Abstract
The biaryl axis is the joint central structural element of a broad variety of structurally (in particular stereochemically) and biosynthetically interesting as well as pharmacologically promising natural products. The increasing importance of this challenging class of secondary metabolites, its widespread occurrence, its pharmacological implications, and, in particular, the phenomenon of axial chirality, have so far been largely underestimated, if not neglected. This is reflected by the fact that there is as yet no true comprehensive review on naturally occurring biaryls in the literature. By this article, we do not intend to provide such a fully comprehensive review, but still want to draw the attention of the scientific community on the manifold rewarding facets of this exciting class of natural products, which is rapidly growing now, with more and more sophisticated analytical and synthetic tools becoming available.
Dedicated to Prof. Burchard Franck, on the occasion of his 75th brithday
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Bringmann G, Lisch D, Reuscher H, Aké Assi L, Günther K (1991) Atrop-Diastereomer Separation by Racemate Resolution Techniques: N-Methyl-Dion-cophylline A and its 7-Epimer from Ancistrocladus abbreviatus. Phytochemistry 30: 1307
Bringmann G, Pokorny F, Stäblein M, Schärfer M (1993) Ancistrobrevine C from Ancistrocladus abbreviatus: The First Mixed “Ancistrocladaceae/Dioncophylaceae-type” Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Phytochemistry 33: 1511
Bringmann G, Zagst R, Lisch D, Aké Assi L (1992) Dioncoline A and its Atropisomer: “Inverse Hybrid Type” Ancistrocladaceae/Dioncophyllaceae Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus abbreviatus. Planta Med 58 (Suppl 1): 702
Govindachari TR, Parthasarathy PC (1970) Ancistrocladine, A Novel Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. Indian J Chem 8: 567
Govindachari TR, Parthasarathy PC (1971) Ancistrocladine, a New Type of Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Ancistrocladus heyneanus. Tetrahedron 27: 1013
Govindachari TR, Parthasarathy PC (1977) Alkaloids of Ancistrocladaceae. Heterocycles 7: 661
Bringmann G, Teltschik F, Michel M, Busemann S, Rückert M, Haller R, Bär S, Robertson A, Kaminsky R (1999) Ancistrobertsonines B, C, and D as well as 1,2-Didehydro-ancistrobertsonine D from Ancistrocladus robertsoniorum. Phytochemistry 52: 321
Bringmann G, Haller RD, Bär S, Isahakia MA, Roberson SA (1994) Ancistrocladus robertsoniorum J. Léonard: eine erst spät entdeckte Ancistrocladus-Art. Der Palmengarten 58: 148
Bringmann G, Ortmann T, Zagst R, Schöner B, Aké Assi L (1992) (±)-Dioncophyllacine A, a Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid with a 4-Methoxy Substituent from the Leaves of Triphyophyllum peltatum. Phytochemistry 31: 4015
Ruangrungsi N, Wongpanich V, Tantivatana P, Cowe HJ, Cox PJ, Funayama S, Cordell GA (1985) Traditional Medicinal Plants of Thailand, V. Ancistrotectorine, a New Naphthalene-Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Ancistrocladus tectorius. J Nat Prod 48: 529
Bringmann G, Günther C, Busemann S, Schäffer M, Olowokudejo JD, Alo B (1998) Ancistroguineines A and B as well as Ancistrotectorine — Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus guineënsis. Phytochemistry 47: 37
Hallock YF, Cardellina II JH, Schäffer M, Stahl M, Bringmann G, François G, Boyd MR (1997) Yaoundamines A and B, New Antimalarial Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus korupensis. Tetrahedron 53: 8121
Bringmann G, Hamm A, Günther C, Michel M, Brun R, Mudogo V (2000) Ancistroealaines A and B, two New Bioactive Naphthylisoquinolines, and Related Naphthoic Acids from Ancistrocladus ealaensis. J Nat Prod 63: 1465
Bringmann G, Günther C, Saeb W, Mies J, Wickramasinghe A, Mudogo V, Brun R (2000) Ancistrolikokines A-C: New 5,8’-Coupled Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus likoko. J Nat Prod 63: 1333
Bringmann G, Günther C, Saeb W, Mies J, Brun R, Aké Assi L (2000) 8–0-Methyldioncophyllinol B and Revised Structures of Other 7,6′-Coupled Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae). Phytochemistry 54: 337
Manfredi KP, Britton M, Vissieche V, Pannell LK (1996) Three New Naphthyldi-hydroisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus tectorius. J Nat Prod 59: 854
Govindachari TR, Parthasarathy PC, Rajagopalan TG, Desai HK, Ramachandran KS (1975) Hamatine, a New Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Ancistrocladus hamatus (Vahl) Gilg. Indian J Chem 13: 641
Bringmann G, Kehr C, Dauer U, Gulden K-P, Haller R, Bär S, Isahakia MA, Robertson SA, Peters K (1993) Ancistrocladus robertsoniorum “Produces” Pure Crystalline Droserone when Wounded. Planta Med 59: (Suppl.) 622
Peters K, Peters E-M, von Schnering HG, Bringmann G, Kehr C, Haller RD, Bär S, Isahakia MA, Robertson SA (1995) Crystal structure of droserone in ‘biogenic crystals’ found under the stem bark of Ancistrocladus robertsoniorum. Z Kristallogr 210: 290
Bringmann G, Schlauer J, Rückert M, Wiesen B, Ehrenfeld K, Proksch P, Czygan FC (1999) Host-Derived Acetogenins Involved in the Incompatible Parasitic Relationship between Cuscuta reflexa (Convolvulaceae) and Ancistrocladus heyne-anus (Ancistrocladaceae). Plant Biol 1: 581
Hallock YF, Cardellina II JH, Kornek T, Gulden K-P, Bringmann G, Boyd MR (1996) Gentrymine B, the First TV-Quaternary Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Ancistrocladus korupensis. Tetrahedron Lett 4753
Bringmann G, Holenz J, Aké Assi L, Zhao C, Hostettmann K (1996) Molluscicidal Activity of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Triphyophyllum and Ancistrocladus Species. Planta Med 62: 556
Bringmann G, Holenz J, Aké Assi L, Hostettmann K (1998) Molluscicidal Activity (Biomphalaria glabrata) of Dioncophylline A — Structure-Activity Investigations. Planta Med 64: 485
François G, Van Looveren M, Timperman G, Chimanuka B, Aké Assi L, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1996) Larvicidal Activity of the Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid Dioncophylline A against the Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi. J Ethnophar-macol 54: 125
Bringmann G, Holenz J, Saeb W, Aké Assi L, Hostettmann K (1999) Dioncophylline A as a Larvicide Against Aedes aegypti. Pharm Pharmacol Lett. 9: 24
Bringmann G, Feineis D (2000) Novel Antiparasitic Biaryl Alkaloids from Westafrican Dioncophyllaceae Plants. Act Chim Therapeut 26: 151
Bringmann G, Gramatzki S, Grimm C, Proksch P (1992) Feeding Deterrency and Growth Retarding Activity of the Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid Dioncophylline A against Spodoptera littoralis. Phytochemistry 31: 3821
Bringmann G, Holenz J, Wiesen B, Nugroho BW, Proksch P (1997) Dioncophylline A as a Growth-Retarding Agent against the Herbivorous Insect Spodoptera littoralis: Structure-Activity Relationships. J Nat Prod 60: 342
François G, Bringmann G, Phillipson JD, Aké Assi L, Dochez C, Rübenacker M, Schneider C, Wéry M, Warhurst DC, Kirby GC (1994) Activity of Extracts and Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Triphyophyllum peltatum, Ancistrocladus abbreviatus and A. barteri against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Phytochemistry 35: 1461
François G, Timperman G, Holenz J, Aké Assi L, Geuder T, Maes L, Dubois J, Hanocq M, Bringmann G (1996) Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids Exhibit Strong Growth-Inhibiting Activities Against Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei in vitro — Structure-Activity Relationships of Dioncophylline C. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 90: 115
François G, Bringmann G, Dochez C, Schneider C, Timpermann G, Aké Assi L (1995) Activities of Extracts and Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Triphyo-phyllum peltatum, Ancistrocladus abbreviatus and Ancistrocladus barteri against Plasmodium berghei (Anka strain) in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 46: 115
François G, Timperman G, Haller RD, Bär S, Isahakia MA, Robertson SA, Zhao C, De Souza NJ, Aké Assi L, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1997) Growth Inhibition of Asexual Erythrocytic Forms of Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei in vitro by Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid-Containing Extracts of Ancistrocladus and Tri-phyophyllum Species. Int J Pharmacognosy 35: 55
François G, Steenackers T, Timperman G, Aké Assi L, Haller RD, Bär S, Isahakia MA, Robertson SA, Zhao C, De Souza NJ, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1997) Retarded Development of Exoerythrocytic Stages of the Rodent Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei in Human Hepatoma Cells by Extracts from Dioncophyllaceae and Ancistrocladaceae Species. Int J Parasitol 27: 29
François G, Timperman G, Steenackers T, Aké Assi L, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1997) In vitro Inhibition of Liver Forms of the Rodent Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei by Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids — Structure-Activity Relationships of Dioncophyllines A and C, and Ancistrocladine. Parasitol Res 83: 673
François G, Chimanuka B, Timperman G, Holenz J, Plaizier-Vercammen J, Aké Assi L, Bringmann G (1999) Differential Sensitivity of Erythrocytic Stages of the Rodent Malaria Parasite Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi to Dioncophylline B, a Highly Active Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Parasitol Res 85: 935
Bringmann G, Rübenacker M, Weirich R, Aké Assi L (1992) Dioncophylline C from the Roots of Triphyllum peltatum, the First 5,1′-Coupling Dioncophyllaceae Alkaloid. Phytochemistry 31: 4019
François G, Timperman G, Eling W, Aké Assi L, Holenz J, Bringmann G (1997) Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids against malaria: evaluation of the curative potential of dioncophylline C and dioncopeltine A against Plasmodium berghei in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41: 2533
Meininger M, Stowasser R, Jakob PM, Schneider H, Koppler D, Bringmann G, Zimmermann U, Haase A (1997) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Ancistrocladus heyneanus. Protoplasma 198: 210
Urlaub E, Popp J, Kiefer W, Bringmann G, Koppler D, Schneider H, Zimmermann U, Schrader B (1998) FT-Raman Investigation of Alkaloids in the Liana Ancistrocladus heyneanus. Biospectroscopy 4: 113
Bringmann G, Ochse M, Herderich M, Günther C, Wolf K, Teltschik F, Rückert M (1998) Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 8: 1
Bringmann G, Schneider C, Pokorny F, Lorenz H, Fleischmann H, Sankarana-rayanan AS, Almeida MR, Govindachari TR, Aké Assi L (1993) The Cultivation of Tropical Lianas of the Genus Ancistrocladus. Planta Med 59: 623
Bringmann G, Rischer H, Schlauer J, Aké Assi L (1999) In vitro propagation of Ancistrocladus abbreviatus Airy Shaw (Ancistrocladaceae). PI Cell Tiss Org Cult 57:
Bringmann G, Rückert M, Günther C (1998) Identification of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids by LC-NMR on-line Coupling. In: Schreier P, Herderich M, Humpf HU, Schwab W (eds) Natural Product Analysis. Vieweg, p 147
Bringmann G, Günther C, Schlauer J, Rückert M (1998) HPLC-NMR On-Line Coupling Including the ROESY Technique: Direct Characterization of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids in Crude Plant Extracts. Anal Chem 70: 2805
Bringmann G, Rückert M, Saeb W, Mudogo V (1999) Characterization of metabolites in plant extracts of Ancistrocladus likoko by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled on line with !H NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Chem 37: 98
Bringmann G, Rückert M, Messer K, Schupp O, Louis AM (1999) Use of on-line high-perfomance liquid chromatography — nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry coupling in phytochemical screening studies: rapid identification of metabolites in Dioncophyllum thollonii. J Chromatogr A 837: 267
Bringmann G, Messer K, Wohlfarth M, Kraus J, Dumbuya K, Rückert M (1999) HPLC-CD On-Line Coupling in Combination with HPLC-NMR and HPLC-MS/ MS for the Determination of the Full Absolute Stereostructure of New Metabolites in Plant Extracts. Anal Chem 71: 2678
Bringmann G, Rückert M, Schlauer J, Herderich M (1998) Separation and identification of dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 810: 231
Conway WD (1990) Countercurrent Chromatography. Apparatus, Theory, and Applications. VCH
Bringmann G, God R, Schäffer M (1996) An Improved Degradation Procedure for Determination of the Absolute Configuration in Chiral Isoquinoline and ß-Carboline Derivatives. Phytochemistry 43: 1393
Bringmann G, Ochse M, Schäffer M, God R, Walter R, François G (1997) N,N-Dimethyldioncophyllinium A Iodide — Synthesis, Stereoanalysis, and Antimalarial Activity of the First A-Quaternary Naphthylisoquinolinium Salt. Planta Med 63: 544
Bringmann G, Jansen JR, Busse H (1991) An Atropisomer-Differentiating Reaction for the Chemical Analysis of Axial Chirality and Its Computational Investigation: Proof of the Stereostructure of Dioncophylline A. Liebigs Ann Chem 803
Bringmann G, Zagst R, Schöner B, Busse H, Hemmerling M, Burschka C (1991) Structure of the Naphthyl Isoquinoline Alkaloid Dioncophylline A. Acta Cryst C47: 1703
Fleischhauer J, Koslowski A, Kramer B, Zobel E, Bringmann G, Gulden K-P, Ortmann T, Peter B (1993) Messung und Berechnung der CD-Spektren der Biaryl-Alkaloide Ancistrocladein und Dioncophyllein A. Z Naturforsch 48b: 140
Bringmann G, Gulden K-P, Hailock YF, Manfredi KP, Cardellina II JH, Boyd MR, Kramer B, Fleischmann J (1994) Circular Dichroism of Michellamines: Independent Assignment of Axial Chirality by Calculated and Experimental CD Spectra. Tetrahedron 50: 7807
Fleischhauer J, Koslowski A, Repges C, Gulden K-P, Bringmann G (1998) The Absolute Configuration of Isoancistrocladine and Tsohamatine’ by Quantum-chemical CD-Calculations. Z Naturforsch 53a: 993
Bringmann G, Jansen JR, Rink H-P (1986) Regioselective and Atropisomeric-Selective Aryl Coupling to Give Naphthyl Isoquinoline Alkaloids: The First Total Synthesis of (-)-Ancistrocladine. Angew Chem 98: 917; Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 25: 913
Bringmann G, Reuscher H (1989) Aryl-Coupling via “Axially Prostereogenic” Lactones: First Total Synthesis of (+)-Ancistrocladisine and (Optionally) its Atropisomer. Tetrahedron Lett 5249
Bringmann G, Reuscher H (1989) Atropdiastereoselective Ring Opening of Bridged, “Axial-Prostereogenic” Biaryls: Directed Synthesis of (+)-Ancistrocladi-sine. Angew Chem 101: 1725; Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 28: 1672
Bringmann G, Jansen JR (1991) Stereocontrolled Ring Opening of Axially Prostereogenic Biaryl Lactones with Hydrogen Nucleophiles: Directed Synthesis of a Dioncophylline A Precursor an (Optionally) its Atropdiastereojmer. Synthesis 825
Bringmann G, Jansen JR (1984) A First and General Route to Naphthylisoquin-oline Alkaloids: The Total Synthesis of O-Methyl-tetradehydro-triphyophylline. Tetrahedron Lett 2537
Bringmann G, Jansen JR (1989) Chiral Economy with Respect to Rotational Isomerism: Rational Synthesis of Hamatine and (Optionally) Ancistrocladine from Joint Helical Precursors. Heterocycles 28: 137
Bringmann G, Saeb W, Rübenacker M (1999); Directed Joint Total Synthesis of the three Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids Dioncolactone A, Dioncopeltine A, and 5’-0-Demethyldioncophylline A. Tetrahedron 55: 423
Bringmann G, Saeb W, God R, Schärfer M, François G, Peters K, Peters E-M, Proksch P, Hostettmann K, Aké Assi L (1998) 5′-O-Demethyldioncophylline A, a New Antimalarial Alkaloid from TriphyophyHum peltatum. Phytochemistry 49: 1667
Bringmann G, Ochse M (1998) The Atropo-Divergent Preparation of Axially Chiral Biaryls Through the ‘Lactone Methodology’: Total Synthesis of Korupens-amine B. Synlett 1294
Bringmann G, Ochse M, Götz R (2000) First Atropo-Divergent Total Synthesis of Antimalarial Korupensamines A and B — by the ‘Lactone Method’. J Org Chem 65: 2069
Lipshutz BH, Keith JM (1999) A Stereospecific, Intermolecular Biaryl-Coupling Approach to Korupensamine A En Route to the Michellamines. Angew Chem 111: 3743; Angew Chem Int Ed 38: 3530
Bringmann G, Holenz J, Weirich R, Rübenacker M, Funke C, Boyd MR, Gulakowski RJ, François G (1998) First Synthesis of the Antimalarial Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid Dioncophylline C, and its Unnatural Anti-HIV Dimer, Jozimine C. Tetrahedron 54: 497
Bringmann G, Günther C First Total Synthesis of Dioncophylline B, a 7,6′-Coupled Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid. Synlett 216
Rizzacasa MA, Sargent MV (1991) Synthetic Approaches to the Alkaloids of the Ancistrocladaceae. Part 3: The Total Synthesis of (—)-Ancistrocladinine: Control of the Diastereoisomer Excess in the Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1, 2773
Rizzacasa MA (1998) Total Synthesis of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids. In: Atta-ur-Rahman (ed) Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, vol. 20. Elsevier, p 407
Bringmann G, Götz R, Keller PA, Walter R, Henschel P, Schärfer M, Stäblein M, Kelly TR, Boyd MR (1994) First Total Synthesis of Korupensamines A and B. Heterocycles 39: 503
Chau P, Czuba IR, Rizzacasa MA, Bringmann G, Gulden K-P, Schärfer M (1996) Convergent Synthesis of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids: Total Synthesis of (+)-O-Methylancistrocline. J Org Chem 61: 7101
Bringmann G, Götz R, Harmsen S, Holenz J, Walter R (1996) Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Michellamines A-C. Liebigs Ann 2045
Watanabe T, Uemura M (1998) Stereoselective Synthesis of O,O-Dimethylkoru-pensamine A via Palladium(0)-Mediated Cross-Coupling of a Planar Chiral (Arene)Cr(CO)3 Complex with Naphthylboronic Acid. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 871
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Hallock YF, Manfredi KP, Dai J-R, Cardellina II JH, Gulakowski RJ, McMahon JB, Schäffer M, Stahl M, Gulden K-P, Bringmann G, François G, Boyd MR (1997) Michellamines D-F, New HIV-Inhibitory Dimeric Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids, and Korupensamine E, a New Antimalarial Monomer, from Ancistrocladus korupensis. J Nat Prod 60:
Hallock YF, Cardellina II JH, Schäffer M, Bringmann G, François G, Boyd MR (1998) Korundamine A, a Novel HIV-Inhibitory and Antimalarial “Hybrid” Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloid Heterodimer from Ancistrocladus korupensis. Bio-org Med Chem Lett 8: 1729
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de Koning CB, Michael JP, van Otterlo WAL (2000) Synthesis of Isochromane Analogues of the Michellamines and Korupensamines. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1, 799
Bringmann G, Harmsen S, Holenz J, Geuder T, Götz R, Keller PA, Walter R, Hallock YF, Cardellina II JH, Boyd MR (1994) ‘Biomimetic’ Oxidative Dimer-ization of Korupensamine A: Completion of the First Total Synthesis of Michellamines A, B and C. Tetrahedron 50: 9643
Schlauer J, Rückert M, Wiesen B, Herderich M, Aké Assi L, Haller RD, Bär S, Fröhlich K-U, Bringmann G (1998) Characterization of Enzymes from Ancistrocladus (Ancistrocladaceae) and Triphyophyllum (Dioncophyllaceae) Catalyzing Oxidative Coupling of Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids to give Michellamines. Arch Biochem Biophys 350: 87
Bringmann G, Saeb W, Mies J, Messer K, Wohlfarth M, Brun R (2000) One-Step Oxidative Dimerization of Genuine, Unprotected Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids to Give Michellamines and Other Bioactive Quateraryls. Synthesis 1843
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Bringmann G (1996) Mono- and Dimeric Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids -Pharmaceuticaly and Structurally Exciting Natural Heterocycles with Axial Chirality. Bull Soc Chim Belg 105: 601
Bringmann G, Saeb W, Koppler D, François G (1996) Jozimine A (‘Dimeric’ Dioncophylline A), A Non-Natural Michellamine Analog with High Antimalarial Activity. Tetrahedron 52: 13409
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Bringmann, G., Günther, C., Ochse, M., Schupp, O., Tasler, S. (2001). Biaryls in Nature: A Multi-Facetted Class of Stereochemically, Biosynthetically, and Pharmacologically Intriguing Secondary Metabolites. In: Herz, W., Falk, H., Kirby, G.W., Moore, R.E. (eds) Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 82. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6227-9_1
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