Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin pp 1–20Cite as

Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease

  • Chapter

Abstract

The term autoimmunity signifies the presence of specific memory-type immune reactions that are directed against one or more self-epitopes. Under most conditions, autoimmunity is determined in terms of immunoglobulins that react with either unknown or well-defined human antigens. Today it is supposed that the production of these autoantibodies requires prior activation of potentially autoreactive B cells by memory T cells. These T cells not only have to recognize a closely related peptide structure. Importantly, these T cells can stimulate B cells only when primed by activated antigen presenting cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrams JR, Kelley SL, Hayes E, Kikuchi T, Brown MJ, Kang S, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Linsley PS, Krueger JG (2000) Blockade of T lymphocyte costimulation with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig) reverses the cellular pathology of psoriatic plaques, including the activation of keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. J Exp Med 192: 681–694

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ackermann L, Harvima IT (1998) Mast cells of psoriatic and atopic dermatitis skin are positive for TNF-alpha and their degranulation is associated with expression of ICAM-1 in the epidermis. Arch Dermatol Res 290: 353–359

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adorini L, Sinigaglia F (1997) Pathogenesis and immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 18: 209–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akdis CA, Joss A, Akdis M, Faith A, Blaser K (2000) A molecular basis for T cell suppression by IL-10: CD28-associated IL-10 receptor inhibits CD28 tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding. Faseb J 14: 1666–1668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Albert ML, Sauter B, Bhardwaj N (1998) Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. Nature 392: 86–89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alferink J, Tafuri A, Vestweber D, Hallmann R, Hammerling GJ, Arnold B (1998) Control of neonatal tolerance to tissue antigens by peripheral T cell trafficking. Science 282: 1338–1341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR (1991) Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell 67: 869–877

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amagai M, Hashimoto T, Shimizu N, Nishikawa T (1994) Absorption of pathogenic antoantibodies by the extracellular domain of pemphigus vulgaris antigen (Dsg 3) produced by baculovirus. J Clin Invest 94: 59–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold B, Schonrich G, Hammerling GJ (1993) Multiple levels of peripheral tolerance. Immunol. Today 14: 12–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, Walters IB, Krueger JG (1999) The majority of epidermal T cells in Psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients. J Invest Dermatol 113: 752–759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachmaier K, Neu N, de la Maza LM, Pal S, Hessel A, Penninger JM (1999) Chlamydia in- fections and heart disease linked through antigenic mimicry. Science 283: 1335–1339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banchereau J, Bazan F, Blanchard D, Briere F, Galizzi JP, van Kooten C, Liu YJ, Rousset F, Saeland S (1994) The CD40 antigen and its ligand. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 881–922

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banchereau J, Steinman RM (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392: 245–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bendelac A, Carnaud C, Boitard C, Bach JF (1987) Syngeneic transfer of autoimmune diabetes from diabetic NOD mice to healthy neonates. Requirement for both L3T4+ and Lyt2+ T cells. J Exp Med 166: 823–832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg PA, Klein R, Röcken M (1997) Cytokines in primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 17: 115–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Kneilling M, Mailhammer R, Maier K, Sander CA, Kollias G, Kunkel SL, Hultner L, Röcken M (2000) Mast Cells Control Neutrophil Recruitment during T Cell-mediated Delayed-type Hypersensitivity Reactions through Tumor Necrosis Factor and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 2. J Exp Med 192: 1441–1452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Mailhammer R, Mai A, Sander C, Ogilvie A, Brombacher F, Maier K, Levine AD, Röcken M (2001) Reversal of established delayed type hypersensitivity reactions following therapy with II.-4 or antigen-specific Th2 cells. Eur J Immunol 31: 1582–1591

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biedermann T, Röcken M (2001) T cells. In Immune Mechanisms in cutaneous disease, 2nd Edition, DA Norris, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., in press

    Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff SC, Lorentz A, Schwengberg S, Weier G, Raab R, Manns MP (1999) Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue. Gut 44: 643–652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman M, Kappler J, Marrack P (1990) The role of the T cell receptor in positive and negative selection of developing T cells. Science 248: 1335–1341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonomo A, Matzinger P (1993) Thymus epithelium induces tissue-specific tolerance. J Exp Med 177: 1153–1164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouneaud C, Kourilsky P, Bousso P (2000) Impact of Negative Selection on the T Cell Repertoire Reactive to a Self-Peptide. A Large Fraction of T Cell Clones Escapes Clonal Deletion. Immunity 13: 829–840

    Google Scholar 

  • Büdinger L, Borradori L, Yee C, Eming R, Ferencik S, Grosse-Wilde H, Merk HF, Yancey K, Hertl M (1998) Identification and characterization of autoreactive T cell responses to bullous pemphigoid antigen 2 in patients and healthy controls. J Clin Invest 102: 2082–2089

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Diaz L, Giudice G, Liu Z (2000) The role of C5a in mast cell activation during subepidermal blistering in experimetnal bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 114 (A): 762

    Google Scholar 

  • Christophers E (1996) The immunopathology of psoriasis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 110: 199–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang TY, Stitle L, Brashear R, Lewis C (1999) Hepatitis C virus and lichen planus: A case-control study of 340 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 41: 787–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degitz K, Röcken M (1997) Lichen ruber planus nach Hepatitis-B-Impfung. In: Plewig G and Przybilla B (eds) Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie and Venerologie ( 1996 ) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 426–427

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ehl S, Hombach J, Aichele P, Rulicke T, Odermatt B, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel R, Pircher H (1998) Viral and bacterial infections interfere with peripheral tolerance induction and activate CD8+ T cells to cause immunopathology. J Exp Med 187: 763–774

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldmann M, Brennan FM, Maini RN (1996) Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol 14: 397–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam AM, Lock CB, Smilek DE, Pearson CI, Steinman L, McDevitt HO (1994) Minimum structural requirements for peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules: implications in induction of autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 767–771

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelbmann CM, Mestermann S, Gross V, Kollinger M, Scholmerich J, Falk W (1999) Strictures in Crohns disease are characterised by an accumulation of mast cells colocalised with laminin but not with fibronectin or vitronectin. Gut 45: 210–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerlach JT, Diepolder HM, Jung MC, Gruener NH, Schraut WW, Zachoval R, Hoffmann R, Schirren CA, Santantonio T, Pape GR (1999) Recurrence of hepatitis C virus after loss of virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell response in acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 117: 933–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman M, Druet P, Gleichmann E (1991) TH2 cells in systemic autoimmunity: insights from allogeneic diseases and chemically-induced autoimmunity. Immunol Today 12: 223–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodnow CC, Brink R, Adams E (1991) Breakdown of self-tolerance in anergic B lymphocytes. Nature 352: 532–536

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green EA, Flavell RA (2000) The temporal importance of TNFalpha expression in the development of diabetes. Immunity 12: 459–469

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groux H, Garra A, Bigler M, Rouleau M, Antonenko S, de Vries JE, Roncarolo MG (1997) A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature 389: 737–742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison LC, Honeyman MC, DeAizpurua HJ, Schmidli RS, Colman PG, Tait BD, Cram DS (1993) Inverse relation between humoral and cellular immunity to glutamic acid decarboxylase in subjects at risk of insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 341: 1365–1369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertl M, Karr RW, Amagai M, Katz SI (1998) Heterogeneous MHC II restriction pattern of autoreactive desmoglein 3 specific T cell responses in pemphigus vulgaris patients and normals. J Invest Dermatol 110: 388–392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertl M (2000) Humoral and cellular autoimmunity in autoimmune bullous skin disorders. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 122: 91–100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH (2000) Induction of interleukin 10-producing, nonproliferating CD4(+) T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 192: 1213–1222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalinski P, Hilkens CM, Wierenga EA, Kapsenberg ML (1999) T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells: the concept of a third signal. Immunol. Today 20: 561–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz JD, Benoist C, Mathis D (1995) T helper cell subsets in insulin-dependent diabetes. Science 268: 1185–1188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisielow P, Teh HS, Bluthmann H, von Boehmer H (1988) Positive selection of antigen-specific T cells in thymus by restricting MHC molecules. Nature 335: 730–733

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisielow P, von Boehmer H (1995) Development and selection of T cells: facts and puzzles. Adv Immunol 58: 87–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb H, Kolb-Bachofen V, Roep BO (1995) Autoimmune versus inflammatory type I diabetes: a controversy? Immunol Today 16: 170–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL (2000) Disruption of positive selection of thymocytes causes autoimmunity. Nat Med 6: 298–305

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzavecchia A (1985) Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature 314: 533–539

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Limmer A, Sacher T, Alferink J, Kretschmar M, Schonrich G, Nichterlein T, Arnold B, Hammerling GJ (1998) Failure to induce organ-specific autoimmunity by breaking of tolerance: importance of the microenvironment. Eur J Immunol 28: 2395–2406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Giudice GJ, Swartz SJ, Fairley JA, Till GO, Troy JL, Diaz LA (1995) The role of complement in experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Clin Invest 95: 1539–1544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Shipley JM, Vu TH, Zhou X, Diaz LA, Werb Z, Senior RM (1998) Gelatinase B-defi- cient mice are resistant to experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Exp Med 188: 475–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Z, Shapiro SD, Zhou X, Twining SS, Senior RM, Giudice GJ, Fairley JA, Diaz LA (2000) A critical role for neutrophil elastase in experimental bullous pemphigoid. J Clin Invest 105: 113–123

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louis JA, Chiller JM, Weigle WO (1973) The ability of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to modulate the induction of unresponsiveness to a state of immunity. Cellular parameters. J Exp Med 138: 1481–1495

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, McFarland HF, McFarlin DE (1992) Immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 10: 153–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P (1994) Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annu Rev Immunol 12: 991–1045

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P, Anderson CC (2001) Immunity or tolerance: Opposite outcomes of microchimerism from skin grafts. Nat Med 7: 80–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J, VanderStoep A, Finck B, Burge DJ (2000) Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a randomised trial. Lancet 356: 385–390

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mican JM, Metcalfe DD (1990) Arthritis and mast cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 86: 677–683

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mokhtarian F, McFarlin DE, Raine CS (1984) Adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein-sensitized T cells produces chronic relapsing demyelinating disease in mice. Nature 309: 356–358

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moradpour D, Blum HE (1999) Current and evolving therapies for hepatitis C. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11: 1199–1202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moser M, Murphy KM (2000) Dendritic cell regulation of TH1-TH2 development. Nat Immunol 1: 199–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, Zinkernagel RM (1993) Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells. Nature 362: 758–761

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann TR, Coffman RL (1989) TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7: 145–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann TR, Sad S (1996) The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 17: 138–146

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naucler CS, Larsson S, Moller E (1996) A novel mechanism for virus-induced autoimmunity in humans. Immunol Rev 152: 175–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohashi PS, Oehen S, Buerki K, Pircher H, Ohashi CT, Odermatt B, Malissen B, Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H (1991) Ablation of “tolerance” and induction of diabetes by virus infection in viral antigen transgenic mice. Cell 65: 305–317

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oldstone MB, Nerenberg M, Southern P, Price J, Lewicki H (1991) Virus infection triggers insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in a transgenic model: role of anti-self (virus) immune response. Cell 65: 319–331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powrie F (1995) T cells in inflammatory bowel disease: protective and pathogenic roles. Immunity 3: 171–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prinz JC (1999) Which T cells cause psoriasis? Clin Exp Dermatol 24: 291–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racke MK, Bonomo A, Scott DE, Cannella B, Levine A, Raine CS, Shevach EM, Rocken M (1994) Cytokine-induced immune deviation as a therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 180: 1961–1966

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha B, von Boehmer H (1991) Peripheral selection of the T cell repertoire. Science 251: 1225–1228

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Röcken M, Saurat, JH, Hauser C (1992a) A common precursor for CD4+ T cells producing IL-2 or IL-4. J Immunol 148: 1031–1036

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Röcken M, Urban JF, Shevach EM (1992b) Infection breaks T-cell tolerance. Nature 359: 79–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Röcken M, Urban J, Shevach EM (1994) Antigen-specific activation, tolerization, and reactivation of the interleukin 4 pathway in vivo. J Exp Med 179: 1885–1893

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Röcken M, Shevach EM (1996) Immune deviation - the third dimension of nondeletional T cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 149: 175–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Röcken M, Racke M, Shevach EM (1996) IL-4-induced immune deviation as antigen-specific therapy for inflammatory autoimmune disease. Immunol Today 17: 225–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rothe MJ, Nowak M, Kerdel FA (1990) The mast cell in health and disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 23: 615–624

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin RL (1997) Dubois Lupus Erythematosus, 5th Edition, Wallace DJ and Hahn BH (eds) Williams & Wilkens, Baltimore, 871–901

    Google Scholar 

  • Schonrich G, Kalinke U, Momburg F, Malissen M, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Malissen B, Hammerling GJ, Arnold B (1991) Down-regulation of T cell receptors on self-reactive T cells as a novel mechanism for extrathymic tolerance induction. Cell 65: 293–304

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler G, Steinman RM (1997) Dendritic cells as adjuvants for immune-mediated resistance to tumors. J Exp Med 186: 1183–1187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuler G, Thurner B, Romani N (1997) Dendritic cells: from ignored cells to major players in T-cell-mediated immunity. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 112: 317–322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz RH (1998) Immunological tolerance. In Fundamental Immunology, 4th Edition, Paul WE (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, New York, 701–740

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinha AA, Lopez MT, McDevitt HO (1990) Autoimmune diseases: the failure of self tolerance. Science 248: 1380–1388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenger S, Modlin RL (1999) T cell mediated immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2: 89–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockinger B (1999) T lymphocyte tolerance: from thymic deletion to peripheral control mechanisms. Adv Immunol 71: 229–265

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strober W, Ehrhardt RO (1993) Chronic intestinal inflammation: an unexpected outcome in cytokine or T cell receptor mutant mice. Cell 75: 203–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tessari G, Barba A, Schena D (1996) Lichen ruber planus following the administration of human anti-hepatitis B virus immunoglobulins [letter]. Acta Derm Venereol 76: 154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vollmer S, Menssen A, Trommler P, Schendel D, Prinz JC (1994) T lymphocytes derived from skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris express a novel cytokine pattern that is distinct from that of T helper type 1 and T helper type 2 cells. Eur J Immunol 24: 2377–2382

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • von Herrath MG, Guerder S, Lewicki H, Flavell RA, Oldstone MB (1995) Coexpression of B7-1 and viral (“self”) transgenes in pancreatic beta cells can break peripheral ignorance and lead to spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Immunity 3: 727–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb S, Morris C, Sprent J (1990) Extrathymic tolerance of mature T cells: clonal elimination as a consequence of immunity. Cell 63: 1249–1256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber S, Traunecker A, Oliver” F, Gerhard W, Karjalainen K (1992) Specific low-affinity recognition of major histocompatibility complex plus peptide by soluble T-cell receptor. Nature 356: 793–796

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg AD, English M, Swain SL (1990) Distinct regulation of lymphokine production is found in fresh versus in vitro primed mucine helper T cells J Immunol 144: 1800–1807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995) Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoimmunity: viral peptides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80: 695–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Hafler D, Hohlfeld R, Miller A, eds (1998) Immunotherapy in neuroimmunologic diseases. Martin Dunitz Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann S, Egeter O, Hausmann S, Lipford GB, Röcken M, Wagner H, Heeg K (1998) CpG oligodeoxynucleotides trigger protective and curative Th1 responses in lethal mucine leishmaniasis. J Immunol 160: 3627–3630

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel RM (1996) Immunology taught by viruses. Science 271: 173–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Martin Röcken
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tilo Biedermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Hartmannstr. 14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany

    Michael Hertl MD (Professor of Dermatology) (Professor of Dermatology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Röcken, M., Biedermann, T. (2001). Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Disease. In: Hertl, M. (eds) Autoimmune Diseases of the Skin. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3704-8_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3706-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3704-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation