Zusammenfassung
Unter Aminpräkursoren werden die biologischen Vorstufen von Monoamin Neurotransmittern verstanden. Es handelt sich um einige Aminosäuren und Cholin, welche in Form der Proteine und als Lezithin (Phosphatidylcholin) mit der normalen menschlichen Nahrung aufgenommen werden.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Barbeau A, Growdon J, Wurtman R (eds) (1979) Cholin and lecithin in brain disorders. Raven Press, New York (Nutrition and the brain, vol 5 )
Beckmann H(1983) Phenylalanin in affective disorders. In: Van Praag HM, Mendlewicz J (eds)Management of depression with monoamine precursors. Karger, Basel, pp 137–147 (Adv Biol Psychiatry, vol 10 )
Benkert O, Hippius H(1986)Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Boulton AA, Maitre L, Bieck PR, Riederer P (eds)(1985) Neuropsychopharmacology of the trace amines. Humana Press, Clifton
Cohen BM, Lipinski J, Altesman RI(1982)Lecithin in the treatment of ‘mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 139:1162–1164
Demisch L, Rother E(1987)Neurobiologische Aspekte von L-Tryptophan, Serotonin und verwandten Indolaminen. In: Demisch L (Hrsg) Therapie mit Präkursoren. Zuckschwerdt, München, S 45–63
Fernstrom JD(1983) Role of precursor availability in control of monoamine biosynthesis in brain. Physiol Rev 63: 484–546
Kuhn DM, Wolf WA, Youdim Mbh(1986) Serotonin neurochemistry revisited: a new look at some old axioms. Neurochem Int 8: 141–154
Sulser F,Mishra R(1983)The discovery of tricyclic antidepressants and their mode of action. In: Parnham Mj, Bruinvels J (eds) Discoveries in pharmacology, vol 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 209–222
Van Praag Hm, Mendlewicz J (eds)(1983) Manage- ment of depression with monoamine precur-sors. Karger, Basel (Adv Biol Psychiatry, vol 10) Weber IT Horita A (1965) A study of 5-hy- droxytryptamine formation from 1-tryptophan in the brain and other tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 14: 1141–1149
Zeller Ea(1983)Monoamine oxidase and its inhibitors in relation to antidepressive activity. In: Parnham MJ, Bruinvels J (eds) Discoveries in pharmacology, vol 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 223–232
Zipp F, Demisch L(1992)Aktuelles in der Diskussion um das Eosinophilie-Myalgie-Syndrom ( EMS ). Nervenarzt 63: 249–253
Agid Y,JAvoy F,Glowinski J(1973)Hyperactivity of remaining dopaminergic neurones after partial destruction of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system in the rat. Nature New Biology 245: 150–151
ALousi A,Weiner N(1966)The regulation of norepinephrine synthesis in sympathetic nerves: nerve stimulation, cocaine and catecholamine releasing agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56: 1491–1496
Ambrozi L,Riederer P, Birkmayer W, Neumayer E(1974)Zur Statistik des Tyrosin-TryptophanDiagramms bei der Depression. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 99 (20):1087–1089
Ashcroft GW, Crawford TBB, Eccleston D, Sharman Df, Macdougall EJ, Stanton Jb,Binns Jk(1966) 5-Hydroxyindole compounds in the cerebral fluid of patients with psychiatric or neurological disorders. Lancet ii: 1049
Beckmann H(1982)Biochemische Beiträge zu Klassifikation und Therapievorhersage bei endogenen Depressionen. In: Beckmann H (Hrsg) Biologische Psychiatrie. G Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 126–147
Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz 0(1964)Weitere experimentelle Untersuchungen über L-Dopa beim Parkinson-Syndrom und Reserpin-Par-kinsonismus. Arch Psychiat Z Ges Neurol 206: 606–607
Bruinvels J(1975)Role of sodium in neuronal uptake of monoamines and amino acid precursors. Nature 257: 606–607
Bruinvels J(1980)Sodium ion displacement as a regulatory factor in depolarization — induced catecholamine biosynthesis. In: Parvez H, parvez S (eds) Advances in experimental medicine: a centenary tribute to Claude Bernard. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp 557–577
Bruinvels J(1981)Transport systems for tyrosine and their relation to catecholamine biosynthesis. In: USDIN E et al. (eds) Function and regulation of monoamine enzymes: basic and clinical aspects. McMillan, London Basingstoke, pp 315–326
Coppen A, Shaw Dm, Farrell JP(1963)Potentiation of the antidepressant effect of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. Lancet ii: 79–81
Diez-Guerra Fj, Gimenez C(1989)Na’ — Dependence of tyrosine transport across the synaptosomal membrane reflects changes in the morphology of synaptosomes. J Neurochem 52: 1366–1374
Ehringer H, Hornykiewicz 0(1960)Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamin (3-Hydroxytyramin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen Systems. Klin Wochenschr 38: 1236–1239
Fernstrom JD(1979)Diet-induced changes in plasma amino acid pattern; effects on the brain uptake of large neutral amino acids, and on brain serotonin synthesis. J Neural Transm [Suppl] 15: 55–67
Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ(1971)Brain serotonin content: increase following ingestion of carbohydrate diet. Science 174: 1023–1025
Fernstrom JD, Hirsch MJ, Faller D(1976)Tryptophan concentrations in rat brain; failure to correlate with free serum tryptophan or its ratio to the sum of other serum neutral amino acids. Biochem J 160: 589–595
Goodwin FK, Cowdry R, Gold PW, Wehr T(1977)Central monoamine metabolism in depression and mania. In: VAN Praag HM, Bruinvels J (eds) Neurotransmission and disturbed behaviour. Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema, Utrecht, pp 34–59
Hamon M, Bourgoin S, Glowinski J(1974) Feedback regulation of 5-HT synthesis in rat striatal slices. J Neurochem 20: 1727
Harper AE, Tews JK(1988)Nutritional and metabolic control of brain amino acids. In: Huether G (ed) Amino acid availability and brain function in health and disease. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 3–12 (Nato ASI Series H, 20 )
Jaquier E, Lovenberg W, Sjoerdsma A(1967)Tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition: the mechanism by which pchlorophenylalanine depletes rat brain serotonin. Mol Pharmacol 3: 274–278
Knott PJ, Curzon G(1972)Free tryptophan in plasma and brain tryptophan metabolism. Nature 239: 452–453
Mackenzie Rg, Trulson Me(1978)Does insulin act directly on the brain to increase tryptophan levels? J Neurochem 30: 1205–1208
Mcgeer Eg, Peters Dav, Mcgeer PL(1968)Inhibition of rat brain tryptophan hydroxylase by 6-halotryptophans. Life Sci 7: 605–615
Mc Menamy Rh, Oncleyjl (1958) Specific binding of L-tryptophan to serum albumin. J Biol Chem 233: 1436–1447
Nagatsu T, Levitt M, Udenfriend S (1964) Tyro-sine hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 239: 2910–2917
Neumayer E, Riederer P, Danielczyk W,Seemann D(1975) Biochemische Hirnbefunde bei endogener Depression. Wien Med Wochenschr 21: 344–349
Oldendorf Wh(1971)Brain uptake of radio-labeled amino acids, amines and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 221: 1629–1639
Riederer P, Birkmayer W(1993)Pathobiochemie bei Depressionen. 1. Alle Defizitmodelle sind heute überholt. Ärztl Praxis 45 (14): 27–29
Riederer P, Birkmayer W(1993)Pathobiochemie bei Depressionen. 2. Ungleichgewicht zwischen den Überträgersystemen ? Ärztl Praxis 45 (15): 26–30
Sedvall GC, Kopin Ij(1967)Acceleration of nor-epinephrine synthesis in the rat submaxillary gland in vivo during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Life Sci 6: 45–51
Tagliamonte A, Biggio G, Gessa GL(1971)Possible role of free plasma tryptophan in controlling brain tryptophan concentration. Riv Farmacol Terapia 2: 251–255
Tagliamonte A, Biggio G, Vargui L, Gessa GL(1973)Free tryptophan in serum controls brain tryptophan level and serotonin synthesis. Life Sci 12 (II): 277–287
Udenfriend S, Saltzman-Nirenberg P,Nagatsu T(1965)Inhibition of purified beef adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 14: 837–845
VAN Praag Hm(1981) Management of depression with serotonin precursors. Biol Psychiatry 16: 291–310
VAN Praag Hm, KoRF J, PUITE J(1970)5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressive patients treated with probenecid. Nature 225: 1259–1260
Wade La, Katzman R(1975)Synthetic amino acids and the nature of L-DOPA transport at the blood brain barrier. J Neurochem 25: 837842
Weiner N(1970)Regulation of norepinephrine biosynthesis. Ann Rev Pharmacol 10: 273–290
Weiner N, Bjur R, Lee Fl, Becker G, Mosimann F(1973)Studies on the mechanism of regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity during nerve stimulation. In: Usdin E, Snyder S (eds) Frontiers in catecholamine research. Perga-mon Press, New York, pp 211–221
Wilkinson LS, Collard KJ(1984)Opposite effects of extracellular sodium removal on the uptake of tryptophan into rat cortical slices and synaptosomes. J Neurochem 43: 274–275
Wurtman Rf, Larin F, Mostafapour S, Fernstrom Jd(1974) Brain catechol synthesis: control by brain tyrosine concentration. Science 185: 183–184
Young Sn, Chouinard G, Annable L, Morand C,Ervin FR(1984) The therapeutic action of tryptophan in depression, mania and aggres-sion. In: Schlossberger HG, Kochen W, Linzen B, Steinhart H (eds) Progress in tryptophan and serotonin research. Gruyter, Berlin New York, pp 321–324
Zigmond J, Abercrombie ED, Berger 1W, Grace AA, Stricker EM(1990) Compensations after lesions of central dopaminergic neurons: some clinical and basic implications. TINS 13: 290–296
Angst J, Woggon B, Schoepf J (1977) The treatment of depression with 1–5-hydroxytryptophan versus imipramine. Results of two open and one double-blind study. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 224: 175–186
Aylward M(1976) Presented on a meeting of the Royal College of Physicians Anonymus (1987) Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. New Mexico Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep 38: 765–767, 785
Barker A, Scott J, Eccleston D(1987) The Newcastle chronic depression study:results of a treatment regime. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 261–272
Barlet P, Paliard P(1974) Etude clinique du 5hydroxytryptophane dans les etats depressifs du troisieme age. Cah Med Lyonnais 50: 1895-1901
Beckmann H, Kasper S(1983)Serotonin-Vorstufen als Antidepressiva. Eine Ubersicht. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 51: 176–182
Belongia EA, Hedberg CW, Gleich Gj, White KE, Mayeno AN, Loegring DA, Dunette SL, Pirie PL, Macdonald KL, Osterholm MT(1990)An investigation of the cause of the eosinophiliamyalgia syndrome associated with tryptophan use. N Engl J Med 323: 357–365
Boman B(1988)L-Tryptophan: a rational antidepressant and a natural hypnotic? Aust NZ J Psychiatry 22: 83–97
Brodie Hkh, Sack R, Siever L(1973)In: Barchas J, Usdin E (eds) Serotonin and behavior. Academic Press, New York, pp 549–559
Bunney We, Brodie Hkh, Murphy DL, Goodwin Fk(1971)Studies of a-methyl-p-tyrosine, L-dopa, and L-tryptophan in depression and mania. Am J Psychiatry 127: 872–881
Chamberlain B, Ervin FR, Pihl RO, Young Sn(1987) The effect of raising or lowering tryp- tophan levels on aggression in vervet mon- keys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 28: 503–510
Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L, Sourkes TL(1979)Tryptophanicotinamide, imipramine and their combination in depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59: 395–414
Chouinard G, Young SN, Annable L(1985)A controlled clinical trial of L-tryptophan in acute mania. Biol Psychiatry 20: 546–557
Cole Jo, Hartman E, Brigham P(1980)Ltryptophan:clinical studies. In: COLE JO (ed) Psychopharmacology update.The Collamore Press, Lexington Ma, pp 119–148
Conte Hr, Plutchik R(1974) Personality and background characteristics of suicidal mental patients. J Psychiatr Res 10: 181
Coppen A, SHAW DM, Farrel JP(1963) Potentiation of the antidepressive effect of a monoamineoxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. Lancet is 7881
Coppen A, Shaw Dm, Herzberg R, Maggs R(1967) Tryptophan in the treatment of depression. Lancet ii: 1178–1180
Coppen Aj, Prange JR Aj, Whybrow Pc, Noguera R(1972) Abnormalities of indoleamines in affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26: 474 478
Dunner DL, Fieve RR(1975) Affective disorder: studies with amine precursors. Am J Psychiatry 132: 180–183
Farinelli S et al(1991) Sindrome eosinofiliamialgia associata a 5-OH-triptofano Descrizione di un caso. Recenti Progressiv in Medicina 82: 7–8
Farkas T, Dunner Dl, Fieve Rr(1976) L-Tryptophan in depression. Biol Psychiatry 11: 295–302
Glassman AH, Plattman SB(1969) Potentiation of a monoamine-oxidase inhibitor by tryptophan. J Psychiatr Res 7: 83–88
Herrington Rn, Bruce A, Johnstone Ec(1976) Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and amitriptylin in depressive illness. Psychol Med 6: 673–678
Jensen K, Fruensgaard K, Ahlfors Ug(1975) Tryptophan/Imipramine in depression. Lancet 9: 920
Kirkegaard C, Moller SE, Bjorum N(1978) Additi-on of L-tryptophan to electroconvulsive treat- ment in endogenous depression. A double- blind study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 58: 457–462
Kline Ns, Sacks W(1963) Relief of depression within one day using an MAO inhibitor and intravenous 5-HTP. Am J Psychiatry 120: 274–275
Kline NS, Sacks W(1980) Treatment of depression with an MAO inhibitor followed by 5-HTP — an unfinished research project. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl 2801: 233–241
Lindberg D, Ahlfors Ug, Dencker Sj(1979)Symptom reduction in depression after treatment with L-trypthophan or imipramine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 60: 287–294
Lopez-Ibor Ajj, Gutterriz I, Inglesias M(1973)Tryptophan and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression. IntPharmacopsychiatry 8: 145151
Lofez-Ibor JJ, Gutierrez JJA, Iglesias Mlmm(1976) 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and a MAOI (nialamide) in the treatment of depres- sion. A double-blind controlled study. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 11: 8–15
Mendels J, Stinnet JL, Burns D, Frazer A(1975) Amine precursors and depressions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32: 22–30
Mendlewicz J, younim Mbh(1980) Antidepressant potentiation of 5-hydroxytryptophan by L-deprenyl in affective illness. J Affect Dis 2: 137–146
Murphy DL, Baker m, goodwiN FK, Miller H, Kotin Jr, Bunney We(1974) L-Tryptophan in affective disorders. Indoleamine changes and differential clinical effects. Psychopharmacology 34: 11–20
Nardini M, De Stefano R, Iannuccelli M, Borghesi R, BattistininN (1983) Treatment of depression with L-5-hydroxytryptophan combined with chlorimipramine, a double-blind study. Int J Clin Pharm Res 111: 239–250
Pope HE, JoNAS Jm, Hudson JI(1985) Toxic reactions to the combination of monoamineoxodase inhibitors and tryptophan. Am J Psychiatry 142: 491–492
Praag Hm V(1978)Psychotropic drugs. A guide for the practitioner. Brunner/Mazel, New York, pp 280–281
Praag Hm V(1984) Studies in the mechanism of action of serotonin precursors in depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 599–602
Praag Hm v, Korf J(1971) Endogenous depression with and without disturbances in the 5hydroxytryptamine metabolism: a biochemical classification? Psychopharmacologia 19: 148–152
Praag Hm V, De Haan S(1980) Depression vulnerability and 5-hydroxytryptophan prophylaxis. Psychiatry Res 3: 75–83
Praag Hm V,Korf J, Dols Lcw, Schut T(1972) A pilot study of the predictive value of the probenecid test in application of 5-hydroxytryptophan as an antidepressant. Psycho-pharmacology 25: 14–21
Quadbeck H, Lehmann E, Tegeler(1984) Com-parison of the antidepressant action of tryptophan, tryptophan/5-hydroxytryptophan combination and nomifensine. Neuropsychobiology 11: 111–115
Raleigh Mi(1987) Differential behavioral effects of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan in
vervet monkeys: influence of catecholaminergic systems. Psychopharmacology93: 44–50
Rao B, Broadhurst AD(1976) Tryptophan and depression. Br Med J 1: 460
Raotma H(1978) Has tryptophan any anticonvul- sive effect. Acta Psychiatr Scand 57: 253–258
De Smet Pagm(1991) Drugs used in non-ortho- dox medicine. In: Dukes Mng, Aronson JK (eds) Side effects of drugs, annual 15. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 514–531
Sourkes TL(1983) Toxicology of serotonin precursors. Adv Biol Psychiatry 10: 160–175
Thomas JM, Rubin EH(1984) Case report of a toxic reaction from a combination of tryptophan and phenelzine. Am J Psychiatry 141: 281–283
Thomson J, Rankin H, Ashcroft GW, Yates Cm, Mcqueen JK, Cummings SW(1982) The treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo. Psychol Med 12: 741751
Walinder J(1983) Combination of tryptophan with MAO inhibitors, tricycle antidepressants and selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. Biol Psychiatry 10: 82–93
Walinder J, Skott A, Nagy A(1976) Potentiation of antidepressant action of clomipramine by tryptophan. Arch Gen Psychiatry 33: 13841389
Weissman M, Fox R, Klerman JL(1973) Hostility and depression associated with suicide attempts. Am J Psychiatry 130: 450
Woert Van Mh, Rosenbaum D, Howieson J,Bowers MB(1977) Long-term therapy of myoclonus and other neurologic disorders with L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa. N Engl J Med 296: 70–75
Worral EP, Moddy JP, Peet M, Dick P, Smith A, Chambers C, Adams M Naylor GJ(1979) Con-
trolled studies of the acute antidepressant ef- fects of lithium. Br J Psychiatry135: 255–262
Wurtman RJ, Hefti F, Mulamed E(1981) Precursor control of neuro-transmitter synthesis. Pharmacol Rev 32: 315–335
Young SN(1986) The clinical psychopharmacology of tryptophan. In: Wurtman RJ, Wurtman JJ (eds) Nutrition and the brain, vol 7. Raven, New York, pp 49–88
Zipp F, Demisch L(1992) Aktuelles in der Diskussion um das Eosinophilie-Myalgie-Syndrom ( Ems ). Nervenarzt 63: 249–253
Demisch L, HÖLZL J, Gollnik B, Kaczmarczyk P(1989) Idenditification of selective MAO- Type-A-Inhibitors in Hypericum Perforatum L. Pharmacopsychiatry 22: 194
Dietzel M(1990) Die Lichttherapie der endogenen Depression. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Giese AC (1980) Hypericism. Photochem Photo-biol Rev 5: 229–255
Halama P (1991) Wirksamkeit des JohanniskrautExtraktes LI 160 bei depressiver Verstimmung. Nervenheilkunde 10: 250–253
Hansel R(1988) johanniskraut. In: St Einegger E, Hansel R (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Pharmakognosie und Phytopharmazie, 4. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 672674
Harrer G, Schmidt U, Kuhn U(1991) „Alternative“ Depressionsbehandlung mit einem Hypericum-Extrakt. 1W Neurol Psych 5: 710–716
HÖLzL J(1989) Johanniskraut, eine alte Arzneipflanze mit neuer Bedeutung. Therapeutikon
-547
Hoffmann J, Kuhl Ed(1979) Therapie von depressiven Zuständen mit Hypericin. Z Allgemeinmed 55: 776–782
Johnson D(1991) Neurophysiologische Wirkungen von Hypericum im Doppelblindversuch mit Probanden. Nervenheilkunde 10: 316–317
Kniebel R, Burchard JN(1988) Zur Therapie depressiver Verstimmungen in der Praxis. Z Allgemeinmed 64: 689–696
könig C, Maier B(1992) Johanniskraut — der pflanzliche Stimmungsaufheller. Der informierte Arzt/Gazette Medicale 13: 1691–1694
Lehrl S, Woelk H(1991) Psychometrische Messung der Leistungskapazität unter antidepressiver Therapie mit Johanniskraut-Extrakt. Nervenheilkunde 10: 313–315
Monographie „Hyperics Herba“ Des Bundesge-Sundheitsamtes(1984) Bundesanzeiger Nr. 228 vom 5. 12. 1984
Müldner H, Zöller M(1984) Antidepressive Wirkung eines auf den Wirkstoffkomplex Hypercin standardisierten Hypericum-Extraktes. Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Res 34: 918920
Okpanyi SN, Weischer ML(1987) Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungen zur psychotropen Wirksamkeit eines Hypericum-Extraktes. Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Res 37: 10–13
Okpanyi SN, Lidzba H, Scholl BC, Miltenburger HG(1990) Genotoxizität eines standardisierten Hypericum-Extraktes. Arzneimittelforschung/Drug Res 40: 851–855
Panijel M(1985) Die Behandlung mittelschwerer Angstzustände. Therapiewoche 41: 46594668
Roth L(1990) Hypericum — Hypericin. Botanik, Inhaltsstoffe, Wirkung. ecomed, Landsberg
S135-138
Schimmer O, Häfele F, Krüger A(1988) The mU-tagenis potencies of plant extracts containing quercetin in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 und TA100. Mutat Res 206: 201–208
Schlich D, Braukmann F, SchenkN (1987) Behandlung depressiver Zustandsbilder mit Hypericinium. Psycho 13: 440–447
Schmidt U (1989) Zur Therapie depressiver Verstimmungen. Psycho 15: 665–671
Siegers CP, Steffen B(1991) influence of querce-tin on cell proliferation and DNA-synthesis in human tumor cell lines. Pharma Pharmacol Lett 1: 64–67
Sommer H(1991) Besserung psychovegetativer Beschwerden durch Hypericum im Rahmen einer multizentrischen Doppelblindstudie. Nervenheilkunde 10: 308–310
Steger W(1985) Depressive Verstimmungen. Z Allgemeinmed 61: 914–918
Stock S, Hölzl J(1991) Pharmacokinetic test of (14C)- labelled hypericin and pseudohypericin from hypericum perforatum and serum kinetics of hypericin in man (39th Annual Con-gress on Medicinal Plant Research, Abstracts, p 70 ). Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 61–62
Suzuki O, Katsumata Y, Oya M, Bladt S, Wagner H(1984) Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by hypericin. Planta Med 50: 272–274
Weiser D(1991) Pharmakokinetik von Hypericin nach oraler Einnahme des JohanniskrautExtraktes LI 160. Nervenheilkunde 10: 318–319
Wichtl M(1983) Hypericum perforatum L. — Johanniskraut. Wissenschaftliches Gutachten als Grundlage der Monographie „Hyperici herba“ des Bundesgesundheitsamtes
Wichtl M(1989) Johanniskraut. In: WICHTL M (Hrsg) Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch für die Praxis auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, S 257–259
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Demisch, L., Bruinvels, J., Kasper, S., Nedopil, N., Schulz, V., Hänsel, R. (1993). Präkursoren. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Pöldinger, W. (eds) Neuro-Psychopharmaka. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3317-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3317-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3318-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3317-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive