Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rh System

  • Chapter
Human Blood Groups

  • 105 Accesses

Abstract

In 1939, Levine and Stetson [64] first assumed that serological incompatibility between mother and child was the cause of erythroblastosis foetalis, or haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The authors found that a maternal antibody entering the foetal circulation leads to destruction of foetal erythrocytes. One year later, Wiener and Peters [113] were able to identify the same antibody in the serum of individuals showing transfusion reactions after ABO-compatible blood transfusions. In 1941, Levine et al. [65] reported that the antibody responsible for this disease had the same specificity as the anti-Rhesus antibody obtained by Landsteiner and Wiener [59,60] after injecting rabbits and guinea pigs with erythrocytes of rhesus monkeys.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Agre, P., Saboori, A.M., Asimos, A. & Smith, B.L. (1987): Purification and partial characterization of the M, 30,000 integral membrane protein associated with the erythrocyte RhD antigen. J. Biol. Chem. 262. 17497–17503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Anstee, D.J. & Edwards, P.A.W. (1982): Monoclonal antibodies to human erythrocytes. Eur. J. /mmuno% 12, 228–232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Arce, M.A., Thompson, E.S., Wagner, S., Coyne, K.E., Ferdman, B.A. & Lublin, D.M. (1993): Molecular cloning of RhD cDNA derived from a gene present in RhD-positive, but not RhD-negative individuals.B/ood 82, 651–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Avent, N., Judson, P.A., Parsons, S.F., Mallinson, G., Anstee, D.J., Tanner, M.J.A., Evans, P.R., Hodges, E., Maciver, A.G. & Holmes, C. (1988): Monoclonal antibodies that recognize different membrane proteins that are deficient in Rh„,,„ human erythrocytes. One group of antibodies reacts with a variety of cells and tissues whereas the other group is erythroid-specific. Biochem. J. 251, 499–505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Avent, N.D., Ridgwell, K., Mawby, W.J., Tanner, M.J.A. & Anstee, D.J. & Kumpel, B. (1988): Protein sequence studies on Rh-related polypeptides suggest the presence of at least two groups of protein which associate in the human red cell membrane. Biochem. J. 256, 1043–1046

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Avent, N.D., Ridgwell, K., Tanner, M.J.A. & Anstee, D.J. (1990): cDNA cloning of a 30 kDa erythrocyte membrane protein associated with Rh (Rhesus)-blood-group-antigen expression. Biochem. J. 271, 821–825.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Avent, N.D., Bucher, S.K., Liu, W., Mawby, W.J., Mallinson, G., Parsons, S.F., Anstee. D.J. & Tanner, M.J.A. (1992): Localization of the C termini of the Rh (Rhesus) polypeptides to the cytoplasmic face of the human erythrocyte membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15134–15139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bailly, P., Hermand, P., Callebaut, I., Sonneborn, H.H., Khamlich, S., Mornon, J.P. & Cartron, J.P. (1994): The LW blood group glycoprotein is homologous to intercellular adhesion molecules. Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5306–5310.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ballas, S.K., Clark, M.R., Mohandas, N., Coffer, H.F., Caswell, M.S., Bergren, M.O., Perkins, H.A. & Shohet, S.B. (1984): Red cell membrane and cation deficiency in Rh„„„ syndrome. Blood 63, 1046–1055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ballas, S.K, Flynn, J.C., Pauline, L.A. & Murphy, D.L. (1986): Erythrocyte Rh antigens increase with red cell age. Amer. J. Hematol. 23, 19–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Basu, M.K., Flamm, M., Schachter, D., Bertles, J.F. & Maniatis, A. (1980): Effects of modulating erythrocyte membrane cholesterol on Rho(D) antigen expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 95, 887–893.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Blanchard, D., Bloy, C., Hermand, P., Cartron, J.P., Saboori, A.M., Smith, B.L. & Agre, P. (1988): Two-dimensional iodopeptide mapping demonstrates that erythrocyte Rh D, c and E polypeptides are structurally homologous but nonidentical. Blood 72, 1424–1427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bloy, C., Blanchard, D., Dahr, W., Beyreuther, K., Salmon, C. & Cartron, J.P. (1988): Determination of the N-terminal sequence of human red cell RhD polypeptide and demonstration that the RhD, (c), and (E) antigens are carried by distinct polypeptide chains. Blood 72, 661–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bloy, C., Blanchard, D., Lambin, P., Goossens, D., Rouger, P., Salmon, C., Masouredis, S.P. & Cartron, J.P. (1988): Characterization of the D, c, E and G antigens of the Rh blood group system with human monoclonal antibodies. Mol. /mmuno% 25, 925–930.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bloy, C., Blanchard, D., Hermand, P., Kordowicz, M., Sonneborn, H.H. & Cartron, J.P. (1989): Properties of the blood group LW glycoprotein and preliminary comparison with Rh proteins. Mol. /mmuno% 26, 1013–1019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bloy, C., Hermand, P., Blanchard, D., Chérif-Zahar, B., Goossens, D. & Cartron J.P. (1990): Surface orientation and antigen properties of Rh and LW polypeptides of the human erythrocyte membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 21482–21487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Blunt, T., Steers, F., Daniels, G. & Carritt, B. (1994): Lack of RH C/E expression in the Rhesus D-phenotype is the result of a gene deletion. Ann. Hum. Genet. 58, 19–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Borochov, H., Abbott, R.E., Schachter, D. & Shinitzky, M. (1979): Modulation of erythrocyte membrane proteins by membrane cholesterol and lipid fluidity. Biochemistry 18, 251–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brown, E., Hooper, L, Ho, T. & Gresham, H. (1990): Integrin-associated protein: a 50-kDa plasma membrane antigen physically and functionally associated with integrins. J. Cell Biol. 111, 2785–2794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Campbell, I.G., Freemont, P.S., Foulkes, W. & Trowsdale, J. (1992): An ovarian tumor marker with homology to vaccinia virus contains an IgV-like region and multiple transmembrane domains. Cancer Res. 52, 5416–5420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chérif-Zahar, B., Bloy, C., Le Van Kim, C., Blanchard, D., Bailly, P., Hermand, P., Salmon, C., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1990): Molecular cloning and protein structure of a human blood group Rh polypeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 6243–6247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chérif-Zahar, B. Mattei, M.G., Le Van Kim, C., Bailly, P., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1991): Localization of the human Rh blood group gene structure to chromosome region 1p34.3–1p36.1 by in situ hybridization. Hum. Genet. 86, 398–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chérif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V., Le Van Kim, C., D’Ambrosio, A.M., Bailly, P., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1993): Structure and expression of the RH locus in the Rh-deficiency syndrome. Blood 82, 656–662.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Chérif-Zahar, B., Le Van Kim, C., Rouillac, C., Raynal, V., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1994): Organization of the gene (RHCE) encoding the human blood group RhCcEe antigens and characterization of the promoter region. Genomics 19, 68–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Chérif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V.,D’Ambrosio, A.M., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1994): Molecular analysis of the structure and expression of the RH locus in individuals with D-, Dc-, and DCw-gene complexes. Blood 84, 4354–4360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chown, B., Lewis, M., Kaita, H. & Lowen, B. (1972): An unlinked modifier of Rh blood groups: effects when heterozygous and when homozygous. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 24, 623–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Colin, Y., Chérif-Zahar, B., Le Van Kim, C., Raynal, V., van Huffel, V. & Cartron, J.P. (1991): Genetic basis of the RhD-positive and RhD-negative blood group polymorphism as determined by Southern analysis. Blood 78, 2747–2752.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Colin, Y., Bailly, P. & Cartron, J.P. (1994): Molecular genetic basis of the RH and LW blood groups. Vox Sang. 67 (Suppl. 3), 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Connor, J., Bar-Eli, M., Gillum, K.D. & Schroit, A.J. (1992): Evidence for a structurally homologous Rh-like polypeptide in Rh„oii erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 26050–26055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Dahr, W., Kordowicz, M., Moulds, J., Gielen, W., Lebeck, L. & Krüger, J. (1987): Characterization of the Ss sialoglycoproteins and its antigens in Rh„oii erythrocytes. Blut 54, 13–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. De Vetten, M.P. & Agre, P. (1988): The Rh polypeptide is a major fatty acid-acylated erythrocyte membrane protein. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18193–18196.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Eyers, S.A.C., Ridgwell, K., Mawby, W.J. & Tanner, M.J.A. (1994): Topology and organization of human Rh (Rhesus) blood group-related polypeptides. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6417–6423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Falkenburg, J.H.F., Fibbe, W.E., van der Vaart-Duinkerken, N., Nichols, M.E., Rubinstein, P. & Jansen, J. (1985): Human erythroid progenitor cells express Rhesus antigens. Blood 66, 660–663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Foung, S.K.H., Blunt, J., Perkins, S., Winn, L. & Grumet, F.C. (1986): A human monoclonal antibody to rho. Vox Sang. 50, 160–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Foung, S.K.H., Blunt, J.A., Wu, P.S., Ahearn, P., Winn, L.C., Engleman, E.G. & Grumet, F.C. (1987): Human monoclonal antibodies to Rho(D). Vox Sang. 53, 44–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fraser, R.H., Inglis, G., Allan, J.C., Murphy, M.T., Allan, E.K., Mackie, A. & Mitchell, R. (1990): Murine monoclonal antibody with anti-e-like specificity: suitability for screening for e-negative cells. Transfusion 30, 226–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gahmberg, C.G. (1983): Molecular characterization of the human red cell Rho(D) antigen. EMBO J. 2, 223–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gahmberg, C.G. & Karhi, K.K. (1984): Association of Rho(D) polypeptides with the membrane skeleton in Rho(D)-positive human red cells. J. fmmunol. 133, 334–337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Giles, C.M. (1980): The LW blood-group: a review. Immunol Commun. 9, 225–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Green, F.A. (1966): Sulfhydryl reagents and Rh activity of erythrocyte stroma. Nature 211, 852–853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Green, F.A. (1967): Erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups and Rh antigen activity. fmmunochemistry 4, 247–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Green, F.A. (1968): Rh antigenicity: an essential component soluble in butanol. Nature 219, 86–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Green, F.A. (1968): Phospholipid requirement for Rh antigenic activity. J. Biol.. Chem. 243 5519–5524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Green, F.A. (1972): Erythrocyte membrane lipids and Rh antigen activity. J. Biol. Chem. 247, 881–887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Green, F.A. (1983): The mode of attenuation of erythrocyte membrane Rho(D) antigen activity by 5,5’-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and protection against loss of activity by bound anti-Rho(D) antibody. Molecular fmmunol. 20, 769–775.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Green, F.A., Hui, H.L., Green, L.A.D., Heubusch, P. & Pudlak, W. (1984): The phospholipid requirement for Rho(D) antigen activity: mode of inactivation by phospholipases and of protection by anti-Rho(D) antibody. Mol. fmmunol. 21, 433–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hartel-Schenk, S. & Agre, P. (1992): Mammalian red cell membrane Rh polypeptides are selectively palmitoylated subunits of a macromolecular complex. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5569–5574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hermand, P., Mouro, I., Huet, M., Bloy, C., Suyama, K., Goldstein, J., Cartron, J.P. & Bailly, P. (1993): Immunochemical characterization of Rhesus proteins with antibodies raised against synthetic peptides. Blood 82, 669–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Gardner, B. & Lincoln, P.J. (1971): Observations of the number of available c, D, and E antigen sites on red cells. Vox Sang. 21, 210–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Green, E.J. & Hunt, V.A.N. (1975): Loss of Rh antigen activity following the action of phospholipase A2 on red cell stroma. Vox Sang. 29, 184–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hughes-Jones, N.C., Bloy, C., Gorick, B., Blanchard, D., Doinel, C., Rouger, P. & Cartron, J.P. (1988): Evidence that the c, D and E epitopes of the human Rh blood group system are on separate polypeptide molecules. Mol. fmmunol. 25, 931–936.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hyland, C.A., Wolter, L.C. & Saul, A. (1994): Three unrelated Rh D gene polymorphisms identified among blood donors with Rhesus CCee (r’r) phenotypes. Blood 84, 321–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. lssitt, P.D. (1979): Serology and Genetics of the Rhesus Blood Group System. Montgomery Scientific Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Issitt, P.D. (1985): The Rh Blood Group System. In: Applied Blood Group Serology, Montgomery Scientific Publications, Miami, Florida, 3rd edn., pp. 219–277 and 647–651.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Issitt, P.D. (1989): The Rh blood group system, 1988. Eight new antigens in nine years and some observations on the biochemistry and genetics of the system. Transi. Med. Rev. 3, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kajii, E., Umenishi, F., Iwamoto, S. & Ikemoto, S. (1993): Isolation of a new cDNA clone encoding an Rh polypeptide associated with the Rh blood group system. Hum. Genet. 91, 157–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kumpel, B.M., Poole, G.D. & Bradley, B.A. (1989): Human monoclonal anti-D antibodies. I. Their production, serology, quantitation and potential use as blood grouping reagents. Brit. J. Haematol. 71, 125–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kuypers, F., van Linde-Sibenius-Trip, M., Roelofson, B., Tanner, M.J.A., Anstee, D.J. & op den Kamp, J.A.F. (1984): Rh, human erythrocytes have an abnormal membrane phospholipid organization. Biochem. J. 221, 931–934.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Landsteiner, K. & Wiener, A.S. (1940): An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for rhesus blood. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 43, 223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Landsteiner, K. & Wiener, A.S. (1941): Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies. J. Exp. Med. 74, 309–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lauf, P.K. & Joiner, C.H. (1976): Increased potassium transport and ouabain binding in human Rh„o„ red blood cells. Blood 48, 457–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Le Van Kim, C., Mouro, l., Chérif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V., Cherrier, C., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1992): Molecular cloning and primary structure of the human blood group RhD polypeptide. Proc. Nat/. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10925–10929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Le Van Kim, C., Chérif-Zahar, B., Raynal, V., Mouro, I., Lopez, M., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1992): Multiple Rh messenger RNA isoforms are produced by alternative splicing. Blood 80, 1074–1078.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Levine, P. & Stetson, R.E. (1939): An unusual case of intragroup agglutination. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 113, 126–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Levine, P., Burnham, L., Katzin, E.M. & Vogel, P. (1941): The role of isoimmunization in the pathogenesis of erythroblastosis fetalis. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol 42, 925–937.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Levine, P., Celano, M.J., Vos, G.H. & Morrison, J. (1963): The first human blood, -/-, which lacks the ‘D-like’ antigen. Nature 194, 304–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Lindberg, F.P., Lublin, D.M., Telen, M.J., Veile, R.A., Miller, Y.E., Donis-Keller, H. & Brown, E.J. (1994): Rh-related antigen CD47 is the signal-transducer integrin-associated protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1567–1570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lomas, C.G. & Tippett, P. (1985): Use of enzymes in distinguishing anti-LW and anti-LWb from anti-D. Med. Lab. Sci. 42, 88–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lomas, C., Tippett, P., Thompson, K.M., Melamed, M.D. & Hughes-Jones, N.C. (1989): Demonstration of seven epitopes on the Rh antigen D using human monoclonal anti-D antibodies and red cells from D categories. Vox Sang. 57, 261–264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Lomas, C., McColl, K. & Tippett, P. (1993): Further complexities of the Rh antigen D disclosed by testing category D° cells with monoclonal anti-D. Transfusion Med. 3, 67–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lomas, C., Gréssmann, W., Ford, D., Watt, J., Gooch, A., Jones, J., Beolet, M., Stern, D., Wallace, M. & Tippett, P. (1993): FTTP is a low-incidence Rh antigen associated with a “new” partial RhD phenotype, DFR. Transfusion 34, 612–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Lowe, A.D., Green, S.M., Voak, D., Gibson, D. & Lennox, E.S. (1986): A human-human monoclonal anti-D by direct fusion with a lymphoblastoid cell line. Vox Sang. 51, 212–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. MacGeoch, C., Mitchell, C.J., Carritt, B., Avent, N.D., Ridgwell„ K., Tanner, M.J.A. & Spurr, N.K. (1992): Assignment of the chromosomal locus of the human 30-kDal Rh (Rhesus) blood group-antigen-related protein (Rh30A) to chromosome region 1p36.13- p34. Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 59, 261–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mallinson, G., Martin, P.G., Anstee, D.J., Tanner, M.J.A., Merry, A.H., Tills, D. & Sonneborn, H.H. (1986): Identification and partial characterization of the human erythrocyte membrane component(s) that express the antigens of the LW blood-group system. Biochem. J. 234, 649–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Marsh, W.L., Chaganti, R.S.K., Gardner, F.H., Mayer, K., Nowell, P.C. & German, J. (1974): Mapping human autosomes: evidence supporting the assigment of Rhesus to the short arm of chromosome No. 1. Science 183, 966–968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Masouredis, S.P., Sudora, E.J., Mahan, L. & Victoria, E.J. (1976): Antigen site densities and ultrastructural distribution patterns of red cell Rh antigens. Transfusion 16, 94–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Miller, Y.E., Daniels, G.L., Jones, C. & Palmer, D.K. (1987): Identification of a cell-surface antigen produced by a gene on human chromosome 3 (cen-q22) and not expressed by Rhno„ cells. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 41, 1061–1065.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Moor-Jankowski, J., Wiener, A.S. & Rogers, C.M. (1964): Human blood group factors in non-human primates. Nature 202, 663–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Moor-Jankowski, J., Wiener, A.S., Socha, W.W., Gordon, E.B. & Kaczera, Z. (1973): Blood-group homologues in orangutans and gorillas of the human Rh-Hr and the chimpanzee C-E-F-systems. Fol. Primat & 19, 360–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Moore, S., Woodrow, C.F. & McClelland, D.B.L. (1982): Isolation of membrane components associated with human red cell antigens RhD, (e), (E) and Fy“. Nature 295, 529–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Moore, S. & Green, C. (1987): The identification of specific Rhesus-polypeptide-blood-group-ABH-activeglycoprotein complexes in the human red-cell membrane. Biochem. J. 244, 735–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mouro, I., Colin, Y., Cherif-Zahar, B., Cartron, J.P. & Le Van Kim, C. (1993): Molecular genetic basis of the human Rhesus blood group system. Nature Genetics 5, 62–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Mouro, I., Le Van Kim, C., Rouillac, C., van Rhenen, D.J., Le Pennec, P.Y., Bailly, P., Cartron, J.P. & Colin, Y. (1994): Rearrangements of the blood group Rh gene associated with the D’category phenotype. Blood 83, 1129–1135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nash, R. & Shojania, A.M. (1987): Hematological aspect of Rh deficiency syndrome: a case report and review of the literature. Amer. J. Hematol. 24, 267–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Paradis, G., Bazin, R. & Lemieux, R. (1986): Protective effect of the membrane skeleton on the immunologic reactivity of the human red cell Rho(D) antigen. J. Immun% 137, 240–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Plapp, F.V., Kowalski, M.M., Evans, J.P., Tilzer, L.L. & Chiga, M. (1980): The role of membrane phospholipid in expression of erythrocyte Rho(D) antigen activity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 164, 561–568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Race, R.R., Sanger, R. & Selwyn, J.G. (1950): A probable deletion in a human Rh chromosome. Nature 166, 520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Race, R.R., Sanger, R. & Selwyn, J.G. (1951): A possible deletion in a human Rh chromosome: a serological and genetical study. Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. 32, 124–135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Race, R.R. & Sanger, R. (1975): The Rhesus blood groups. In: Blood Groups in Man, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 6th edn. pp. 178–260.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Rapaille, A., François-Gérard, C., Donnay, D. & Sondag-Thull, D. (1993): Production of stable human-mouse /hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies against Rh-D-antigens and c-antigens. Vox Sang. 64, 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ridgwell, K., Roberts, S.J., Tanner, M.J.A. & Anstee, D.J. (1983): Absence of two membrane proteins containing extracellular thiol groups in Rh„uii human erythrocytes. Biochem. J. 213, 267–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ridgwell, K., Tanner, M.J.A. & Anstee, D.J. (1984): The Rhesus (D) polypeptide is linked to the human erythrocyte cytoskeleton. FEBS Lett. 174, 7–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ridgwell, K., Spurr, N.K., Laguda, B., MacGeoch, C., Avent, N.D. & Tanner, M.J.A. (1992): Isolation of cDNA clones for a 50 kDa glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane asociated with Rh (Rhesus) blood-group antigen expression. Biochem. J. 287, 223–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Ridgwell, K., Eyers, S.A.C., Mawby, W.J., Anstee, D.J. & Tanner, M.J.A. (1994): Studies on the glycoprotein associated with Rh (Rhesus) blood group antigen expression in the human red blood cell membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6410–6416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosenfield, R.E., Allen, F.H., Swisher, S.N. & Kochwa, S. (1962): A review of Rh serology and presentation of a new terminology. Transfusion 2, 287–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rouger, P. & Edelman, L. (1988): Murine monoclonal antibodies associated with Rh17, Rh29, and Rh46 antigens. Transfusion 28, 52–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Saboori, A.M., Smith, B.B.L. & Agre, P. (1988): Polymorphism in the M, 32,000 Rh protein purified from RhD-positive and -negative erythrocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 85, 4042–4045.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Shinitzky, M. & Souroujon, M. (1979): Passive modulation of blood group antigens. Proc. Nati Acad. Sci USA 76, 4438–4440.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Sieff, C., Bicknell, D., Caine, G., Robinson, J., Lam, G. & Greaves, M.F. (1982): Changes in cell surface antigen expression during hemopoietic differentiation. Blood 60, 703–713.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Sistonen, P., Green, C.A., Lomas, C.G. & Tippett, P. (1983): Genetic polymorphism of the LW blood group system. Ann. Hum. Genet. 47, 277–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Sistonen, P. (1984): Linkage of the LW blood group locus with the complement C3 and Lutheran blood group loci. Ann. Hum. Genet. 48, 239–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Sturgeon, P. (1970): Hematological observations on the anaemia associated with blood type Rhno. Blood 36, 310–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Suyama, K., Goldstein, J., Aebersold, R. & Kent, S. (1991): Regarding the size of Rh proteins. Blood 77, 411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Thompson, K.M., Melamed, M.D., Eagle, K., Gorick, B.D., Gibson, T., Holburn, A.M. & Hughes-Jones, N.C. (1986): Production of human monoclonal IgG and IgM antibodies with anti-D (Rhesus) specificity using heterohybridomas. Immunology 58, 157–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Thompson, K., Barden, G., Sutherland, J., Beldon, I. & Melamed, M. (1990): Human monoclonal antibodies to C, c, E, e, and G antigens of the Rh system. Immunology 71, 323–327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Tippett, P. (1986): A speculative model for the Rh blood groups. Ann. Hum. Genet. 50, 241–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Tippett, P. (1988): Subdivisions of the Rh(D) antigen. Med. Lab. Sci. 45, 88–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Tippett, P. (1990): Serologically defined Rh determinants. J. lmmunogenet. 17, 247–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Tippett, P. & Moore, S. (1990): Monoclonal antibodies against Rh and Rh related antigens. J. Immunogenet. 17, 309–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Vengelen-Tyler, V. & Pierce, S.R. (eds.) (1987): Blood group systems: Rh. American Association of Blood Banks, Arlington, Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Victoria, E.J., Mahan, L.C. & Masouredis, S.P. (1981): Anti-Rho(D) IgG binds to band 3 glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2898–2902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Victoria, E.J., Branks, M.J. & Masouredis, S.P. (1986): Rh antigen immunoreactivity after histidine modification. Mol. Lmmuno l23, 1039–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. Wiener, A.S. & Peters, H.R. (1940): Hemolytic reactions following transfusions of blood of the homologous group, with three cases in which the same agglutinogen was responsible. Ann. Intern. Med. 13, 2306–2322.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Wiener, A.S., Moor-Jankowski, J. & Gordon, E.B. (1964): Blood groups of apes and monkeys. IV. The Rh-Hr blood types of anthropoid apes. Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 16, 246–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Wolter, L.C., Hyland, C.A. & Saul, A. (1994): Refining the DNA polymorphisms that associate with the Rhesus c phenotype. Blood 84, 985–986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Yokoi, T., Iwasa, M. & Sagisaka, K. (1983): Immunochemical investigations of Rho(D) activity detected in band 3 of red cell membrane. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 141, 217–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Biochemie, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria

    Dr. Helmut Schenkel-Brunner

Authors
  1. Dr. Helmut Schenkel-Brunner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schenkel-Brunner, H. (1995). Rh System. In: Human Blood Groups. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3686-7_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3686-7_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-211-82705-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3686-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation