Skip to main content

Zusammenfassung

L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanin (L-Dopa, Levodopa), eine neutrale L-Arninosäure, ist die unmittelbare metabolische Vorstufe der Katecholamine Dopamin, L-Noradrenalin und L-Adrenalin, dreier biogener Amine mit wichtigen physiologischen Funktionen als Hormone und Neurotransmitter. L-Dopa wurde erstmals um das Jahr 1900 in Studien über Adrenalin erwähnt. Seine Rolle als Zwischenprodukt der Dopamin-Biosynthese wurde nach und nach erkannt (Tabelle 3.1) (Sourkes und Gauthier 1983).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literatur

  • Andersen PH, Gingrich JA, Bates MD, Dearry A, Falardeau P, Senogles SE, Caron MG (1990) Dopamine receptor subtypes: beyond the D1/ D2 classification. Tips 11: 231–236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholini G, Pletscher A (1975) Decarboxylase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 13: 407–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertocci B, Garotta G, Zürcher G, Miggiano V, Da Prada M (1990) Monoclonal antibodies recognizing both soluble and membrane-bound catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 32: 369–374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertocci B, Miggiano V, Da Prada M, Dembic Z, Lahm HW (1991) Human catechol-o-methyl transferase: cloning and expression of the membrane associated form. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1416–1420

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer W (1969) Experimentelle Ergebnisse über die Kombinationsbehandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms mit L-Dopa und einem Decarboxylasehemmer. Wien Klin Wochenschr 81: 677–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O (1961) Der L-Dihydroxyphenyl-alanin (L-Dopa) Effekt bei Parkinson-Akinesie. Wien Klin Wochenschr 73: 787–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunzow JR, van Toil HHM, Grandy DK, Albert P, Salon J, Christie MD, Machida CA, Neve KA, Civelli O (1988) Cloning and expression of a rat D2 dopamine receptor cDNA. Nature 336: 783–787

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum JM (1987) Clinical pharmacokinetics of anti-parkinsonian drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 13: 141–178

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cedarbaum JM, Hoey M, Ku HH, Mcdowell FA (1988) Controlled-release levodopa/carbidopa. III. Sinemet CR5 treatment of response fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 11: 168–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dearry A, Gingrich JA, Falardeau P, Fremeau JR RT, Bates MD, Caron MG (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of the gene for a human D1 dopamine receptor. Nature 347: 72–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fellman JH, Roth ES, Heriza EL, Fujjita TS (1976) Altered pattern of dopa metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 25: 222–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giros B, Sokoloff P, Martres M-P, Rio J-F, Emorine LJ, Scheartz J-C (1989) Alternative splicing directs the expression of two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms. Nature 342: 923–926

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haefely W (1978) Pharmakologische Modelle zur Wirkung von Antiparkinsonmitteln. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Langzeitbehandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 53–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Heikkila RE, Sonsalla PK, Duvoisin RC (1989) Biochemical models of Parkinson’s disease. In: Boulton AA, Baker GB, Juomo AV (eds) Neuromethods, vol 12. Drugs as tools in neurotransmitter research, Humana Press, Clifton, N J, pp 351–384

    Google Scholar 

  • Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, Mouradian MM, Serrati C, Chase TN (1987) Dietary influences on the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. Arch Neurol 44: 1031–1005

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaakkola S, Teräväinen H(1990) Animal models in Parkinsonism. Pharmacol Toxicol 67: 95–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai A S (1983) Assay of catechol-o-methyltransferase activity. In: Pavez S, Nagatsu T, Nagatsu I, Pavez N (eds) Methods in biogenic amine research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 417–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Kostrezewa RM, Jacobowitz DM (1974) Pharmacological actions of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacol Rev 26: 200–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee M, Nohta H, Ohkura Y (1986) Occurrence of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in human plasma and its assay by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr 378: 329–336

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackay AVP, Davies P, Dewar AJ, Yates CM (1978) Regional distribution of enzyme associated with neurotransmission by monoamines, acetylcholine and GABA in the human brain. J Neurochem 30: 827–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahan LC, Burch RM, Monsma FJ Jr, Sibley DR (1990) Expression of striatal D1 dopamine receptors coupled to inositol phosphate production and Ca2 + mobilization in Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87: 2196–2200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manallack DT, Beart PM (1988) A three dimensional receptor model of the dopamine 1)2 receptor from computer graphic analysis of D2 agonists. J Pharm Pharrnacol 40: 422–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mnnistö PT, Kaakkola S (1989) New selective COMT inhibitors: useful for Parkinson’s disease. TIPS 10: 54–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Mena I, Cotzias GC (1975) Protein intake and treatment of Parkinson’s disease with levodopa. N Engl J Med 292: 181–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monsma FJ Jr, Mahan LC, Mcvittie LD, Gerfen CR, Sibley DR (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of a D1 dopamine receptor linked to adenylyl cyclase activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87: 6723–6727

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nissinen E, Tuominen R, Perhoniemi V, Kaakkola S (1988) Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in human and rat small intestine. Life Sci 42: 2609–2614

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nutt JG (1987) Pharmacokinetics of levodopa. In: Koller WC, Dekker M (eds) Handbook of Parkinsons’s disease. New York, pp 339–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, Carter SH, Anderson JL (1984) The “on-off” phenomenon in Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 310: 483–488

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’boyle KM, Waddington JL (1987) [3H]SCH 23390 binding to human putamen D1 dopamine receptors: stereochemical and structure-affinity relationships among 1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine derivatives as a guide to D1 receptor topography. J Neurochem 48: 1039–1042

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus JH, Barry KM (1987) Plasma levels of amino acids correlate with motor fluctuations in Parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 44: 1006–1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MK, Nagatsu T, Kato T (1981) Aromatic Lamino acid decarboxylase activity in central and peripheral tissues and senim of rats with L-dopa and 1,5-hydroxytryptophan as substrates. Biochem Pharmacol 30: 645–649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivett AJ, Eddy BJ, Roth JA (1982) Contribution of sulfate conjugation deamination and O-methylation to metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine in human brain.J Neurochem 39: 1009–1016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson DRC, Wool ND, Everest H, Monks K, Waller DG, Renwick AG, George CF (1989) The effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa administered alone and in presence of carbidopa. Br J Clin Pharmacol 28: 61–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross RT (1990) Drug-induced Parkinsonism and other movement disorders. Can J Neurol Sci 17: 155–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler M, Johnson RD, Ruthiven CRJ, Reid JL, Calne DB (1974) Transamination is the major pathway of L-dopa metabolism following peripheral decarboxylase inhibition. Nature 247: 364–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayre LM (1989) Biochemical mechanism of action of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP). Toxicol Lett 48: 121–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley DR, Monsma FJ Jr (1992) Molecular biology of dopamine receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13: 61–69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder S (1990) The dopamine connection. Nature 347: 121–122

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres M-P, Bouthenet M-L, Schwartz JC (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347: 146–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sourkes TL, Gauthier S (1983) Levodopa and dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In: Parnham MJ, Bruinuels J (eds) Discoveries in pharmacology, vol 1. Psycho- and neuropharmacology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 249–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunahara RK, Niznik HB, Weiner DM, Stormann TM, Braun MR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter JE, Rozmaiiel R, Yang Y, Israel Y, Seeman P, O’Dowd BF (1990) Human dopamine D1 receptor encoded by an intronless gene on chromosome 5. Nature 347: 80–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ungerstedt U, Abuthnott GW (1970) Quantitative recording of rotational behavior in rats after 6hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Brain Res 24: 485–493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vallar L, Muca C, Magni M, Albert P, Bunzow J, Meldolesi J, Civelli O (1990) Differential coupling of dopaminergic D2 receptors expressed in different cell types. J Biol Chem 265: 10320– 10326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogel WH, Mcfarland H, Prince LN (1970) Decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in various human adult and fetal tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 19: 618–620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman R, Caballero B, Salzman E (1988) Facilitation of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by dietary carbohydrates. N Engl J Med 419: 1288–1289

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou QY, Grandy DK, Thambi L, Kushner JA, Van Tol HHM, Cone R, Pribnow D, Salon J, Bunzow JR, Civelli O (1990) Cloning and expression of human and rat D dopamine receptors. Nature 347: 76–80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zrcher G, Da Prada M (1979) Radioenzymatic assay of femtomole concentrations of Dopa in tissues and body fluids. J Neurochem 33: 631–639

    Google Scholar 

  • Zürcher G, Da Prada M (1982) Rapid and sensitive single-step radiochemical assay for catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Neurochem 38: 191–195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zurcher G, Colzl A, Da Prada M (1990a) Ro 40— 7592: inhibition of COMT in rat brain and extracerebral tissues. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 32: 375–380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurcher G, Keller HH, Kettler R, Borgulya J, Bonetti EP, Eigenmann R, Da Prada M (1990b) Ro 40–7592 a novel, very potent and orally active inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase: a pharmacological study in rats. Adv Neurol 53: 497–503

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baas H, Fischer PA (1984) Salbengesicht. Zentrale Dysregulation der Talgsekretion beim Parkinson-Syndrom. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Vegetativstörungen beim Parkinson-Syndrom. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 221–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Balzereit F, Michler M (1982) Psychische Störungen beim Parkinson-Syndrom und ihre Bedeutung für die familiäre und berufliche Situation des Kranken. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Psychopathologie des Parkinson-Syndroms. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 241–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbeau A, Sourkes TL, Murphy GF (1962) Les catecholamines dans la maladie de Parkinson. In: DE Ajuriaguerra J (ed) Monoamines et systéme nerveux central. Masson, Paris, pp 247–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman DN, Kahn C, Legg NJ, Reid JL (1978) Metoclopramide in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 24: 459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein RM (1979) Reversible hemolytic anaemia after levodopa-carbidopa. Br Med J I: 1461–1462

    Google Scholar 

  • Bianchine JR (1984) Drugs for Parkinson’s disease, centrally acting muscle relaxants. In: Goodman and Gilman’s: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th ed. MacMillan, Toronto/ Balliere Tindall, London, pp 475–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O (1961) Der Ldioxyphenylalanin(=L-Dopa) Effekt bei der Parkinson-Akinesie. Wien Klin Wochenschr 73: 787–788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer W, Riederer P (1985) Die Parkinson Krankheit. Biochemie, Klinik, Therapie, 2. Aufl. Springer, Wien New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Braak H, Braak E (1990) Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads in the cerebral cortex. J Neural Transm (P-D Sect) 2: 45–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braun AR, Tanner CM, Goetz CG, Klawans HL (1983) Respiratory distress due to pharyngeal dystonia: a side effect of chronic dopamine agonism. Neurology 33 [Suppl 21: 220

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks DJ, Ibanez V, Sawle G V et al. (1990) PET studies on the integrety of striatal pre-and postsynaptic dopaminergic systems in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, drug — induced, and atypical parkinsonism. Contribution at the European Conference on Parkinson’s Disease and Extrapyramidal disorders, Rome July 10– 14, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Chajek T, Berry EM, Friedman G, Ambransky O (1977) Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy with L-Dopa. Postgrad Med J 53: 262–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook DG, Klawans HL (1985) Levodopa during pregnancy. Clin Neuropharmacol 8: 93–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R (1969) Modification of parkinsonism — chronic treatment with levodopa. N Engl J Med 280: 337–345

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Critchley EMR (1976) Peak-dose dysphonia in parkinsonism. Lancet i: 544

    Google Scholar 

  • Danielczyk W (1978) Akute psychische Störungen während der L-DOPA-Therapie von Parkinson-Kranken. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Langzeitbehandlung des Parkinson-Syndroms. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 211–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond SG, Markham CH, Treciokas LJ (1976) Longterm experience with L-Dopa: efficacy, progression, and mortality. In: Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O (eds) Advances in parkinsonism. Editiones Roche, Basel, pp 444 455

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond SG, Markham CH, Hoehn MM, Mc Dowell FH, Muenter MD (1987) Multicenter study of parkinson mortality with early versus later dopa treatment. Ann Neurol 22: 8–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont E, Hansen E, Nelsen S, Pakkenberg H, Holm P (1972) Treatment of Parkinsonism with a combination of levodopa and the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4 4602 (a comparison with levodopa treatment alone). Acta Neurol Scand [Suppl 51]: 115–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvoisin RC (ed) (1989) New strategies in the dopaminergic therapy of Parkinson’s disease: the use of a controlled release formulation. Neurology [Suppl 2] 39:1

    Google Scholar 

  • Duvoisin RC, Lobo-Antunes J, Yahr MD (1972) Response of patients with postencephalitic parkinsonism. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 94: 81–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S (1989) Adverse effects of levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. In: Calne DP (ed) Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 385–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Barrett RB (1979) Increase of parkinsonian symptoms as a manifestation of levodopa toxicity. Adv Neurol 24: 451–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Bressman SB (1984) Should levodopa therapy of parkinsonism be started early or late? Evidence against early treatment. Can J Neurol Sci 11: 200–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fermaglich J, Delaney P (1977) Parkinson’s disease, melanoma, and levodopa. J Neurol 215: 221–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer PA, Schneider E, Jacobi P (1982) Depressive Verstimmungen bei Parkinson-Kranken im Langzeitverlauf. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Psychopathologie des Parkinson-Syndroms. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 139–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer PA, Schneider E, Jacobi P (1983) Klinische Bilder des Parkinson-Syndroms und ihre Verläufe. In: Gänshirt H, Berlit P, Haack G (Hrsg) Pathophysiologie, Klinik und Therapie des Parkinsonismus. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 51–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer PA, Przuntek H, Majer H, Wetzel D (1984) Kombinationsbehandlung früher Stadien des Parkinson-Syndroms mit Bromocriptin und Levodopa. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 109: 1279–1283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman A, Sienkiewics J (1991) Psychotic Complications of long-term levodopa treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand 84: 111–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman JH, Feinberg SS, Feldman RG (1985) A neuroleptic malignantlike syndrome due to levodopa therapy withdrawal. JAMA 254: 2792–2795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner WN, Langdon N, Parkes JD (1986) Breathing in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 45: 271–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier G (1972) Long-term study. Laboratory findings. Hoffmann La Roche AG

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotham AM, Brown RG, Marsden CD (1986) Depression in Parkinson’s disease: a quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 381–389

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hefner R, Fischer PA (1989) Zunahme der Parkinson-Symptomatik unter Kalzium-Antagonisten. Nervenarzt 60: 187–188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM (1983) Parkinsonism treated with levodopa, progression and mortality. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 19: 253–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM, Yahr MD (1967) Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 17: 427–442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoehn MM, Rutledge CO (1975) Acute overdose with levodopa. Clinical and biochemical consequences. Neurology 25: 792–794

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapp W (1982) Diskussionsbemerkung. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Psychopathologie des Parkinson-Syndroms. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 272–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendel K, Beck U, Wita C, Hohneck E, Zimmermann H (1972) Der Einfluß von L-Dopa auf den Nachtschlaf bei Patienten mit Parkinson-Syndrom. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 216: 82–100

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klawans HL, Goetz C, Bergen D (1975) Levodopainduced myoclonus. Arch Neurol 32: 331–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurlan R, Rubin AJ, Miller CH, Rivera-Calimlim L, Clarke A, Shoulson I (1986) Duodenal delivery of levodopa for “on-off’ fluctuations in parkinsonism: preliminary observations. Ann Neurol 20: 262–265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langrall HM, Joseph C (1972) Evaluation of safety and efficacy of levodopa in Parkinson’s disease and syndrome. Neurology [Suppl] 22: 3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser RP, Fahn S, Snider SR, Cote LJ, Isgreen WP, Barrett RE (1979) Analysis of clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-term levodopa therapy. Neurology 29: 1253–1260

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leenders KL, Palmers AJ, Quinn NP, Clark JC, Firnau G, Garnett ES, Nahmias C, Jones T, Marsden CD (1986) Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson’s disease measured with positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 49: 853–860

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman AN, Shupack JL (1974) Levodopa and melanoma. Neurology 24: 340–343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lücking CH, Deuschl G, Strahl G, Schenck E (1986) Tremor im Früh- und Spätstadium der Parkinsonkrankheit. In: Fischer PA (Hrsg) Spätsyndrome der Parkinson-Krankheit. Editiones Roche, Basel, S 99–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Markham CH, Diamond SG (1981) Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 31: 125–131

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markham CH, Diamond SG (1986) Long-term follow-up of early DOPA treatment in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 19: 362–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden CD, Rinne UK, Koella WP, Dubuis R (eds) (1987) Madopar HBS. Eur Neurol [Suppl 1] 27: 1–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Nugent CA, Harris HW, Cohn J, Smith CG, Tyler FH (1958) Dyspnea as a symptom in Parkinson’s disease. Am Rev Tuberkulosis 78: 682–691

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkes JD (1989) Domperidone and Parkinson’s disease. In: Calne DB (ed) Drugs for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 515–530

    Google Scholar 

  • Pincus JH, Barry K (1987a) Influence of dietary protein on motor fluctuations in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 44: 270–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus JH, Barry K (1987 b) Plasma levels of amino acids correlate with motor fluctuations in parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 44: 1006— 1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poewe W, Lees AJ, Stern GM (1986) Low dose Ldopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: a 6-year follow-up study. Neurology 36: 1528–1530

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn NP, Parkes JD, Marsden CD (1984) Control of “on-off’ phenomenon by continuous intravenous infusion of levodopa. Neurology 34: 1131–1136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn NP, Koller WC, Lang AE, Marsden CD (1986) Painful Parkinson’s disease. Lancet i: 1366–1369

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajfer SI, Anton AH, Rossen JD, Goldberg LI (1984) Beneficial hemodynamic effects of oral levodopa in heart failure. Relation to the generation of dopamine. N Engl J Med 310: 1357–1362

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajput AH, Stern W, Laverty WH (1984) Chronic low dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an argument for delaying levodopa therapy. Neurology 39: 991–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Reyntjens A, Verlinden M, De Coster R, Janisch HD, Smonte A, De Cree J, Leempoels J, Verhagen H (1984) Clinical pharmacological evidence for cisapride’s lack of antidopaminergic or direct cholinergic properties. Curr Ther Res 36: 1045–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Rinne UK (1987) Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a 5-year follow-up. Neurology 37: 826–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne UK, Sonninnen V, Siirtola T (1970) Treatment of Parkinson’s disease with L-Dopa and decarboxylase inhibitor. Z Neurol 203: 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks O (1983) Awakenings. Dutton, New York, pp 1–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Sage I, Duvoisin RC (1986) Sudden onset of confusion with severe exacerbation of parkinsonism during levodopa therapy. Movement Disorders 1: 267–270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schärer K (1971) Die Alters- und Wachstumsabhängigkeit der durch den Decarboxylasehemmer Ro 4–4602 verursachten Skelettveränderungen an der Ratte und ihre Bedeutung für den Parkinson-Patienten. Rapport Nr. 78086, Hoffmann LaRoche AG

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharer K (1972) 11/2 jährige orale Verträglichkeitsversuche mit Ro 8–0576/7 (1 Teil Decarboxylasehemmer Ro 4–4602 plus 4 Teile L-Dopa) an der Ratte. Rapport Nr. 81–433, Hoffmann LaRoche AG

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider E, Maxion H, Ziegler B, Jacobi P (1974) Das Schlafverhalten von Parkinson-Kranken und seine Beeinflussung durch L-Dopa. J Neurol 207: 95–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider E, Fischer PA, Jacobi P, Grotz A (1984) Exogene Psychosen beim Parkinsonsyndrom. Häufigkeit und Entstehungsbedingungen. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 52: 207–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segawa M, Hosaka A, Miygawa F, Nomura Y, Imai H (1976) Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuations. Adv Neurol 14: 215–233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sober AJ, Wick MM (1978) Levodopa therapy and malignant melanoma. Jama 240: 554–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sober AJ, Wick MM (1979) Levodopa and melanoma. JAMA 241: 883

    Google Scholar 

  • Streifler M, Kesten M, Loewenthal M, Aldor T, Gilat T (1976) Liver function and gastric acid secretion in parkinsonism. Patients under prolonged treatment with L-Dopa and a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Eur Neurol 14: 68–76

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner CM, Goetz CG, Klawans HL (1986) Hypersexuality in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 36 [Suppl 1]: 183

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse PJ (1986) Clinical and neurochemical consequences of neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer disease. Adv Neurol 45: 393–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Wick MM (1980) Levodopa and dopamine analogs as DNA polymerase inhibitors and antitumor agents in human melanoma. Cancer Res 40: 1414–1418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yahr MD (1976) Evaluation of long-term therapy in Parkinson’s disease: mortality and therapeutic efficacy. In: Birkmayer W, Hornkiewicz (eds) Advances in parkinsonism. Editiones Roche, Basel, pp 435–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Yahr MD, Wolf A, Antunes JL, Miyoshi K, Duffy P (1972) Autopsy findings in parkinsonism following treatment with levodopa. Neurology 22 [Suppl]: 56–71

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Colzi, A., Zürcher, G., Kettler, R., Da Prada, M., Schneider, E. (1992). L-Dopa. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Pöldinger, W. (eds) Neuro-Psychopharmaka. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3330-9_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3330-9_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3331-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3330-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics