Summary
Atherosclerosis is the most common disease in the industrialised world and by 2020 is predicted to be the number 1 cause of death worldwide. It is a disease of the intima and media of small to medium sized arteries that develop slowly over many years. A number of risk factors for atherosclerosis have been identified, some of these are reversible and some are not. Most prominent amongst these is an elevated level of plasma cholesterol. The lowering of cholesterol reduces the risk of heart attacks, strokes and all forms of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Nonetheless, 70% of patients go on to get symptomatic disease.
The disease process sets off an inflammatory response involving the vascular endothelium and both T and B cells of the immune system. Adhesion molecules are induced and proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors are produced by cells that orchestrate the atherosclerotic process. Narrowing the lumen of the artery leads to ischaemic symptoms. Within lesions under the influence of proteolytic enzymes released from activated macrophages (or foam cells — the hallmark of atherosclerosis) the centre of the plaque becomes liquefied to take on it’s characteristic “gruel” like appearance. The shoulders of such plaque weaken and it becomes prone to rupture. Plaque rupture may lead to catastrophic thrombosis of coronary or cerebral arteries. The large amounts of tissue factor produced by macrophages make this a particularly likely event. On ulcerated plaques adherent platelets and thrombus create showers of emboli leading to ischaemic attacks.
Like the effective treatment of LDL and it’s role in the prevention of ischaemic attacks there has been a move to develop new drugs that raise HDL. The discovery of the role of a new class of ABC transporter, defective in Tangiers disease, responsible for cholesterol efflux from peripheral cells including the macrophage has created great excitement around ABC1 as a drug target. New areas, new possible targets and new genetic and genomic approaches will be discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aitman TJ (2001) CD36, insulin resistance and coronary heart disease. Lancet 357: 651–652
Aitman T, Glazier A, Wallace C, Cooper L, Norsworthy O, Wahid F, Al-Majali K, Trembling P, Mann C, Shoulders C, Graf D, S.Lezin E, Kurtz T, Kren V, Pravenec M, Ibrahimi A, Abumrad N, Stanton L, Scott J (1999) Identification of CD36I (Fat) as an insulin-resistance gene causing defective fatty acid and glucose metabolism in hyperactive rats. Nature Genet 21: 76–83
Glass CK, Witztum JL (2001) Atherosclerosis: the road ahead. Cell 104: 503–516
Libby P (2001) Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 104: 365
Narcisi YM, Scholtz MC, Scott J, Shoulders CC (1993) Dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms at the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) locus. Hum Genet 92: 312–313
Naumova RP, Scott J (2000) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGE, Warrell DA (eds) Concise Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford University Press, pp 48–50
Ross R (1999) Atherosclerosis — an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340: 115–125
Scott J (1995) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxford Book of Medicine 2: 2289–2295
Scott J (1999) Good cholesterol news. Nature 400: 816–819
Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD (1986) Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256(20): 2823–2828
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this paper
Cite this paper
Scott, J. (2002). The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and new opportunities for treatment and prevention. In: Fleischhacker, W.W., Brooks, D.J. (eds) Stroke-Vascular Diseases. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6137-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6137-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-83866-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-6137-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive