Abstract
The incidence of surgical complications has been reported to range between 1.6% and 9.1%, in series in which more than 1500 cases have been analyzed (23, 100, 114, 137). The complications have a slightly higher incidence in women and increase in proportion to the patients age; in patients over 65 years old the complication rate is more than twofold compared with patients aged less than 40 years (23). The incidence of complications is significantly higher in reoperated patients (114), in those with lumbar stenosis and in patients submitted to spinal fusion (23). No difference in the complication rate has been reported between patients operated on by orthopaedic surgeons or neurosurgeons (100). The most frequent complications are: hemorrhages or hematoma infections (superficial or deep), dural sac or nerve-root injuries, cardio-pulmonary disturbances and urinary and gastrointestinal dysfunctions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albanese S., Buterbaugh G., Palmer A. K. et al.: Incomplete anterior interosseous nerve palsy following spinal surgery. Report of two cases. Spine 11: 1037–1038, 1986.
Anda S., Aakhus S., Skaanes K. O. et al.: Anterior perforations in lumbar discectomies. A report of four cases of vascular complications and a CT study of the prevertebral lumbar anatomy. Spine 16: 54–60, 1991.
Bartolozzi C., Bartolozzi A., Lizzadro G. et al.: La risonanza magnetica nello studio delle spondilodisciti. Radiol. Med. 78: 153–157, 1989.
Barrios C., Ahmed M., Arrotegui J. et al.: Microsurgery versus standard removal of the herniated lumbar disc. Acta Orthop. Scand. 61: 399–403, 1990.
Bashkoff E., Gadaleta D., Moccio C.: Postlaminectomy aortic pseudoaneurism. J. Spinal Disord. 5: 219–221, 1992.
Birkeland I. W., Taylor T. K. F.: Major vascular injuries in lumbar disc surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 51-B: 4–18, 1969.
Birkeland I. W. Jr., Taylor T. K. F.: Bowel injuries coincident to lumbar disc surgery: a report of four cases and a review of the literature. J. Trauma 10: 163–168, 1970.
Bircher M. D., Tasker T., Crawshaw C. et al.: Discitis following lumbar surgery. Spine 13: 98–102, 1988.
Boccanera L., Laus M.: Cauda equina syndrome following lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Spine 12: 712–715, 1987.
Borski A. A., Smith R. A.: Ureteral injury in lumbar-disc operation. J. Neurosurg. 17: 925–928, 1960.
Bosch J.: Die unspezifische Spondylitis nach Nukleo-graphie und Bandscheibenoperation. Z. Orthop. 100: 191–195, 1965.
Bouillet R.: Complications of discal hernia therapy. Comparative study regarding surgical therapy and nucle-olysis by chymopapain. Acta Orthop. Belg. 49: 48–76, 1983.
Boyd D. P., Farha G. J.: Arteriovenous fistula and isolated vascular injuries secondary to intervertebral disk surgery. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Ann. Surg. 161: 524–531, 1965.
Brewster D. C., May A. R. L., Darling R. C. et al.: Variable manifestations of vascular injury during lumbar disc surgery. Arch. Surg. 114: 1026–1030, 1979.
Brussatis F.: Osteomyelitis nach Operation lumbaler Diskushernien. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 3: 209–230, 1954.
Busch E., Andersen A., Broager B. et al.: Le prolapsus discal lombaire. Acta Psychiat. Neurol. Scand. 25: 443–500, 1950.
Cabezudo J. M., Lopez A., Bacci F.: Symptomatic root compression by a free fat transplant after hemilaminectomy. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 63: 633–635, 1985.
Cain J. E., Dryer R. F., Barton B. R.: Evaluation of dural closure techniques. Suture methods, fibrin adhesive sealant, and cyanoacrylate polymer. Spine 13: 720–725, 1988.
Casaccia M., Marra S., Paolillo V. et al.: Fistola artero-venosa secondaria ad intervento di ernia discale intervertebrale. Min. Cardioang. 24: 795–798, 1976.
Dall B. E., Rowe D. E., Odette W. G. et al.: Postoperative discitis. Diagnosis and management. Clin. Orthop. 224: 138–146, 1987.
Dauch W. A.: Infection of the intervertebral space following conventional and microsurgical operation on the herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 82: 43–49, 1986.
DeSaussure R. L.: Vascular injury coincident to disc surgery. J. Neurosurg. 16: 222–229, 1959.
Deyo R. A., Cherkin D. C., Loeser J. D. et al.: Morbidity and mortality in association with operations on the lumbar spine. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74-A: 536–543, 1992.
Ebeling U., Reichenberg W., Reulen, H.-J.: Results of microsurgical lumbar discectomy. Acta Neurchir. (Wien) 81: 45–52, 1986.
Eie N., Solgaard T., Kleppe H.: The knee-elbow position in lumbar disc surgery: a review of complications. Spine 8: 897–900, 1983.
Eismont F. J., Wiesel S. W., Rothman R. H.: Treatment of dural tears associated with spinal surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 63-A: 1132–1136, 1981.
El-Gindi S., Aref S., Salama M. et al.: Infection of intervertebral discs after operation. J. Bone Joint Surg. 58-B: 114–116, 1976.
Emery S. E., Chan D. P. K., Woodward H. R.: Treatment of hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis with anterior debridement and primary bone grafting. Spine 14: 284–291, 1989.
Evans W. E.: Arteriovenous fistula following disc surgery. Vasc. Surg. 8: 33–35, 1974.
Ewah B., Calder I.: Intraoperative death during lumbar discectomy. Br. J. Anaest. 66: 721–723, 1991.
Fargally M., Christenson J. T.: Combined aortic and inferior vena cava injury during laminectomy. A serious complication. Vasa 17: 288–292, 1988.
Fernand R., Lee C. K.: Postlaminectomy disc space infection. A review of the literature and a report of three cases. Clin. Orthop. 209: 215–218, 1986.
Ferrero R., Boltri F.: Le fistole artero-venose iatrogene del distretto aorto-iliaco. Min. Cardioang. 25: 319–329, 1977.
Ford L. T.: Local complications. Symposium of lumbar-disc surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50-A: 418–428, 1968.
Fouquet B., Goupille P., Jattiot F. et al.: Discitis after lumbar disc surgery. Features of “aseptic” and “septic” forms. Spine 17: 356–358, 1992.
Frank A. M., Trappe A. E.: Die Spondylodiszitis nach lumbaler Bandscheibenoperation. Klinik-Diagnostik-Therapie. Neurochirurgia 31: 205–209, 1988.
Frocrain L., Duvauferrier R., Chals G. et al.: Une nouvelle methode diagnostique de la spondylodiscite. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique. J. Radiol. 68: 373–380, 1987.
Gandolfi M.: Clinica e terapia delle protrusioni posteriori dei dischi intervertebrali lombari. Rel. 51° Congr. SIOT, Catania, 1966.
Garfin S. R., Glover M., Booth R. E. et al.: Laminectomy: a review of the Pennsylvania hospital experience. J. Spinal Disord. 1: 116–133, 1988.
Gerber H., Maar K.: Horner-Syndrom: eine Komplikation der Seitenlagerung. Anaesthetist 26: 357–358, 1977.
Giunti A., Laus M.: Le radicolopatie spinali. A. Gaggi, Bologna, 1992.
Goald H. J.: Microlumbar diskectomy: follow-up of 477 patients. J. Microsurg. 2: 95–100, 1980.
Godman L.: Cardiac risks and complications of noncardiac surgery. Ann. Intern. Med. 98: 504–513, 1983.
Gorombey Z., Gomory A., Bkassy M.: Iatrogenic aortocaval fistula secondary to intervertebral disc surgery. A case report. Acta Chir. Scand. 150: 585–587, 1984.
Gozzi G., Stacul S., Zuiani C. et al.: Ruolo della tomografia computerizzata nella diagnosi di spondilodiscite postchirurgica. Radiol. Med. 75: 287–290, 1988.
Greiner L., Pia H. W., Schepelmann F.: Spondylitis und lumbale Bandscheibenoperationen. Zbl. Neurochir. 35: 179–192, 1974.
Gurdjian E. S., Webster J. E., Ostrowski A. Z. et al.: Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs — an analysis of 1176 operated cases. J. Trauma 1: 158–176, 1961.
Harbison S. P.: Major vascular complications of intervertebral disc surgery. Ann. Surg. 140: 342–348, 1954.
Hernando F. J. S., Paredo V. M., Solis J. V.: Iliac arteriovenous fistula as a complication of lumbar disc surgery. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 27: 180–184, 1986.
Hollenhorst R. W., Svien H. J., Benoit C. F.: Unilateral blindness occurring during anesthesia for neurosurgical operations. Arch. Ophth. 52: 819–826, 1954.
Holscher E. C.: Vascular and visceral injuries during lumbar-disc surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50-A: 383–392, 1968.
Hubbard C. N., Richardson E. G.: Pseudo-obstruction of the colon. A postoperative complication in orthopaedic patients. J. Bone Joint Surg. 65-A: 226–229, 1983.
Jampol L. M., Golbaum M., Rosenberg M. et al.: Ischemia of ciliary arterial circulation from ocular compression. Arch. Ophtalmol. 93: 1311–1317, 1975.
Jue-Denis P., Kieffer E, Benhamou M. et al.:Traumatismes des vaisseaux abdomineaux apres Chirurgie de la hernie discale. Rev. Chir. Orthop. 70: 141–145, 1984.
Kapp J. P., Sybers W. A.: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate following uncomplicated lumbar disc operations. Surg. Neurol. 12: 11–12, 1979.
Kelly J. J., Reuter K. L., Waite R. J.: Vascular injury complicating lumbar discectomy — CT diagnosis, a case report. Am. J. Radiol. 153: 1233–1234, 1989.
Kern H. B., Barnes W., Malament M.: Lumbar laminectomy and associated ureteral injury. J. Urol. 102: 675–678, 1969.
Kitchel S. H., Eismont F. J., Green B. A.: Closed subarachnoid drainage for management of cerebrospinal fluid leakage after an operation on the spine. J. Bone Joint Surg. 71-A: 984–987, 1989.
Kock-Jensen C., Brandslund I., Sogaard I.: Lumbar disc surgery and variations in C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the complement split product C 3 d. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 90: 42–44, 1988.
Kollbrunner F.: Dickdarmstenose nach Laminektomie. Gastroenterologia 92: 239–251, 1959.
Kopecky K. K., Gilmor R. L., Scott J. A. et al.: Pitfalls of computed tomography in diagnosis of discitis. Neuroradiology 27: 57–66, 1986.
Kotilainen E., Valtonen S., Carlson C.-A.: Microsurgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation: follow-up of 237 patients. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 120: 143–149, 1993.
Laus M.: citato da Boccanera L., Laus M.: Spine 12: 712–715, 1987.
Laus M., Pignatti D., Alfonso C. et al.: Complicazioni del trattamento chirurgico delle stenosi lombari. Chir. Org. Mov. 77: 65–71, 1992.
Lenschock C. H.: Infection of the intervertebral disc following operation for protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. Arch. Chir. Neerland. 8: 57–66, 1956.
Lesoin F., Warembourg H., Asseman P.: Fatal congestive heart failure associated with an iatrogenic caval aortic fistula following surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disk. Surg. Neurol. 22: 532, 1984.
Lincoln J.R., Sawyer H. P.: Complications related to body positions during surgical procedures. Anesthesiology 22: 800–809, 1961.
Lindholm T. S., Pylkkanen P.: Discitis following removal of intervertebral disc. Spine 7: 618–622, 1982.
Linton R. R., White P. D.: Arteriovenous fistula between the right common iliac artery and the inferior vena cava; report of an occurrence following an operation for a ruptured intervertebral disc with cure by operation. Arch. Surg. 50: 6–13, 1946.
Love J. G.: The disc factor in low-back pain with or without sciatica. J. Bone Joint Surg. 29: 438–447, 1947.
Mansour A., Nabos J. F., Taddonio R. F. Jr.: Psoas abscess: thirty-four years after pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine. Orthopedics 2: 262–264, 1979.
Marchetti P. G., Consoli V., Giannini S. et al.: Le disciti postchirurgiche. Giorn. Ital. Ortop. Traumat. Suppl. 2, Vol. 6: 85–97, 1980.
Marks C., Weiner S. N., Reydman M.: Arteriovenous fistula secondary to intervertebral disk surgery. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 12: 417, 1971.
Maury M., Francois N., Skoda A.: About the neurological sequelae of herniated intervertebral disc. Paraplegia 11: 221–227, 1973.
May A. R. L., Brewster D. C., Darling R. C. et al.: Arteriovenous fistula following lumbar disc surgery. Br. J. Surg. 68: 41–43, 1981.
Mayfield F. H.: Complications of laminectomy. Clin. Neurosurg. 23: 435–439, 1976.
Mayfield F. H., Kurokawa K.: Watertight closure of spinal dura mater. Technical note. J. Neurosurg. 43: 639–640, 1975.
McCallum J., Maroon J. C., Jannetta P. J.: Treatment of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid fistulas by subarachnoid drainage. J. Neurosurg. 42: 434–437, 1975.
McCulloch J. A.: Principles of microsurgery for lumbar disc disease. Raven Press, New York, 1989.
McLaren A. C., Bayley S. I.: Cauda equina syndrome: a complication of lumbar discectomy. Clin. Orthop. 204: 143–149, 1986.
Miller P. R., Elder F. W. Jr.: Meningeal pseudocysts (meningocele spurius, following laminectomy. Report of ten cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50-A: 268–276, 1968.
Modic M. T., Feiglin D. H., Piraino D. W. et al.: Vertebral osteomyelitis: assessment using MRI. Radiology 157: 157–166, 1985.
Montorsi W., Ghiringhelli C.: Genesis, diagnosis and treatment of vascular complications after intervertebral disc surgery. Intern. Surg. 58: 233–235, 1973.
Moore C. A., Cohen A.: Combined arterial, venous, and ureteral injury complicating lumbar disk surgery. Am. J. Surg. 115: 574–577, 1968.
Nash C. L. Jr, Kaufman B., Frankel V. H.: Postsurgical meningeal pseudocysts of the lumbar spine. Clin. Orthop. 75: 167–178, 1971.
Neubauer U.: Retroperitoneale Gefäßverletzungen bei lumbaler Bandscheibenoperation: Bericht über zwei Fälle mit besonderem Verlauf. Neurochirurgia 33: 199–201, 1990.
Oldenkott P., Roost D. V.: Traitment microchirurgical de la hernie discale lombaire. Neurochirurgie 26: 229–234, 1980.
Oppel F., Schramm A. J., Schirmer M. et al.: Results and complicated course after surgery for lumbar disc herniation. Adv. Neurosurg. 4: 36–51, 1977.
Pappas C. T. E., Harrington T., Sonntag V. K. H.: Outcome analysis in 654 surgically treated lumbar disc herniations. Neurosurgery 30: 862–866, 1992.
Parker J. M.: Ureteral injury secondary to lumbar disc operation. J. Urol. 105: 85, 1971.
Parks B. J.: Postoperative peripheral neuropathies. Surgery 74: 348–357, 1973.
Pau A.: Postoperative “meningocele spurius”. Report of two cases. J. Neurosurg. Sci. 18: 150–152, 1988.
Peruzzi P., Rousseaux P., Scherpereel B. et al.: Spondylodiscite apres Chirurgie de la hernie discale lombaire. A propos de 12 cas sur 1796 operes. Neurochirurgie 14: 394–400, 1988.
Pilgaard S.: Discitis (closed space infection) following removal of lumbar intervertebral disc. J. Bone Joint Surg. 51-A: 713–716, 1969.
Postacchini F., Cinotti G.: Postoperative lumbar discitis. Eur. Spine J. 1: 226–230, 1993.
Postacchini F., Cinotti G., Perugia D.: Post-operative intervertebral discitis. Evaluation of 12 cases and study of ESR in the normal post-operative period. Ital. J. Orthop. Traumatol 19: 57–69, 1993.
Postacchini F., Cinotti G., Perugia D., et al.: The surgical treatment of central lumbar stenosis. Multiple laminotomy compared with total laminectomy. J. Bone Joint Surg. 75-B: 386–392, 1993.
Prusick V. R., Lini D. S., Bruder W. J.: Cauda equina syndrome as a complication of free epidural fat-grafting. A report of two cases and a review of the literature. J. Bone Joint Surg. 70-A: 1256–1258, 1988.
Puranen J., Makela J., Lahde S.: Postoperative intervertebral discitis. Acta Orthop. Scand. 55: 461–465, 1984.
Ramirez L. F., Thisted R.: Complications and demographic characteristics of patients undergoing lumbar discectomy in community hospitals. Neurosurgery 25: 226–231, 1989.
Rawlings C. E., Wilkins R. H., Gallis H. A. et al.: Postoperative disc space infection. Neurosurgery 13: 371–376, 1983.
Roberts M. P.: Complications of lumbar disc surgery. Spinal Surg. 2: 13–19, 1988.
Roberts M. P.: Complications of positioning for neurosurgical operations on the spine. In: Complications of spinal surgery. Tarlov E. C. Ed., Park Ridge, II. American Association of Neurological Surgeons 1–13, 1991.
Rosenthal J. D., Hahn J. F., Martinez G. J.: A technique for closure of leak of spinal fluid. Surg. Gynec. Obstet. 140: 948–950, 1975.
Roy-Camille R., Saillant G., Sagnet P. et al.: Syndrome de la queue de cheval après cure chirurgicale de hernie discale pour sciatique. Rev. Chir. Orthop. 62 (Suppl. II): 80–83, 1976.
Ruggeri F., Sebellin O.: L’osteoartrite intersomatica verte-brale quale complicanza di intervento per ernia del disco lombare. Clin. Ortop. 17: 478–493, 1965.
Salander J. M., Youkey J. R., Rich N. M. et al.: Vascular injury related to lumbar disc surgery. J. Trauma 24: 628–631, 1984.
Salenius P., Laurent L. E.: Results of operative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Acta Orthop. Scand. 48: 630–634, 1977.
Salvi P.: Infezione dello spazio intervertebrale conseguente ad intervento chirurgico per ernia del disco lombare. Arch. Putti 16: 335–355, 1962.
Sandoz I., Hodges C. V.: Ureteral injury incident to lumbar disc operation. J. Urol. 93: 687–690, 1965.
Savini R., Valdiserri L.: L’infezione dello spazio interso-matico (meniscite od osteoartrite intervertebrale) negli operati per ernia discale. Chir. Org. Mov. 57: 157–177, 1968.
Scherpereel B., Segal P., Rousseaux P. et al.: Complications vasculaires de la Chirurgie des hernies discales lombaires. Neurochirurgie 24: 399–401, 1978.
Schuler P., Clemens D., Rossak K.: Retroperitoneal vascular injuries. Z. Orthop. 121: 203–205, 1983.
Schuwer U., Roosen K.: Komplikationen bei lumbalen Bandscheibenoperationen. Neurochirurgia 31: 192–195, 1988.
Schwartz A. M., Brodkey J. S.: Bowel perforation following microsurgical lumbar discectomy. A case report. Spine 14: 104–105, 1989.
Semmes R. E.: Rupture of the lumbar intervertebral disc. Springfield, C. C. Thomas, 1964.
Shaw E. D., Scarborough J. T., Beals R. K.: Bowel injury as a complication of lumbar discectomy. A case report and review of the literature. J. Bone Joint Surg. 63-A: 478–480, 1981.
Shevlin W. A., Luessenhop A. J., Fox J. L. et al.: Perforation of the anterior annulus during lumbar discectomy. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 38: 514–515, 1973.
Silberstein E. B., Schneider H. J., Khodadad G. et al.: Laminectomy: effects on postoperative technetium and gallium scintigraphy. Radiology 151: 785–787, 1984.
Smith E. H., Estridge M. N.: Bowel perforation following lumbar discectomy. Report of case and review of literature. J. Bone Joint Surg. 46-A: 826–828, 1964.
Smith R. A., Hanigan W. C.: In: Complications of spinal surgery. Tarlov E. C. Ed., Park Ridge, Il. American Association of Neurological Surgeons, 41–49, 1991.
Smith R. H., Gremling Z. W., Volpitto P. P.: Problems related to the prone position for surgical operation. Anesthesiology 22: 189–193, 1961.
Solonen K. A.: Perforation of the anterior annulus fibrosus during operation for prolapsed disc. Ann. Chir. Gynaec. Fenn. 61: 385–387, 1975.
Spangfort E. V.: The lumbar disc herniation. A computer-aided analysis of 2,504 operations. Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl. 142, 1972.
Stambough J. L., Cheeks M. L.: Central retinal artery occlusion: a complication of the knee-chest position. J. Spinal Disord. 5: 363–365, 1992.
Staple T. W., Friedenberg M. J.: Ilio-iliac arteriovenous fistula following intervertebral disc surgery. Clin. Radiol. 16: 248–250, 1965.
Stern E. W., Crandall P. H.: Inflammatory intervertebral disc disease as a complication of the operative treatment of lumbar herniations. J. Neurosurg. 16: 261–276, 1957.
Stokes J. M.: Vascular complications of disc surgery. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50-A: 394–399, 1968.
Stolke D., Sollmann W.-P., Seifert V.: Intra-and postoperative complications in lumbar disc surgery. Spine 14: 56–59, 1989.
Sullivan C. R., Bickel W. H., Svien H. J.: Infections of vertebral interspaces after operations on intervertebral disks. JAMA 166: 1973–1977, 1958.
Teng P.: Postoperative lumbar discitis. Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc. 37: 114–123, 1972.
Thibodeau A. A.: Closed space infection following removal of lumbar intervertebral disc. J. Bone Joint Surg. 50-A: 400–410, 1968.
Thomas A. N.: The lateral decubitus position. In: Positioning in anesthesia and surgery. Martin J. T. Ed., W. B. Sauders, Philadelphia, 116–124, 1978.
Tronnier V., Schneider R., Kunz U. et al.: Postoperative spondylodiscitis: results of a prospective study about the aetiology of spondylodiscitis after operation for lumbar disc herniation. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 117: 149–152, 1992.
Tullberg T., Isacson J., Weidenhielm L.: Does microscopic removal of lumbar disc herniation lead to better results than the standard procedure? Results of a one-year randomized study. Spine 18: 24–27, 1993.
Turnbull F.: Postoperative inflammatory disease of lumbar disks. J. Neurosurg. 10: 469–473, 1953.
Wildförster U.: Intraoperative Komplikationen während lumbaler Bandscheibenoperationen. Kooperative Studie der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wirbelsäule der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie. Neurochirurgia 34: 53–56, 1991.
Wildförster U., Kozianka J.: Verletzungen retroperitonealer Arterien bei lumbalen Bandscheibenoperationen. Chirurg. 60: 690–693, 1989.
Werner A.: A propos d’un syndrome médullaire post-opératoire après discectomie lombaire inférieure. Arch. Suisses Neurol. Chir. Psichiatr. 107: 291–298, 1970.
Williams J. L., Moller G. A., O’Rourke T. L.: Pseudoinfections of the intervertebral disk and adjacent vertebrae? AJR.. 103: 611–615, 1968.
Wilson D. H., Harbaugh R.: Microsurgical and standard removal of the protruded lumbar disc: a comparative study. Neurosurgery 8: 422–425, 1981.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Postacchini, F., Cinotti, G. (1999). Complications of Surgery. In: Lumbar Disc Herniation. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6430-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6430-3_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-7322-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6430-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive