Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS; also known as encephalomyelitis), is characterized by the onset in early and adult life of progressive diffuse neurologic disturbances with an irregular fluctuating period of exacerbation and apparent improvement or quiescence. Irregular gray patches of degeneration occur in the brain and spinal cord with a predilection for the white matter, varying in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. Signs of multiple involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) may include slurred speech, intention tremor, nystagmus, retrobulbar neuritis, incontinence, spastic paralysis, pallor of the temporal halves of the optic disks, increased deep tendon reflexes, and bilateral extensor plantar responses.
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Literatur
Francis PT, Sims NR, Procter AW, Bowen DM (1993) Cortical pyramidal neurone loss may cause glutaminergic hypoactivity and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease: Investigative and therapeutic perspectives. J Neurochem 60: 1589–1604
Grünberger J, Linzmayer L, Wytek R, Grünberger M (1992) Pupillometry in clinical psychophysiological diagnostics: Methodology and proposals for application in psychiatry. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 29: 100–113
Grünberger J, Linzmayer L, Grünberger M, Saletu B (1994) Eine neue Methode zur Messung der zentralen Aktivierung: Fourier Analyse der Pupillenoszillationen bei depressiven Patienten. Wien Klin Wochenschr 106: 164–170
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Saletu B, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Anderer P, Brandstätter N, Frey R, Gruber G, Klösch G, Mandl M, Grünberger J, Linzmayer L (1997) Nonorganic insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder. II. Comparative studies on sleep, awakening, daytime vigilance and anxiety under lorazepam plus diphen-hydramine (Somnium R) versus lorazepam alone, utilizing clinical, polysomnographic and EEG mapping methods. Neuropsychobiology 36: 130–152
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Grünberger et al (1999)
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Grünberger, J. (2003). Rezeptorentest (Wirkung von Tropicamide). In: Pupillometrie in der klinisch- psychophysiologischen Diagnostik. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6032-9_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6032-9_13
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