Abstract
Taking for granted, as I think is permissible, that in the living world structure and function are closely interrelated and interdependent, and assuming further that our mental processes are in some way, although not yet understood, related to the function of the nervous system, it is indeed appropriate that a symposium on the physiopathology of the states of consciousness includes some reference to brain structure.
“The psychologist and psychiatrist must challenge the neurophysiologist with the necessity of undertaking to explain not ‘Consciousness’ but the multiple phenomenology of varied conscious states.”
“... consciousness of something exists; but consciousness is merely an abstraction.”
Kubie, 1954 (p. 446 and 447).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adey, W. R., N. C. R. Merrilleesand S. Sunderland, The entorhinal area; behavioural, evoked potential, and histological studies of its interrelationships with brain-stem regions. Brain, London, 79 (1956), 414–439.
Anderson, F. D., and C. M. Berry, Degeneration studies of long ascending fiber systems in the cat brain stem. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 111 (1959), 195–229.
Baumgarten, R. v., and A. Mollica, Der Einfluß sensibler Reizung auf die Entladungsfrequenz klein-hirnabhängiger Reticulariszellen. Pflügers Arch. Physiol. 259 (1954), 79–96.
Bowsher, D., Termination of the central pain pathway in man: The conscious appreciation of pain. Brain, London, 80 (1957), 606–622.
Bowsher, D., Projection of the gracile and cuneate nuclei in Macaca mulatta: an experimental degeneration study. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 110 (1958), 135–156.
Bowsher, D., The termination of secondary somatosensory neurons within the thalamus of Macaca mulatto: An experimental degeneration study. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 117(1961), 213–227.
Bowsher, D., The topographical projection of fibres from the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord to the subdiencephalic brain stem in man. Psychiatr. Neurol., Basel, 143 (1962), 75–99.
Brain, R., The physiological basis of consciousness. A critical review. Brain, London, 81 (1958), 426–455.
Brodal, A., Modification of Gudden method for study of cerebral localization. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 43(1940), 46–58.
Brodai, A., Central course of afferent fibers for pain in facial glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 57 (1947), 292–306.
Brodai, A., Reticulo-cerebellar connecticns in the cat. An experimental study. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 98 (1953), 113–154.
Brodal, A., Anatomical aspects of the reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. Progr. Neurobiol. 1956, 240–255. Elsevier Publ. Comp., Amsterdam.
Brodal, A., The Reticular Formation of the Brain Stem. Anatomical Aspects and Functional Correlations. The William Ramsay Henderson Trust Lecture. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh-London, 1957.
Brodai, A., O. Pompeian and F. Walberg, The Vestibular Nuclei and their Connections. Anatomy and Functional Correlations. The William Ramsay Henderson Trust Lecture. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh-London, 1962.
Brodai, A., and G. F. Rossi, Ascending fibers in brain stem reticular formation of cat. Amer. Med. Ass. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 74 (1955), 68–87.
Brodai, A., T. Szaboand A. Torvik, Corticofugal fibres to sensory trigeminal nuclei and nucleus of solitary tract. An experimental study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 106(1956), 527–556.
Brodai, A., E. Taberand F. Walberg, The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. II. Efferent connections. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 114(1960), 239–259.
Brodai, A., F.Walberg and E. Taber, The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. III. Afferent connections. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 114 (1960), 261–281.
Bucher, V. M., and S. M. Bürgi, Some observations on the fiber connections of the di- and mesencephalon in the cat. Part IV. The ansa lenticularis, pars ascendens mesencephalica, with observations on other systems ascending from and descending to the mesencephalon. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 99 (1935), 415–435.
Bürgi, S., Das Tectum Opticum. Seine Verbindungen bei der Katze und seine Bedeutung beim Menschen. Dtsch. Zschr. Nervenhk. 176 (1957), 701–729.
Bürgi, S., and V. M. Bucher, Markhaltige Fasern des zentralen Höhlengraus bei der Katze (Fast. longitudinalis dorsalis Schütz und verwandte Systeme). Arch. Psychiatr. und Zschr. Neurol., Ber-lin, 201(1960), 218–238.
Carpenter, M. B., and G. R. Hanna, Fiber projections from the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 117 (1961), 117–132.
Carpenter, M. B., and H. R. Nova, Descending division of the brachium conjunctivum in the cat: A cerebelloreticular system. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 114 (1960), 295–305.
Clark, W. E. le Gros, The termination of ascending tracts in the thalamus of the macaque monkey. J. Anat., London, 71 (1936), 7–40.
Cragg, B. G., and L. H. Hamlyn, Histologic connections and electrical and autonomic responses evoked by stimulation of the dorsal fornix in the rabbit. Exper. Neurol. 1 (1959), 187–213.
French, J. D., F. K. von Amerongenand H. W. Magoon, An activating system in brain stem of monkey. Amer. Med. Ass. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 68 (1952), 577–590.
Getz, B., The termination of spinothalamic fibres in the cat as studied by the method of terminal degeneration. Acta anat., Basel, 16 (1952), 271–290.
Guillery, R. W., Degeneration in the post-commissural fornix and the mamillary peduncle of the rat. J. Anat., London, 90 (1956), 350–370.
Guillery, R. W., Degeneration in the hypothalamic connexions of the albino rat. J. Anat., London, 91 (1957), 91–115.
Johnson, T. N., and C. D. Clemente, An experimental study of the fiber connections between the putamen, globus pallidus, ventral thalamus, and midbrain tegmentum in cat. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 113 (1959), 83–101.
Kubie, L. S., Psychiatric and psychoanalytic considerations of the problem of consciousness. In: Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness. pp. 444–467, Ed. by J. F. Delafresnaye, Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, 1954.
Kunc, Z., and J. Marsala, La localisation et la terminaison des voies afférentes des nerfs IX et X dans le bulbe. Acta neurochir., Wien, 10 (1962), 512–522.
Kuroki, T., Arrest reaction elicited from the brain stem. Fol. psychiatr. Jap. 12 (1958), 317–340.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Certain fiber connections of the mesencephalic central gray matter. Progr. Neurobiol. 1956, 264 —272. Elsevier Publ. Comp., Amsterdam.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., An anatomical analysis of cortico-bulbar connexions to the pons and lower brain stem in the cat. J. Anat., London, 92 (1958 a), 198–218.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Some projections from the peri-central cortex to the pons and lower brain stem in monkey and chimpanzee. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 110 (1958 b), 221–251.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Corticobulbar connexions to the pons and lower brain-stem in man. An anatomical study. Brain, London, 81 (1958 c), 364–388.
Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Central cortical projections to motor and somato-sensory cell groups. Brain, London, 83 (1960), 161–184.
Magnes, J., G. Moruzziand O. Pompeiano, Synchronization of the EEG produced by low-frequency electrical stimulation of the region of the solitary tract. Arch. ital. Biol. 99 (1961), 33–67.
Meessen, H., and J. Olszewski, A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Rhombencephalon of the Rabbit. S. Karger, Basel-New York, 1949.
Mehler, W. R., The anatomy of the so-called “pain tract” in man: An analysis of the course and distribution of the ascending fibers of the fasciculus anterolateralis. In: Basic Research in Paraplegia. pp. 26–55, Ed. by John D. French and Robert W. Porter. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1962.
Mehler, W. R., M. E. Fefermanand W. J. H. Nauta, Ascending axon degeneration following anterolateral cordotomy. An experimental study in the monkey. Brain, London, 83 (1960), 718–750.
Moruzzi, G., and H. W. Magoun, Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG. Electroencephalogr. 1 (1949), 455–473.
Nauta, W. J. H., An experimental study of the fornix system in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 104 (1956), 247–271.
Nauta, W. J. H., Hippocampal projections and related neural pathways to the mid-brain in the cat. Brain, London, 8l (1958), 319–340.
Nauta, W. J. H., Neural associations of the amygdaloid complex in the monkey. Brain, London, 85 (1962), 505–520.
Nauta, W. J. H., and H. G. J. M. Kuypers. Some ascending pathways in the brain stem reticular formation. In: Reticular Formation of the Brain. pp. 3–30, Henry Ford Hosp. Symp. Little, Brown & Comp., Boston, 1958.
Nauta, W. J. H., and D. G. Whitlock, An anatomical analysis of the non-specific thalamic projections system. In: Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness. pp. 81–104, Ed. by J. F. Delafresnaye. Blackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford, 1954.
Olszewski, J., and D. Baxter, Cytoarchitecture of the Human Brain Stem. S. Karger, New York-Basel, 1954.
Pearce, G. W., Some cortical projections to the midbrain reticular formation. In: Structure and Function of the Cerebral Cortex. pp. 131–137, Ed. by D. B. Tower and J. P. Schadé. Elsevier Publ. Comp., Amsterdam-London-New York-Princeton, 1960.
Pearce, G. W., and P. Glees, The tectal projection to the brain stem reticular formation in the cat. J. Anat., London, 91 (1957), 572.
Pompeiano, O., and J. E. Swett, EEG and behavioral manifestations of sleep induced by cutaneous nerve stimulation in normal cats. Arch. ital. Biol. 100 (1962 a), 311–342.
Pompeiano, O., and J. E. Swett, Identification of cutaneous and muscular afferent fibers producing EEG synchronization or arousal in normal cats. Arch. ital. Biol. 100 (1962 b), 343–380.
Rose, J. B., The cortical connections of the reticular complex of the thalamus. Res. Publ. Ass. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., N. Y., 30 (1952), 454–479.
Rossi, G. F., and A. Brodai, Corticofugal fibres to the brain stem reticular formation. An experimental study in the cat. J. Anat., London, 90 (1956 a), 42–62.
Rossi, G. F., and A. Brodai, Spinal afferents to the trigeminal sensory nuclei and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Confinia neurol., Basel, 16 (1956 a), 321–332.
Rossi, G. F., and A. Brodai, Termination of spinoreticular fibers in the cat. Amer. Med. Ass. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 78 (1957), 439–453.
Rossi, G. F., and A. Zanchetti, The brain stem reticular formation. Arch. ital. Biol. 95(1957), 199–435.
Scheibel, M. E., and A. B. Scheibel, Structural substrates for integrative patterns in the brain stem reticular core. In: Reticular Formation of the Brain. pp. 31–55, Henry Ford Hosp. Symp. Little, Brown & Comp., Boston, 1958.
Scheibel, M., A. Scheibel, A. Mollica and G. Moruzzi, Convergence and interaction of afferent impulses on single units of reticular formation. J. Neurophysiol., Springfield, 18 (1955), 309–331.
Sprague, J. M., and M. Meyer, An experimental study of the fornix in the rabbit. J. Anat., London, 84 (1950), 354–368.
Szentâgothai, J., and K. Rajkovits, Der Hirnnervenanteil der Pyramidenbahn und der prämotorische Apparat motorischer Hirnnervenkerne. Arch. Psychiatr. und Zschr. Neurol., Berlin, 197(1958), 335–354.
Taber, E., A. Brodaiand F.Walberg, The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. I. Normal topography and cytoarchitecture and general discussion. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 114(1960), 161–187.
Torvik, A., Afferent connections to the sensory trigeminal nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract and adjacent structures. An experimental study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 106 (1956), 51–141.
Torvik, A., and A. Brodai, The origin of reticulospinal fibers in the cat. An experimental study. Anat. Rec., Philadelphia, 128 (1957), 113–137.
Valverde, F., Reticular formation of the pons and medulla oblongata. A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 116 (1961 a), 71–100.
Valverde, F., A new type of cell in the lateral reticular formation of the brain stem. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 117 (1961 b), 189–195.
Valverde, F., Reticular formation of the albino rat’s brain stem. Cytoarchitecture and corticofugal connections. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 119 (1962), 25–53.
Walberg, F., O. Pompeiano, L. E. Westrumand E. Hauglie-Hanssen, Fastigioreticular fibers in the cat. An experimental study with silver methods. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 119 (1962), 187–200.
Woodburn, R. T., E. C. Crosbyand R. E. McCotter, The mammalian midbrain and isthmus regions. Part II. The fiber connections. A. The relations of the tegmentum of the midbrain with the basal ganglia in Macaca mulatta. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia, 85(1946), 67–92.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1964 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brodal, A. (1964). Anatomical Points of View on the Alleged Morphological Basis of Consciousness. In: Symposium on the Physiopathology of the States of Consciousness. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4702-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-4702-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-4553-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-4702-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive