisbon, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mitchell N., Shepard N.: Changes in proteoglycan and collagen in cartilage of rheumutoid arthritis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 60-A: 349–354, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nugent G. R., Odom G. L., Woodhall B.: Spinal extradural cysts. Neurology (Minneap.) 9: 397–406, 1959.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ohshima H., Hirano N., Osada R. et al.: Morphologic variation of lumbar posterior longitudinal ligament and the modality of disc herniation. Spine 18: 2408–2411, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Oki S., Matsuda Y., Shibata T. et al.: Morphologic differences of the vascular buds in the vertebral endplate. Spine 21: 174–177, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Olsewski J. M., Simmons E. H., Kallen F. C. et al.: Morphometry of the lumbar spine: anatomical perspectives related to transpedicular fixation. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72-A: 541–549, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Papp T., Porter R. W., Aspden R. M.: The growth of the lumbar vertebral canal. Spine 19: 2770–2773, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Parke W. W., Gammel K., Rothman R. H.: Arterial vascularization of the cauda equina. J. Bone Joint Surg. 63-A: 53–62, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Parke W. W., Watanabe R. The intrinsic vasculature of the lumbosacral spinal nerve roots. Spine 6: 508–515, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Peacock A.: Observations on the postnatal structure of the intervertebral disc in man. J. Anat. 86: 162–179, 1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Pedersen H. E., Blunck C. F. J., Garden E.: The anatomy of lumbosacral posterior rami and meningeal branches of spinal nerves (sinu-vertebral nerves). J. Bone Joint Surg. 38-A: 377–391, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Peters A., Palay S. L., Webster H de F.: The fine structure of the nervous system. The cells and their processes. Harper and Row, New York, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Pickett J. C.: The lumbar ligamentum flavum in low back and sciatic pain. Southern Med. J. 56: 1036–1042, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Postacchini F.: Lumbar spinal stenosis. Springer-Verlag, Wien New York, 1989.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  94. Postacchini F., Bellocci M., Massobrio M.: Morphologic changes in annulus fibrosus during aging. An ultra-structural study in rats. Spine 9: 597–603, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Postacchini F., Gumina S., Cinotti G. et al.: Light and electron microscopic morphology of ligamenta flava in lumbar disc herniation and spinal stenosis. Spine 19: 917–922, 1994.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Postacchini F., Ripani M., Carpano S.: Morphometry of the lumbar vertebrae. An anatomic study in two caucasoid ethnic groups. Clin. Orthop. 172: 296–303, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Postacchini F., Urso S., Ferro L.: Lumbosacral nerve-root anomalies. J. Bone Joint Surg. 64-A: 721–729, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Rambourg A., Clermont Y., Beaudet A.: Ultrastructural features of six types of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Neurocytol. 12: 47–66, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ramsey R. H.: The anatomy of the ligamenta flava. Clin. Orthop. 44: 129–140, 1966.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Ratcliffe J. F.: The arterial anatomy of the adult human lumbar vertebral body: a microarteriographic study. J. Anat. 131: 57–59, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Rauschning W.: Normal and pathologic anatomy of the lumbar root canals. Spine 12: 1008–1009, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rauschning W.: Imaging anatomy of the lumbar spine. In: The lumbar spine. Weinstein J. N., Wiesel S. W. Eds., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Rexed B. A.: Arachnoid proliferation with cyst formation in human spinal nerve roots. J. Neurosurg. 4: 414–421, 1947.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rhalmi S., Yahia L., Newman N. et al.: Immunohistochemical study of nerves in lumbar spine ligaments. Spine 18: 264–267, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Rissanen P. M.: The surgical anatomy and pathology of the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments of the lumbar spine with special reference to ligament rupture. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 46, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ritchie J. H., Fahrni W. H.: Age changes in lumbar intervertebral discs. Can. J. Surg. 13: 65–71, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Scapinelli R.: Anatomical and radiologic studies on the lumbosacral meningovertebral ligaments of humans. J. Spinal Disord. 3: 6–15, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Schurr P. H.: Sacral extradural cyst: an uncommon cause of low back pain. J. Bone Joint Surg. 37-B: 601–605, 1955.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Schweitzer M. E., Balsam D., Weiss R.: Spina bifida occulta. Incidence in parents with spina bifida cystica. Spine 18: 785–786, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Scoles P. V., Linton A. E., Latimer B. et al.: Vertebral body and posterior element morphology: the normal spine in middle life. Spine 13: 1082–1086, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Serafmi-Fracassini A., Field J. M., Smith J. W. et al.: The ultrastructure and mechanism of elastic ligaments. J. Ultrastr. Res. 58: 244–251, 1977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Smith G. A., Aspeden R. M., Porter R. W.: Measurement of vertebral foraminal dimensions using three-dimensional computerized tomography. Spine 18: 629–636, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Southwarth J. D., Bersak S. R.: Anomalies of the lumbosacral vertebrae in five hundred and fifty individuals without symptoms referable to the low back. AJR 64: 624–634, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Stephens M. M., Evans J. H., O’Brien J. P.: Lumbar intervertebral foramens. An in vitro study of their shape in relation to intervertebral disc pathology. Spine 18: 525–529, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Sunderland S.: Meningeal neural relations in the intervertebral foramen. J. Neurosurg. 40: 756–763, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Tajima N., Kawano K.: Cryomicrotomy of the lumbar spine. Spine 11: 376–379, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tarlov I. M.: Perineurial cysts of the spinal nerve roots. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 40: 1067–1074, 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Tarlov I. M.: Sacral nerve-root cysts: another cause of the sciatic and cauda equina syndrome. C.C. Thomas, Springfield III, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Tarlov I. M.: Spinal perineural and meningeal cysts. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 33: 833–843, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Testut L., Latarjet A.: Traité d’anatomie humaine. Doin G. et Cie, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Tibbies L., Wiley M. J. et al.: A comparative study of the effects of retinoic acid given during the critical period for inducing spina bifida in mice and hamsters. Teratology 37: 113–125, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Tini P. G., Wieser C., Zinn W. M.: The transitional vertebra of the lumbosacral spine: its radiological classification, incidence, prevalence and clinical significance. Rheum. Rehabil. 16: 180–185, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Tondury G.: Anatomie fonctionelle des petites articulations du rachis. Ann. de Méd. Phys. 15: 173–191, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Transfeldt E. E., Robertson D., Bradford D. S.: Ligaments of the lumbosacral spine and their role in possible extraforaminal spinal nerve entrapment and tethering. J. Spinal Disord. 6: 507–512, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Tripathy P., Roy I., Bhattacharya M. C. et al.: Observation on spinal disraphics. J. Indian Med. Assoc. 87: 62–64, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Trolard: Recherches sur l’anatomie des meninges spinales, des nerfs sacrés et du filum terminale dans le canal sacré. Arch. Physiol. 2: 191–199, 1888.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Tsuji H., Hirano N., Ohshima H. et al.: Structural variation of the anterior and posterior annulus fibrosus in the development of human lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine 18: 204–210, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Van Akkerveeken P. F.: Lateral stenosis of the lumbar spine. Liberias Drukwerkservice, Utrecht, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Van Schaik J. P. J., Verbiest H., Van Schaik F. D. J.: The orientation of laminae and facet joints in the lower lumbar spine. Spine 10: 59–63, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Wall E. J., Cohen M. S., Abitbol J.-J. et al.: Organization of intrathecal nerve roots at the level of the conus medullaris. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72-A: 1495–1499, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Wall E. J., Cohen M. S., Massie J. B. et al.: Cauda equina anatomy. I: intrathecal nerve root organization. Spine 12: 1244–1247, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Wiberg C.: Back pain in relation to the nerve supply of the intervertebral disc. Acta Orthop. Scand. 19: 211–221, 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Wiley A. M., Trueta J.: The vascular anatomy of the spine and its relationship to pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 41-B: 796–809, 1959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Willis T. A.: Nutrient arteries of the vertebral bodies. J. Bone Joint Surg. 31-A: 538–547, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Wynne-Davis R.: Congenital vertebral anomalies. Aetiology and relationship to spina bifida cystica. J. Med. Genet. 12: 280–288, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Yahia L. H., Garzon S., Stykowski H. et al.: Ultrastructure of the human interspinous ligament and ligamentum flavum. A preliminary study. Spine 15: 262–268, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Yahia L. H., Newman N., Rivard C. H.: Neurohistology of lumbar spine ligaments. Acta Orthop. Scand. 59: 508–512, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Yamashita T., Cavanangh J. M., El-Bohy A. A. et al.: Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lumbar facet joint. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72-A: 865–870, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Yamashita T., Minaki Y., Oota I. et al.: Mechanosensitive afferent units in the lumbar intervertebral disc and adjacent muscle. Spine 18: 2252–2256, 1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Yamashita T., Minaki Y., Ozaktay C. et al.: A morphological study of the fibrous capsule of the human lumbar facet joint. Spine 21: 538–543, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Zaccheo D., Reale E.: Contributo alla conoscenza delie articolazioni tra i processi articolari delie vertebre dell’uomo. Arch. Ital. Anat. Embriol. 61: 1–16, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Zarzur E.: Anatomic studies of the human lumbar ligamentum flavum. Anesth. Analg. 63: 499–502, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Zindrick M. R., Wiltse L. L., Doornik A. et al.: Analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar pedicles. Spine 12:160–166, 198.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Postacchini, F., Rauschning, W. (1999). Anatomy. In: Lumbar Disc Herniation. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6430-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6430-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7322-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6430-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics