Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Decay of Stone

  • Chapter
Stone

Part of the book series: Applied Mineralogy ((MINERALOGY,volume 4))

  • 153 Accesses

Abstract

The accelerating rate of decay of cultural treasures of stone and concrete is becoming a familiar story. Fig. 72 a, 72 b, 72 c suggest the progress of decay in a sandstone sculpture, exposed to the elements since 1702 and photographed in 1908

Stone decay in the industrial atmosphere of the Rhein-Ruhr; sculpture is of porous Baumberg sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) at Herten Castle near Recklinghausen, Westphalia, Germany, built in 1702. a Appearance in 1908, showing light to moderate damage, b appearance in 1969, showing almost complete destruction and ? estimate of the change in rate of decay since 1702. Photos and information supplied by Dr.Schmidt-Thomsen, Landesdenkmalamt, Westfalen-Lippe, Muenster, Germany

and 1969. The weathering damage in the first 200 years was relatively mild compared with that suffered in the 60 years of the present century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Anonymous, 1962: Air pollution measurements of the National Air Sampling Network. U.S. Public Health Service, Public Health Report 1957–1961.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anonymous, 1969: Air quality criteria for sulfur oxides. Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, Natl. Air Pollution Control Administration. U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anonymous, 1969: Reinhaltung der Luft in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Rept. Conference on Air Conservation in Düsseldorf, Oct. 13–17, 1969. Ministry of Labor and Welfare, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Beeton, A. M., 1965: Eutrophication of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 10(2), 240–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Beeton, A. M., and D. C. Chandler, 1963: St. Lawrence Great Lakes. In: Limnology in North America (D. G. Frey, ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. Wisconsin Press, pp. 535 to 558.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bolin, B., and E. Erickson, 1959: Changes in the CO2 content of the atmosphere and sea due to fossil fuel combustion. In: The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion (B. Bolin, ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bolt, J. A., 1966: Future automotive power plants — and air pollution. Proc. Symp. Natl. Conf. Air Pollution, 3rd, Washington, D.C., U.S. Dept. Public Health Service, pp. 85–101.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Carroll, D., 1962: Rainwater as a chemical agent of geologic processes — a review. U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 1535-G, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fenn, R. W., H. F. Gerber, and D. Wasshausen, 1963: Measurements of the sulfur and ammonium component of the arctic aerosol of the Greenland ice cap. J. Atmospheric Science, 20(5), 466–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Frey, D. G. (ed.), 1963: Limnology in North America. Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. Wisconsin Press, 734 p.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gorham, E., 1961: Factors influencing supply of major ions to inland waters with special reference to the atmosphere. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 72(2), 795–860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Junge, C. E., 1958: Atmospheric chemistry. Advances in Geophysics (Landsberg and Meeham, eds.), Academic Press, 4, 1–108.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Junge, C. E., and R. T. Werby, 1958: The concentration of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and sulfate in rainwater of the United States. J. Meteorology, 15(5), 417–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kieslinger, A., 1962: Water tunnels in gypsiferous rocks. Österr. Ingenieur-Zeitschrift, 5, 338–350.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Larrabee, L. R., and W. L. Mathay, 1963: Iron and steel. In: Corrosion resistance of metals and alloys (LaQuee and Copson, eds.). Reinhold, pp. 305–353.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Livingstone, D. A., 1963: Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Greenland. In: Limnology in North America (D. G. Frey, ed.). Madison, Wisconsin: University Wisconsin Press, pp. 535–558.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Meade, R. H., 1969: Errors in using modern stream load data to estimate natural rates of denudation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 80(7), 1265–1274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Nordell, E., 1951: Water treatment for industrial and other uses. New York: Reinhold, 526 p.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sumi, L., A. Corkery, and J. L. Monkman, 1959: Ca-sulfate content of urban air. Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monograph # 3, 69–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Whitehead, H. C., and J. H. Feth, 1964: Chemical composition of rain, dry fallout, and bulk precipitation at Menlo Park, California, 1957/58. J. Geophysical Research, 69(16), 3319–3331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Winkler, E. M., 1966: Important agents of weathering for building and monumental stone. Engineering Geology, 1(5), 381–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Winkler, E. M., 1970: Errors in using stream-load data to estimate natural rates of denudation: Discussion. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 81(3), 983–984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

General References on Rock Weathering

  1. Keller, W. D., 1957: The principles of chemical weathering. Columbia, Missouri: Lucas Brothers, 111 p.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kieslinger, A., 1932: Zerstörungen an Steinbauten, ihre Ursachen und ihre Abwehr. Leipzig-Wien: Deuticke.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Loughnan, F., 1969: Chemical weathering of silicate minerals. New York: Elsevier Publishing, 154 p.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ollier, C., 1969: Weathering. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 304 p.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Reiche, P., 1950: A survey of weathering processes and products. New Mexico University Publication, Geology 3.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schaffer, R. J., 1932: The weathering of natural building stones. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bldg. Res. Spec. Rept. 18, pp. 1–149.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Shore, B. C. G., 1957: Stones of Britain. London: Leonard Hill Ltd., 302 p.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Villwock, R., 1966: Industriegesteinskunde. Offenbach/Main: Stein-Verlag, 279 p.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Science, Department of Geology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA

    Professor Erhard M. Winkler

Authors
  1. Professor Erhard M. Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1975 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winkler, E.M. (1975). Decay of Stone. In: Stone. Applied Mineralogy, vol 4. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3819-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3819-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3821-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3819-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation