Skip to main content

Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Autoimmune Skin Disorders

  • Chapter

Abstract

The medical management of autoimmune skin disorders is complex. Up to present, the mainstay of therapy of most of the previously characterized autoimmune skin diseases is based on mid- to long-term administration of immunosuppressive drugs. Although iatrogen immunosuppression took away the fatality of many autoimmune skin disorders, there are several pitfalls associated with longterm immunosuppression. Under this light, there is an urgent need to incorporate new efficient therapeutic applications which harbor fewer side effects in the medical management of autoimmune skin diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adair JR, Athwal DS, Bodmer MW, Bright SM, Collins AM, Pulito VL, Rao PE, Reedman R, Rothermel AL, Xu D (1994) Humanization of the murine anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3. Hum Antibodies Hybridomas 5: 41–47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1994) Absorption of pathogenic auto-antibodies by the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (Dsg3) produced by baculovirus. J Clin Invest 94: 59–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Green KJ, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1995) Antigen-specific immunoadsorption of pathogenic autoantibodies in pemphigus foliaceus. J Invest Dermatol 104: 895–901

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreu G, Leon A, Heshmati F, Tod M, Menkes CJ, Baudelot J, Laroche L (1994) Extracorporeal photochemotherapy: evaluation of two techniques and use in connective tissue disorders. Transfus Sci 15: 443–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araga S, Blalock JE (1994) Use of complementary peptides and their antibodies in B-cellmediated autoimmune disease: prevention of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis with a peptide vaccine. Immunomethods 5: 130–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araga S, Galin FS, Kishimoto M, Adachi A, Blalock JB (1996) Prevention of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by a monoclonal antibody to a complementary peptide for the main immunogenic region of the acetylcholine receptors. J Immunol 157: 386–392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araga S, Kishimoto M, Doi S, Nakashima K (1999) A complementa y peptide vaccine that induces T cell anergy and prevents experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. J Immunol 163: 476–482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araga S, Xu L, Nakashima K, Villain M, Blalock JE (2000) A peptide vaccine that prevents experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by specifically blocking T cell help. FASEB J 14: 185–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asadullah K, Sterry W, Stephanek K, Jasulaitis D, Leupold M, Audring H, Volk HD, Docke WD (1998) IL-10 is a key cytokine in psoriasis. Proof of principle by IL-10 therapy: a new therapeutic approach. J Clin Invest 101: 783–794

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asadullah K, Docke WD, Ebeling M, Friedrich M, Belbe G, Audring H, Volk HD, Sterry W (1999) Interleukin 10 treatment of psoriasis: clinical results of a phase 2 trial. Arch Dermatol 135: 187–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann T, Homey B, Ruzicka T (2000) Applications of tarlimns for the treatment of skin disorders. Immunopharmacology 47: 203–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bathon JM, Martin RW, Fleischmann RM, Tesser JR, Schiff MH, Keystone EC, Genovese MC, Wasko MC, Moreland LW, Weaver AL, Markenson J, Finck BK (2000) A Comparison of etanercept and methotrexate in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 343: 1586–1593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becher E, Mahnke K, Brzoska T, Kalden DH, Grabbe S, Luger TA (1999) Human peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells express functional melanocortin receptor MC-1R. Ann N Y Acad Sci 885: 188–195

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennington JL, Dau PC (1981) Patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis who undergo plasmapheresis therapy. Pathologic findings. Arch Neurol 38: 553–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger TG, Hoffman C, Thieberg MD (1995) Prurigo nodularis and photosensitivity in AIDS: treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 33: 837–838

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R (2000) Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83–99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand. Nat Med 6: 1167–1175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisaccia E, Gonzalez J, Palangio M, Schwartz J, Klainer AS (2000) Extracorporeal photo-chemotherapy alone or with adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a 9-year retrospective study at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol 43: 263–271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blalock JE (1990) Complementarity of peptides specified by ‘sense’ and ‘antisense’ strands of DNA. Trends Biotechnol 8: 140–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm M, Beissert S, Schwarz T, Metze D, Luger T (1997) Bullous pemphigoid treated with mycophenolate mofetil [letter]. Lancet 349: 541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt J, Haibel H, Comely D, Golder W, Gonzalez J, Reddig J, Thriene W, Sieper J, Braun J (2000) Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 43: 1346–1352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun N, Erley C, Klein R, Kotter I, Saal J, Risler T (2000) Immunoadsorption onto protein A induces remission in severe systemic lupus erythematosus [In Process Citation]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 1367–1372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, Doherty M, Domljan Z, Emery P, Nuki G, Pavelka K, Rau R, Rozman B, Watt I, Williams B, Aitchison R, McCabe D, Musikic P (1998) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 41: 2196–2204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brink I, Thiele B, Burmester GR, Trebeljahr G, Emmrich F, Hiepe F (1999) Effects of antiCD4 antibodies on the release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in whole blood samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 8: 723–730

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brodthagen H (1985) Significant response of oral aphthosis to thalidomide treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 13: 509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt RK, Traynor AE, Cohen B, Karlin KH, Davis FA, Stefoski D, Terry C, Lobeck L, Russell EJ, Goolsby C, Rosen S, Gordon LI, Keever-Taylor C, Brush M, Fishman M, Burns WH (1998) T cell-depleted autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: report on the first three patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 21: 537–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt RK, Traynor A, Burns W (1999a) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Cancer Treat Res 101: 157–184

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt RK, Traynor AE (1999b) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a new therapy for autoimmune disease. Stem Cells 17: 366–372

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burt RK, Marmont A, Schroeder J, Rosa R, Traynor AE (2000) Intense immune suppression for systemic lupus–the role of hematopoietic stem cells. J Clin Immunol 20: 31–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese L, Fleischer AB (2000) Thalidomide: current and potential clinical applications. Am J Med 108: 487–495

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campion GV, Lebsack ME, Lookabaugh J, Gordon G, Catalano M (1996) Dose-range and dose-frequency study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The IL-1Ra Arthritis Study Group. Arthritis Rheum 39: 1092–1101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A (1999) Passive antibody therapies: progress and continuing challenges. Clin Immunol 93: 5–15

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Kuchroo VK, Inobe J, Hafler DA, Weiner HL (1994) Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 265: 1237–1240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chong AS, Huang W, Liu W, Luo J, Shen J, Xu W, Ma L, Blinder L, Xiao F, Xu X, Clardy C, Foster P, Williams JA (1999) In vivo activity of leflunomide: pharmacokinetic analyses and mechanism of immunosuppression. Transplantation 68: 100–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costes V, Magen V, Legouffe E, Durand L, Baldet P, Rossi JF, Klein B, Brochier J (1999) The Mi15 monoclonal antibody (anti-syndecan-1) is a reliable marker for quantifying plasma cells in paraffin-embedded bone marrow biopsy specimens. Hum Pathol 30: 1405–1411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalakas MC (1998) Controlled studies with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of dermatomyositis, inclusion body myositis, and polymyositis. Neurology 51: S37 - S45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dall’Amico R, Rossetti F, Zulian F, Montini G, Murer L, Andreetta B, Messina C, Baraldi E, Montesco MC, Dini G, Locatelli F, Argiolu F, Zacchello G (1997) Photopheresis in paediatric patients with drug-resistant chronic graft-versus-host disease. Br J Haematol 97: 848–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daly BM, Shuster S (2000) Antipruritic action of thalidomide. Acta Derm Venereol 80: 24–25 Dau PC (1994) Immunomodulation during treatment of polymyositis with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drugs. J Clin Apheresis 9: 21–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Dau PC, Callahan JP (1994) Immune modulation during treatment of systemic sclerosis with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive drugs. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 70: 159–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dirschka T, Kastner U, Behrens S, Altmeyer P (1998) Successful treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum with intravenous human immunoglobulin. J Am Acad Dermatol 39: 789–790

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drakesmith H, Chain B, Beverley P (2000) How can dendritic cells cause autoimmune disease? Immunol Today 21: 214–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duda PW, Schmied MC, Cook SL, Krieger JI, Hafler DA (2000) Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 105: 967–976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Egan CA, Meadows KP, Zone JJ (2000) Plasmapheresis as a steroid saving procedure in bullous pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol 39: 230–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Long-Fox A, Charles P, Bijl H, Woody JN (1994a) Repeated therapy with monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344: 1125–1127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott MJ, Maini RN, Feldmann M, Kalden JR, Antoni C, Smolen JS, Leeb B, Breedveld FC, Macfarlane JD, Bijl H (1994b) Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344: 1105–1110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery P, Breedveld FC, Lemmel EM, Kaltwasser JP, Dawes PT, Gomor B, Van den BF, Nordstrom D, Bjorneboe O, Dahl R, Horslev-Petersen K, Rodriguez DLS, Molloy M, Tikly M, Oed C, Rosenburg R, Loew-Friedrich I (2000) A comparison of the efficacy and safety of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39: 655–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enk AH, Knop J (1999) Mycophenolate is effective in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris [see comments]. Arch Dermatol 135: 54–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enk AH, Knop J (2000) [Successful management of systemic lupus erythematosus with IgM enriched immunoglobulins]. Hautarzt 51: 416–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Faria AM, Weiner HL (1999) Oral tolerance: mechanisms and therapeutic applications. Adv Immunol 73: 153–264

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fassas A, Anagnostopoulos A, Kazis A, Kapinas K, Sakellari I, Kimiskidis V, Smias C, Eieltheriadis N, Tsimouttou V (2000) Autologous stem cell transplantation in progressive multiple sclerosis–an interim analysis of efficacy. J Clin Immunol 20: 24–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Federman GL, Federman DG (2000) Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum treated with thalidomide. Mayo Clin Proc 75: 842–844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster CS, Ahmed AR (1999) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: a preliminary study. Ophthalmology 106: 2136–2143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaubitz M, Seidel M, Kummer S, Schotte H, Perniok A, Domschke W, Schneider M (1998) Prospective randomized trial of two different immunoadsorbers in severe systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 11: 495–501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer AS, Anhalt GJ, Nousari HC (2000) Effectiveness of infliximab in the treatment of refractory perineal cutaneous Crohn disease. Arch Dermatol 136: 459–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghate JV, Jorizzo JL (1999) Behcet’s disease and complex aphthosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 40: 1–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghetie V, Ward ES (1997) FcRn: the MHC class I-related receptor that is more than an IgG transporter. Immunol Today 18: 592–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon KB, Chan LS, Woodley DT (1997) Treatment of refractory epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 136: 415–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb AB, Lebwohl M, Shirin S, Sherr A, Gilleaudeau P, Singer G, Solodkina G, Grossman R, Gisoldi E, Phillips S, Neisler HM, Krueger JG (2000) Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: results of a pilot, multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 43: 595–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grassberger M, Baumruker T, Enz A, Hiestand P, Hultsch T, Kalthoff F, Schuler W, Schulz M, Werner FJ, Winiski A, Wolff B, Zenke G (1999) A novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology. Br J Dermatol 141: 264–273

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinspan D (1985) Significant response of oral aphthosis to thalidomide treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 12: 85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grundmann-Kollmann M, Korting HC, Behrens S, Kaskel P, Leiter U, Krahn G, Kerscher M, Peter RU (1999) Mycophenolate mofetil: a new therapeutic option in the treatment of blistering autoimmune diseases. J Am Acad Dermatol 40: 957–960

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harman KE, Black MM (1999) High-dose intravenous immune globulin for the treatment of autoimmune blistering diseases: an evaluation of its use in 14 cases [see comments]. Br J Dermatol 140: 865–874

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herranz P, Pizarro A, De Lucas R, Arribas JR, Garcia-Tobaruela A, Pena JM, Casado M (1998) Treatment of AIDS-associated prurigo nodularis with thalidomide. Clin Exp Dermatol 23: 233–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herrmann ML, Schleyerbach R, Kirschbaum BJ (2000) Leflunomide: an immunomodulatory drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Immunopharmacology 47: 273–289

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiepe F, Volk HD, Apostoloff E, von Baehr R, Emmrich F (1991) Treatment of severe sys- temic lupus erythematosus with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. Lancet 338: 1529–1530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Homey B, Assmann T, Vohr HW, Ulrich P, Lauerma AI, Ruzicka T, Lehmann P, Schuppe HC (1998) Topical FK506 suppresses cytokine and costimulatory molecule expression in epidermal and local draining lymph node cells during primary skin immune responses. J Immunol 160: 5331–5340

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang FP, Platt N, Wykes M, Major JR, Powell TJ, Jenkins CD, MacPherson GG (2000) A discrete subpopulation of dendritic cells transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes. J Exp Med 191: 435–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hundt M, Manger K, Dorner T, Grimbacher B, Kalden P, Rascu A, Weber D, Burmester GR, Peter HH, Kalden JR, Schmidt RE (2000) Treatment of acute exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin Rheumatology (Oxford) 39: 1301–1302

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikonomov V, Samtleben W, Schmidt B, Blumenstein M, Gurland HJ (1992) Adsorption profile of commercially available adsorbents: an in vitro evaluation. Int J Artif Organs 15: 312–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaacs JD, Burrows N, Wing M, Keogan MT, Rebello PR, Watts RA, Pye RJ, Norris P, Hazelman BL, Hale G, Waldmann H (1997) Humanized anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Clin Exp Immunol 110: 158–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyer CG, Languillon J, Ramanujam K, Tarabini-Castellani G, las Aguas JT, Bechelli LM, Uemura K, Martinez D, V, Sundaresan T (1971) WHO co-ordinated short-term double-blind trial with thalidomide in the treatment of acute lepra reactions in male lepromatous patients. Bull World Health Organ 45: 719–732

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D, Misbah S, O’Donoghue D, Scott D, Lockwood CM (2000) Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. QJM 93: 433–439

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, Cobby M, Bresnihan B, Aitchison R, McCabe D (2000) A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum 43: 1001–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Ford CC, Goodman A, Guarnaccia J, Lisak RP, Myers LW, Panitch HS, Pruitt A, Rose JW, Kachuck N, Wolinsky JS (2000) Sustained clinical benefits of glatiramer acetate in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients observed for 6 years. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Mult Scier 6: 255–266

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kappos L, Comi G, Panitch H, Oger J, Antel J, Conlon P, Steinman L, et al. (2000) Induction of a non-encephalitogenic type 2 T helper-cell autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis after administration of an altered peptide ligand in a placebo-controlled, randomized phase II trial. Nat Med 6: 1176–1182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersh GJ, Allen PM (1996a) Structural basis for T cell recognition of altered peptide ligands: a single T cell receptor can productively recognize a large continuum of related ligands. J Exp Med 184: 1259–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersh GJ, Allen PM (1996b) Essential flexibility in the T-cell recognition of antigen. Nature 380: 495–498

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khamashta MA, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Hughes GR (2000) Therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus: new agents and new evidence. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9: 1581–1593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knobler RM (1994) Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for the treatment of lupus erythematosus: preliminary observations. Springer Semin Immunopathol 16: 323–325

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kofler H, Wambacher-Gasser B, Topar G, Weinlich G, Schuler G, Hintner H, Romani N, Fritsch P (1997) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in therapy-resistant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 36: 331–335

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krasagakis K, Dippel E, Ramaker J, Owsianowski M, Orfanos CE (1998) Management of severe scleroderma with long-term extracorporeal photopheresis. Dermatology 196: 309–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuchroo VK, Greer JM, Kaul D, Ishioka G, Franco A, Sette A, Sobel RA, Lees MB (1994) A single TCR antagonist peptide inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mediated by a diverse T cell repertoire. J Immunol 153: 3326–3336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz ES, Bailey SC, Arshad F, Lee AA, Przekop PA (1995) Leflunomide: an active anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative agent in models of dermatologic disease. Inflamm Res 44 Suppl 2: S187 - S188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutsuki H, Takata S, Yamamoto K, Tani N (1998) Therapeutic selective adsorption of anti-DNA antibody using dextran sulfate cellulose column ( Selesorb) for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Ther Apher 2: 18–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakis KP, Kontochristopoulos GJ, Panteleos DN (2000) Experience with low-dose tha- lidomide therapy in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol 39: 218–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letko E, Bhol K, Foster CS, Ahmed AR (2000) Linear IgA bullous disease limited to the eye: a diagnostic dilemma: response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Ophthalmology 107: 1524–1528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy Y, Sherer Y, Langevitz P, Lorber M, Rotman P, Fabrizzi F, Shoenfeld Y (2000) Skin score decrease in systemic sclerosis patients treated with intravenous immunoglobulin–a preliminary report. Clin Rheumatol 19: 207–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liblau R, Tisch R, Bercovici N, McDevitt HO (1997) Systemic antigen in the treatment of Tcell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 18: 599–604

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Link H, Huang YM, Xiao BG (1999) Dendritic cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 100: 102–110

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsky JJ (1996) Mycophenolate mofetil. Lancet 348: 1357–1359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell DJ, Giannini EH, Reiff A, Cawkwell GD, Silverman ED, Nocton JJ, Stein LD, Gedalia A, Ilowite NT, Wallace CA, Whitmore J, Finck BK (2000) Etanercept in children with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 342: 763–769

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludewig B, Odermatt B, Landmann S, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM (1998) Dendritic cells induce autoimmune diabetes and maintain disease via de novo formation of local lymphoid tissue. J Exp Med 188: 1493–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ludewig B, Odermatt B, Ochsenbein AF, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1999) Role of dendritic cells in the induction and maintenance of autoimmune diseases Immunol Rev 169: 45–54

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz MB, Suri RM, Niimi M, Ogilvie AL, Kukutsch NA, Rossner S, Schuler G, Austyn JM (2000) Immature dendritic cells generated with low doses of GM-CSF in the absence of IL-4 are maturation resistant and prolong allograft survival in vivo. Eur J Immunol 30: 1813–1822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M, Smolen J, Emery P, Harriman G, Feldmann M, Lipsky P (1999) Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 354: 1932–1939

    Google Scholar 

  • Manna SK, Mukhopadhyay A, Aggarwal BB (2000) Leflunomide suppresses TNF-induced cellular responses: effects on NF- kappaB, activator protein-1, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, and apoptosis. J Immunol 165: 5962–5969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marmont AM (2000) New horizons in the treatment of autoimmune diseases• immunoablation and stem cell transplantation. Annu Rev Med 51: 115–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moraes MO, Sarno EN, Teles RM, Almeida AS, Saraiva BC, Nery JA, Sampaio EP (2000) Anti-inflammatory drugs block cytokine mRNA accumulation in the skin and improve the clinical condition of reactional leprosy patients. J Invest Dermatol 115: 935–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau T, Coles A, Wing M, Thorpe J, Miller D, Moseley I, Issacs J, Hale G, Clayton D, Scolding N, Waldmann H, Compston A (1996) CAMPATH-IH in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1: 357–365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morel P, Revillard JP, Nicolas JF, Wijdenes J, Rizova H, Thivolet J (1992) Anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in severe psoriasis. J Autoimmun 5: 465–477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morton SJ, Powell RJ (2000) Cyclosporin and tacrolimus: their use in a routine clinical setting for scleroderma. Rheumatology (Oxford) 39: 865–869

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson LB, Greer JM, Sobel RA, Lees MB, Kuchroo VK (1995) An altered peptide ligand mediates immune deviation and prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunity 3: 397–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nie Z, Garrod DR, Chan LS, Hashimoto T (1999) Complementary peptides against the major epitope in the NC16A domain of BP180 show no specificity as vaccines to bullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci 21: 157–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ (2000) Bullous pemphigoid treated with leflunomide: A novel immunomodulatory agent. Arch Dermatol 136: 1204–1205

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell BF, Barr RM, Black AK, Francis DM, Kermani F, Niimi N, Barlow RJ, Winkelmann RK, Greaves MW (1998) Intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune chronic urticaria. Br J Dermatol 138: 101–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogilvie ALJ, Antoni CH, Dechant C et al. (2001) Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with antiTNF-alpha antibody clears skin lesions of psoriasis resistant to treatment with methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 144: 587–589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oh CJ, Das KM, Gottlieb AB (2000) Treatment with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNFalpha) monoclonal antibody dramatically decreases the clinical activity of psoriasis lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 42: 829–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong CS, Benson EM (2000) Successful treatment of chronic leucocytoclastic vasculitis and persistent ulceration with intravenous immunoglobulin. Br J Dermatol 143: 447–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordi-Ros J, Cortes F, Cucurull E, Mauri M, Bujan S, Vilardell M (2000) Thalidomide in the treatment of cutaneous lupus refractory to conventional therapy. J Rheumatol 27: 1429–1433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owsianowski M, Garbe C, Ramaker J, Orfanos CE, Gollnick H (1996) [Therapeutic experiences with extracorporeal photopheresis. Technical procedure, follow-up and clinical outcome in 31 skin diseases]. Hautarzt 47: 114–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Passweg J, Gratwohl A, Tyndall A (1999) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune disorders. Curr Opin Hematol 6: 400–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick CC (1990) Organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Immunol Ser 50: 435–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pavletic ZS (1997) Treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 127: 572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perotti C, Torretta L, Viarengo G, Roveda L, Bernuzzi S, Carbone S, Del Fante C, La Torre R, Locatelli F, Bonetti F, Gabba P, Bellosta M, Salvaneschi L (1999) Feasibility and safety of a new technique of extracorporeal photochemotherapy: experience of 240 procedures. Haematologica 84: 237–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash A, Jarvis B (1999) Leflunomide: a review of its use in active rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 58: 1137–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulito VL, Roberts VA, Adair JR, Rothermel AL, Collins AM, Varga SS, Martocello C, Bodmer M, Jolliffe LK, Zivin RA (1996) Humanization and molecular modeling of the anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody, OKT4A J Immunol 156: 2840–2850

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Berg R, Singleton MA, Debrick JE, Staerz UD (1996) Hybrid antibody mediated veto of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. J Exp Med 183: 1973–1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi Y, Staerz UD (1998) Specific inhibition of CD4+ T lymphocytes by a hybrid antibody. Nat Biotechnol 16: 271–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quaratino S, Duddy LP, Londei M (2000) Fully competent dendritic cells as inducers of T cell anergy in autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 10911–10916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter HI, Krutmann J, Goerz G (1998) [Extracorporeal photopheresis in therapy-refractory disseminated discoid lupus erythematosus]. Hautarzt 49: 487–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Rook AH, Suchin KR, Kao DM, Yoo EK, Macey WH, DeNardo BJ, Bromely PG, Geng Y, Junkins-Hopkins JM, Lessin SR (1999) Photopheresis: clinical applications and mechanism of action. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 4: 85–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rostami AM, Sater RA, Bird SJ, Galetta S, Farber RE, Kamoun M, Silberberg DH, Grossman RI, Pfohl D (1999) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extracorporeal photopheresis in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 5: 198–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleh MN, Gutheil J, Moore M, Bunch PW, Butler J, Kunkel L, Grillo-Lopez AJ, LoBuglio AF (2000) A pilot study of the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in patients with refractory immune thrombocytopenia. Semin Oncol 27: 99–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvaneschi L, Perotti C, Torretta L (2000) Adverse effects associated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Transfusion 40: 121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sands BE, Bank S, Sninsky CA, Robinson M, Katz S, Singleton JW, Miner PB, Safdi MA, Galandiuk S, Hanauer SB, Varilek GW, Buchman AL, Rodgers VD, Salzberg B, Cai B, Loewy J, DeBruin MF, Rogge H, Shapiro M, Schwertschlag US (1999) Preliminary evaluation of safety and activity of recombinant human interleukin 11 in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology 117: 58–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sauter B, Albert ML, Francisco L, Larsson M, Somersan S, Bhardwaj N (2000) Consequences of cell death: exposure to necrotic tumor cells, but not primary tissue cells or apoptotic cells, induces the maturation of immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J Exp Med 191: 423–434

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawada S, Suzuki G, Kawase Y, Takaku F (1987) Novel immunosuppressive agent, FK506. In vitro effects on the cloned T cell activation. J Immunol 139: 1797–1803

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider M (1996) [Pl. Z Rheumatol 55: 90–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulze-Koops H, Davis LS, Haverty TP, Wacholtz MC, Lipsky PE (1998) Reduction of Thl cell activity in the peripheral circulation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis after treatment with a non-depleting humanized monoclonal antibody to CD4. J Rheumatol 25: 2065–2076

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz J, Gonzalez J, Palangio M, Klainer AS, Bisaccia E (1997) Extracorporeal photo-chemotherapy in progressive systemic sclerosis: a follow-up study. Int J Dermatol 36: 380–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibaud V, Beylot-Barry M, Doutre MS, Beylot C (2000) [Successful treatment of corticoid-resistant pemphigus with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 127: 408–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoda RC, Tichelli A, Tyndall A, Hoffmann T, Gillessen S, Gratwohl A (1997) Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with chronic autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 99: 56–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith LR, Bost KL, Blalock JE (1987) Generation of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies by immunization with peptides encoded by complementary RNA: a possible molecular basis for the network theory. J Immunol 138: 7–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snowden JA, Biggs JC, Milliken ST, Fuller A, Brooks PM (1999) A phase I/II dose escalation study of intensified cyclophosphamide and autologous blood stem cell rescue in severe, active rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 42: 2286–2292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sondergaard K, Carstens J, Jorgensen J, Zachariae H (1995) The steroid-sparing effect of long-term plasmapheresis in pemphigus. Acta Derm Venereol 75: 150–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sondergaard K, Carstens J, Zachariae H (1997) The steroid-sparing effect of long-term plasmapheresis in pemphigus: an update. Ther Apher 1: 155–158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staerz UD, Qi Y (1999) Treatment of an autoimmune disease with “classical” T cell veto: a proposal. J Clin Immunol 19: 195–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staerz UD, Lee DS, Qi Y (2000) Induction of specific immune tolerance with hybrid antibodies Immunol Today 21: 172–176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley JR (1989) Pemphigus and pemphigoid as paradigms of organ-specific, auto-antibody-mediated diseases. J Clin Invest 83: 1443–1448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbrink K, Wolfl M, Jonuleit H, Knop J, Enk AH (1997) Induction of tolerance by IL-10treated dendritic cells. J Immunol 159: 4772–4780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbrink K, Jonuleit H, Muller G, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH (1999) Interleukin-l0treated human dendritic cells induce a melanoma-antigen-specific anergy in CD8(+) T cells resulting in a failure to lyse tumor cells. Blood 93: 1634–1642

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, Mayer L, Present DH, Braakman T, DeWoody KL, Schaible TF, Rutgeerts PJ (1997) A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med 337: 1029–1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treon SP, Raje N, Anderson KC (2000) Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of plasma cell malignancies. Semin Oncol 27: 598–613

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner MS, Sutton D, Sauder DN (2000) The use of plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 43: 1058–1064

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch F, Kruithof E, De Vos M, De Keyser F, Mielants H (2000a) Crohn’s disease associated with spondyloarthropathy: effect of TNF- alpha blockade with infliximab on articular symptoms. Lancet 356: 1821–1822

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch F, Kruithof E, Baeten D, De Keyser F, Mielants H, Veys EM (2000b) Effects of a loading dose regimen of three infusions of chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha (infliximab) in spondyloarthropathy: an open pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis 59: 428–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Oosten BW, Lai M, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Hodgkinson S, Polman CH (1996) A phase II trial of anti-CD4 antibodies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1: 339–342

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Oosten BW, Lai M, Hodgkinson S, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Rudge P, McDougall A, McLeod JG, Ader HJ, Polman CH (1997) Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody cM-T412: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, MR- monitored phase II trial. Neurology 49: 351–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Viard I, Wehrli P, Bullani R, Schneider P, Holler N, Salomon D, Hunziker T, Saurat JH, Tschopp J, French LE (1998) Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 282: 490–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viertel A, Weidmann E, Wigand R, Geiger H, Mondorf OF (2000) Treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus with immunoadsorption and intravenous immunoglobulins. Intensive Care Med 26: 823–824

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voigtländer C, Lüftl M, Schuler G, Hertl M (2001) Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha antibody), a novel highly effective treatment of recalcitrant subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson). Arch Dermatol (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace DJ (1999) Apheresis for lupus erythematosus. Lupus 8: 174–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren KJ, Nopper AJ, Crosby DL (1998) Thalidomide for recalcitrant discoid lesions in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 39: 293–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinblatt ME, Kremer JM, Bankhurst AD, Bulpitt KJ, Fleischmann RM, Fox RI, Jackson CG, Lange M, Burge DJ (1999) A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor: Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. N Engl J Med 340: 253–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinblatt ME, Dixon JA, Falchuk KR (2000) Serious liver disease in a patient receiving methotrexate and leflunomide. Arthritis Rheum 43: 2609–2611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendling D, Racadot E, Wijdenes J (1993) Treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis by antiinterleukin 6 monoclonal antibody. J Rheumatol 20: 259–262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendling D, Racadot E, Toussirot E, Wijdenes J (1996) Combination therapy of anti-CD4 and anti-IL6 monoclonal antibodies in a case of severe spondylarthropathy. Br J Rheumatol 35: 1330

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wendling D, Racadot E, Wijdenes J, Sibilia J, Flipo RM, Cantagrel A, Miossec P, Eschard JP, Macro M, Bertin P, Liote F, Debiais F, Juvin R, Le Goff P, Masson C (1998) A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled multicenter trial of murine anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 25: 1457–1461

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolkenstein P, Latarjet J, Roujeau JC, Duguet C, Boudeau S, Vaillant L, Maignan M, Schuhmacher MH, Milpied B, Pilorget A, Bocquet H, Brun-Buisson C, Revuz J (1998) Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 352: 1586–1589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollina U, Looks A, Schneider R, Maak B (1998) Disabling morphoea of childhood-beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 23: 292–293

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollina U, Lange D, Looks A (1999) Short-time extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of drug-resistant autoimmune bullous diseases. Dermatology 198: 140–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada H, Yaguchi H, Takamori K, Ogawa H (1997) Plasmapheresis for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. Ther Apher 1: 178–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yocum DE, Solinger AM, Tesser J, Gluck O, Cornett M, O’Sullivan F, Nordensson K, Dallaire B, Shen CD, Lipani J (1998) Clinical and immunologic effects of a PRIMATIZED anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a phase I, single dose, dose escalating trial. J Rheumatol 25: 1257–1262

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Mihara M, Kishimoto T (1998) Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis by blocking IL-6 signal transduction with a humanized anti-IL-6 receptor antibody. Springer Semin Immunopathol 20: 247–259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Lennon VA (1999) Mechanism of intravenous immune globulin therapy in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. N Engl J Med 340: 227–228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Thoma-Uszynski, S., Hertl, M. (2001). Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Autoimmune Skin Disorders. In: Hertl, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3706-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3704-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics