Skip to main content

II Funktionsdiagnostik akuter und chronischer Anpassung des Herz-Kreislaufsystems an körperliche Belastungen

  • Chapter

Zusammenfassung

Unter einer Trainingsadaptation des Herz-Kreislaufsystems versteht man eine durch Training bedingte physiologische Anpassung, die letztlich in eine erhöhte Leistungsfähigkeit mündet. Eindeutig belegt sind solche Trainingswirkungen vor allem für das Ausdauertraining bzw. für chronisch dynamische Belastungsformen. Bei anderen motorischen Beanspruchungsformen, wie Krafttraining bzw. statisches Training oder Schnelligkeitstraining, sind nur minimale oder keine Effekte auf das Herz-Kreislaufsystem nachweisbar.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   29.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • ACSM’s resource manuel for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 4th edn (2001). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams TD, Yanowitz FG, Fisher AG, Ridges JD, Lovell K, Pryor TA (1981) Noninvasive evaluation of exercise training in college-age men. Circulation 64: 958–965

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert AE, Ramaekers D (1999) Neurocardiology: the benefits of irregularity. The basics of methodology, physiology and current clinical applications. Acta Cardiol 54 (3): 107–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert H, Seps B, Beckers F (2003) Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Med 33 (12): 889–919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bianco M, Bria S, Gianfelici A, Sanna N, Palmieri V, Zeppilli P (2001) Does early repolarization in the athlete have analogies with the Brugada syndrome? Eur Heart J 22: 504–510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodner ME Rhodes EC (2000) A Review of the concept of the heart rate deflection point. Sports Med 30: 31–46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke JD, Hamley EJ (1972) The heart-rate–physical work curve analysis for the prediction of exhausting work ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 4 (1): 23–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (1998) Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3. A marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease. Circulation 97: 457–460

    Google Scholar 

  • Buch NA, Coote JH, Townend JN (2002) Mortality, cardiac vagal control and physical training–what’s the link? Exp Physiol 87 (4): 423–435

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caso P, D’Andrea A, Galderisi M, Liccardo B, Severino S De Simone L, Izzo A, D’Andrea L, Mi-ninni N (2000) Pulsed Doppler tissue imaging in endurance athletes: relation between left ventricular preload and myocardial regional diastolic function. Am J Cardiol 85: 1131–1136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman JH (1982) Profound sinus bradycardia in the athletic heart syndrome. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 22: 45–48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conconi F, Ferrari M, Ziglo PG, Droghetti P and Codeca I (1982) Determination of the anaerobic threshold by a noninvasive field test in runners. J Appl Physiol 52: 869–873

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conconi F, Grazzi G, Casoni I, Guglielmini C, Brosetto C, Ballarin E, Mazzoni G, Patracini M, Manfredi F (1996) The Conconi Test: methodology after 12 years of application. Int J Sports Med 17: 509–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corrado D, Basso C, Buja G, Nava A, Rossi L, Thiene G (2001) Right Bundle Branch Block, right precordial ST-segment elevation, and sudden death in young people. Circulation 103: 710–717

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Andrea A, Limongelli G, Caso P, Sarubbi B, Della Pietra A, Brancaccio P, Cice G, Scherillo M, Limongelli F, Calabrò R (2002) Association between left ventricular structure and cardiac performance during effort in two morphological forms of athlete’s heart. Int J Cardiol 86: 177–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Bello V, Pedrinelli R, Giorgi D, Bertini A, Talarico L, Caputo MT, Massimiliano B, Dell’Omo G, Paterni M, Giusti C (1997) Ultrasonic videodensitometric analysis of two different models of left ventricular hypertrophy. Athlete’s heart and hypertension. Hypertension 29: 937–944

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickhuth HH, Nause A, Staiger J, Bonzel T, Keul J (1983) Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular volume and stroke volume of endurance-trained athletes and untrained subjects. Int J Sports Med 4: 21–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickhuth HH, Hipp A, Niess A, Röcker K, Mayer F, Horstmann T (2001) Differentialdiagnostik der physiologischen Herzhypertrophie (Sportherz) Dtsch Z Sportmedizin 52: 205–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerman RD, Schaller F, McConathy WJ (1998) Left ventricular wall thickening does occur in elite power athletes with or witout anabolic steroid use. Cardiology 90: 145–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagard RH (1996) Athlete’s heart: a metaanalysis of the echocardiographic experience. Int J Sports Med Sci 17: 140–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisman EZ, Embon P, Pines A, Tenenbaum A, Drory Y, Shapira I, Motro M (1997) Comparison of left ventricular function using isometric exercise doppler echocardiography in competitive n_ runners and weightlifters versus sedentary individuals. Am J Cardiol 79: 355–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giada F, Bersaglia E, De Piccoli B, Franceschi M, Sartori F, Raviere A. Pancotto P (1998) Cardiovascular adaptations to endurance training and detraining in young and older athletes. Int J Cardiol 65: 149–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb BP, Karas B (1999) Clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system associated with orthostatic intolerance: an overview of classification, clinical evaluation, and management. PACE 22: 798–810

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb BP, Kanjwal MY, Kosinski DJ (2001) Review: the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome: current concepts in pathophysiology diagnosis and management. J Intervent Cardiac Electrophysiol 5: 9–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedelin R, Kentta G, Wiklund U, Bjerle P, Henriksson-Larsen K (2000) Short-term overtraining: effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32 (8): 1480–1484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hörtnagl H (1982a) Echokardiographie in der Sportmedizin. II. Neue Aspekte. Österr J Sportmed 12 /3: 3–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Hörtnagl H, Raas E (1982b) Digitized echocardiograms of the athletic heart and other forms of left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Sports Med 3 [Suppl] (abstract service World Congress on Sports Medicine, Vienna) 5 38–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Hörtnagl H, Raas E (1984) Beginnt die Herzinsuffizienz in der Diastole? In: Herzinsuffizienz. Pathopysiologie, Klinik and Therapie. In: Keul J, Dickhuth HH (Hrsg) Perimed Fachbuch Verlag, Erlangen, S 190–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Hörtnagl H, Semenitz B, Baumgartner H, Raas E (1985) Instantane Analyse von M-Mode Echokardiogrammen: Verbesserung der diastolischen Linksventrikelfunktion von Grenzwerthypertonikern nach Training? Z Kardiol 74 [Suppl] 5: 37

    Google Scholar 

  • Hörtnagl H, Semenitz B, Baumgartner H, Raas E (1988) Improvement of diastolic left ventricular function (complexe analysis from M-mode echocardiograms) in borderline hypertensives after endurance training. Int J Sports Med 9: 377

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Leitner H, Gaisl G, Neuhold C (1988) Computergestützte Auswertung des modifizierten Conconi-Tests am Fahrradergometer. Leistungssport 3: 26–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Bunc V, Leitner H, Pokan R, Gaisl G (1994a) Heart rate threshold related to lactate turn point and steady state exercise on cycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol 69 (2): 132–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Pokan R, Preidler K, Leitner H, Szolar D, Eber B, Schwaberger G (1994b) Relationship between heart rate threshold, lactate turn point and myocardial function. Int J Sports Med 15: 232–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Pokan R (1996) Neue Erkenntnisse zur Herzfrequenz-Leistungskurve. In: Müller E, Schwameder H (Hrsg) Aspekte der Sportwissenschaft. Österr Sportwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, S 121–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Pokan R, Beaufort F, Schumacher M, Fruhwald FM, Zweiker R, Eber B, Gasser R, Schmid P, Brandt D, Klein W (1996) Left ventricular function during incremental cycle ergo-meter exercise related to aerobic and anaerobic threshold in patients after myocardial infarction, healthy older subjects and young sports students. In: Chytrackova J, Kohoutek M (eds) Sport Kinetics 95, Prague, p 192–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P (1997) Die Herzfrequenz-Leistungskurve. Habilitationsschrift, KF-Universität Graz, Graz

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Pokan R, Von Duvillard SP, Seibert FJ, Zweiker R, Schmid P (1997) Heart rate performance curve during incremental cycle ergometer exercise in healthy young male subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 (6): 762–768

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, Pokan, R, Von Duvillard SP (2000) Heart rate performance curve and heart rate turn point. Acta Universitatis Tartuensis 5: 23–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Seibert FJ, Pokan R, Wonisch M, LeMura LM, Schwaberger G (2001) %HRmax target heart rate is dependent on heart rate performance curve deflection. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33 (10): 1726–1731

    Google Scholar 

  • Hottenrott K (Hrsg) (2002) Herzfrequenzvaraibilität im Sport. Prävention - Rehabilitation - Training. Schriften der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft, Bd 129

    Google Scholar 

  • Howorka K, Pumprla J, Haber P, Koller-Strametz J, Mondrzyk J, Schabmann A (1997) Effects of Physical training on heart rate variability in diabetic patients with various degrees of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Cardiovascular Res 34: 206–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huikuri, HV, Mäkikallio T, Airaksinen KEJ, Mitrani R, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ (1999) Measure- ment of heart rate variability: a clinical tool or a reserach toy? JACC 34 (7): 1878–1883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huston TP, Puffer JC, Rodny WM (1985) The athletic heart syndrome. New Engl J Med 313: 24–32

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James DVB, Barnes AJ, Lopes P, Wood DM (2002) Heart rate variability: response following a single bout of interval training. Int J Sports Med 23: 247–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirch E (1935) Anatomische Grundlagen des Sportherzens. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 47: 73

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochiadakis GE, Kanoupakis,EM, Igoumenidis NE, Merketou ME, Solomou MC, Vardas PE (1998) Spectarl analysis of heart rate variability during tilt-table testing in patients with vaso-vagal syncope. Int J Cardiol 64: 185–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristal-Boneh E, Raifel M, Froom P, Ribak J (1995) Heart rate variability in health and disease. Scand J Work Environ Health 21: 85–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laube W, Martin J, Tank J, Baevski RM, Schubert E (1996) Heart rate variability–an indicator of the muscle fatigue after physical exercise. Perfusion 9 (5): 225–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Leitner H, Hofmann P, Gaisl G (1988) A method for the microcomputer aided determination of the anaerobic threshold by means of heart rate curve analysis. Conf. Proceedings 15 years: Biomedical Engineering in Austria, Graz, 9.–1. June 1988, p 136–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Malfatto G, Branzi G, Riva B, Sala L, Leonetti G, Facchini M (2002) Recovery of cardiac autonomic responsiveness with low-intensity physical training in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Failure 4: 159–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malfatto G, Facchini M, Bragato R, Branzi G, Sala L, Leonetti G (1996) Short and long term effects of exercise training on the tonic autonomic modulation of heart rate variability after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 17: 532–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Migliaro ER, Contreras P (2003)Heart rate variability: short-term studies are as useful as holter to differentiate diabetic patients from healthy subjects. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 3(4): 313–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistry JD, Kramer CM (2003) Imaging of cardiopulmonary diseases. Clin Sports Med 22: 197–212

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moser M, Lehhofer M, Sedminek A, Lux M, Zapotoczky HG, Kenner T, Noordergraaf A (1994) Heart rate variability as a prognostic tool in cardiology. A contribution to the problem from a theoretical point of view. Circulation 90 (2): 1078–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parisi AF, Beckmann CH, Lancaster MC (1971) The spectrum of ST segment elevation in the electrocardiograms of healthy adult men. J Electrocardiol 4: 137–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Spataro A, Biffi A, Caselli G, Piovano P (2000) Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardiographic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation 18 (102): 278–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicia A, Di Paolo FM, Maron BJ (2002) The athlete’s heart: remodeling, electrocardiogram and oreparticipation screening. Cardiol Rev 10: 85–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicia A, Culasso F, Di Paolo FM, Maron JB (1999) Physiologic left ventricular cavity dilatation in elite athletes. Ann Intern Meg 130: 23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicia A, Maron JB, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G (1996) Athletes heart in women echo- cardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA 276: 211–215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pellicia A, Maron JB, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P (1991) The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med 324: 295–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pichot V, Busso T, Roche F, Garet M, Costes F, Duverney D, Lacour JR, Barthelemy JC (2002) Autonomic adaptations to intensive and overload training periods: a laboratory study. Med Sci Sports exerc 34 (10): 1660–1666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE (2000) The athlete’s heart. A meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation 100: 336–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Polar: Polar precision performance software. User’s Manual (1995) Polar Electro Professorintie 5 90440 Kempele Finland

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Dickhuth HH, Dürr H, Huonker M, Keul J (1991) Kardiale Anpassung (Echokardiographie) and Leistungsbreite bei Leistungssportlerinnen unterschiedlicher Trainingsanamnese and untrainierten Frauen. Deut Z Sportmed 42 (7): 309–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Hofmann P, Preidler K, Leitner H, Dusleag J, Eber B, Schwaberger G, Füger GF, Klein W (1993) Correlation between inflection of heart rate/work performance curve and myocardial function in exhaustive cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 67: 385–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Beaufort F, Schumacher M, Fruhwald FM, Zweiker R, Eber B, Gasser R, Brandt D, Smekal G, Klein W, Schmid P (1997) Left ventricular function in response to the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 (8): 1040–1047

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Beaufort F, Smekal G, Gasser R, Eber B, Bachl N, Schmid P (1998) The heart rate performance curve and left ventricular function during exercise in patients after myocardial infarction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30 (10): 1475–1480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Smekal G, Högler R, Tschan H, Baron R, Schmid P, Bachl N (1999) The heart rate turn point, reliability and methodological aspects. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31 (6): 903–907

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Hofmann P (2000) Heart rate turn point and heart rate performance curve–current knowledge. The Tokai Sports Med Sci 12: 9–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokan R, Schmid P (2003) Die Arterielle Hypertonie aus Sicht der Sportmedizin. In: Eber B (ed) Die arterielle Hypertonie aus interdisziplinärer Sicht. Hans Marseille Verlag GmbH, München, S 199–2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Roskamm H, Reindell H, Müller M (1966) Herzgröße and ergometrisch getestete Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit bei Hochleistungssportlern aus 9 deutschen Nationalmannschaften. Z Kreislauff 55: 2–11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rost R (1984) Herz and Sport. Beiträge zur Sportmedizin, Bd 22. Perimed, Erlangen, pp 47

    Google Scholar 

  • Schannwell CM, Schneppenheim M, Plehn G, Marx R, Strauer BE (2002) Left ventricular diastolic function in physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens 15: 513–517

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carrasco S, Gonzalez R, Gaitan HI, Yanez 0 (2003) Reproducibility of heart rate variability from short-term recordings during five maneuvers in normal subjects. Med Eng Technol 27 (6): 241–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serra-Grima R, Estorch M, Carrio I, Subirana M, Berna L, Prat T(2000) Marked ventricular re-polarization abnormalities in highly trained athletes’ electrocardiograms: clinical and prognostic implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 36: 1310–1316

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan GA, Bank R (1973) Electrocardiography in athletes. JAMA 224: 196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stauss H M (2003) Heart rate variability. Am J Physiol Regul Inter Comp Physiol 285 (5): R 927–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein R, Medeiros CM, Rosito GA, Zimerman LI, Ribeiro JP (2002) Intrinsic sinus and atrioventricular node electrophysiologic adaptations in endurance athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol 20: 1033–1038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of pacing and Electrophysiology (1996) Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 93 (5): 1043–1065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urhausen A, Kindermann W (1999) Sports-specific adaptations and differentiation of the athlete’s heart. Sports Med 28 (4): 237–244

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uusital ALT, Uusitalo AJ, Rusko H (2000) Heart rate and blood pressure variability during heavy training and overtraining in the female athlete. Int J Sports Med 21: 45–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams RS, Eden RS, Moll ME, Lester RM, Wallace AG (1981) Autonomic mechanisms of training bradycardia: (3-adrenergic receptors in humans. J Appl Physiol 51: 1232–1237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winchell RJ, Hoyt DB (1997) Analysis of heart-rate variability: a noninvasive predictor of death and poor outcome in patients with severe head injury. The J Trauma Injury Infection Critical Care 43 (6): 927–933

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wonisch M, Hofmann P, Fruhwald FM, Kraxner W, Hödl R, Pokan R, Klein W (2003) Influence of beta-blocker use on percentage of target heart rate exercise prescription. Eur J Cariovascular Prevention Rehab

    Google Scholar 

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Aubert H, Seps B, Beckers F (2003) Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Med 33 (12): 889–919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hottenrott K (Hrsg.) (2002) Herzfrequenzvaraibilität im Sport. Prävention - Rehabilitation - Training. Schriften der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft, Bd. 129. Czwalina Verlag, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindermann W, Dickhuth H H, Nieß A, Röcker K, Urhausen A (2003) Sportkardiologie Körper– liche Aktivität bei Herzerkrankungen. ISBN 3–7985–1360–0 Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pokan, R., Hofmann, P., Wonisch, M., Hörtnagl, H. (2004). II Funktionsdiagnostik akuter und chronischer Anpassung des Herz-Kreislaufsystems an körperliche Belastungen. In: Pokan, R., Förster, H., Hofmann, P., Hörtnagl, H., Ledl-Kurkowski, E., Wonisch, M. (eds) Kompendium der Sportmedizin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3781-9_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3781-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-21253-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3781-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics