Zusammenfassung
Wie bei allen Krankheiten und Symptomen und ihrer medizinischen Behandlung richtet sich die Anwendung eines bestimmten Heilmittels, seine Indikation, nach dessen Eigenschaften, die mit größerer oder geringerer Spezifität die Ursachen krankhafter Veränderungen (kausal) oder die Zielsymptome (symptomatisch) beeinflussen können.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literatur
Andreasen NC, Olsen S (1982) Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 789–794
Angst J, Stassen HH, Woggon B (1989) Effect of neuroleptics on positive and negative symptoms and the deficite state. Psychopharmacology 99: 41–46
Athen D, Hippius H, Meyendorf R, Reimer C, Steiner C (1977) Ein Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von Neuroleptika und Clomethiazol bei der Behandlung des Alkoholdelirs. Nervenarzt 48: 528–532
Arc, Fj JR (1980) Lithium-haloperidol for mania: is it safe or hazardous? In: AYD FJ JR (ed) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 83–92
Baldessarini RJ (1990) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, miscellaneus medical uses for neuroleptic drugs. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, Gilman AG (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon Press, New York Oxford, pp 383–435
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What is the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Benkert O, Hippius H (1980) Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 26
Berner P (1977) Psychiatrische Systematik. Hu- ber, Bern Stuttgart Wien, S 155–159, 166
Bradley PB, Hirsch SR (1986) The psychopharmacologial and somatic treatment of schizophrenia. Oxford University Press
Busch FN, Miller FT, Weiden PJ (1989) A comparison of two adjunctive treatment strategies in acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 453–455
Campbell M (1987) Drug treatment of infantile autism: the past decade. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1225–1232
Carpenter WT, Hanlon THE, Heinrichs DW, Summer-Felt AT, Kirkpatrick B, Levine J, Buchanan W (1990) Continous versus targeted medication in schizophrenic outpatients: outcome results. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1138–1148
Casey DE (1987) Tardive dyskinesia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1411–1420
Cohen BM (1988) Neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of acute psychosis: how much do we really know? Psychopharmacol Ser 5: 47–61
Cooper THB (1987) Pharmacokinetics of lithium. In: Meltzer HJ (ed) Psychopharmacology:the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1365–1376
Crow TJ (1980) Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the role of dopamine. Br J Psychiatry 137: 83–386
Davis JM (1975) Maintenance therapy in psychiatry. Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 132: 1237–1254
Davis JM, Casper RC (1978) General priciples of the clinical use of neuroleptics. In: Clark WG, Del Guidice J (eds) Principles of psychopharmacology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 511–536
Delgado JMR (1979) Inhibitory functions in the neostriatum. In: Divac I, Gunilla R, Oberg E (eds) The neostriatum. Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 241–261
Devanand DP, Sackheim HA, Mayeux R (1988) Psychosis, behavioural disturbance and the use of neuroleptics in dementia. Compr Psychiatry 29: 387–401
Dose M (1987) Die Wirkung von Carbamazepin als Adjuvans bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Burchard JM (Hrsg) Behandlung mit Carbamazepin in Psychiatrie und Neurologie. Münchner wissenschaftliche Publikationen, S 83
Dose M, Emrich HM (1990) Antikonvulsiva und Lithium als Adjuvantien der medikamentösen Therapie schizophrener Psychosen. In: HIN-
Terhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 50–59
Freeman H (1988) Principles of long-term treatment and care of schizophrenic patients. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 98–107
Gaebel W, Pietzcker A, Poppenberg A (1981) Prädiktoren des Verlaufs schizophrener Erkrankungen unter neuroleptischer Langzeitmedikation. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 180–188
Goldstein MJ, Rodnick HE, Ivans JR, May PRA, Steinberg MR (1978) Drug and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1169–1177
Guldberg CA, Dahl AA, Hansen H, Bergem M (1990) Predicitve value of the four good prognostic features. In DSM-III-R schizophreniform disor-
der. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82: 23–25
Häfner H, Kasper S (1982) Akut lebensbedrohliche Katatonien. Nervenarzt 53: 385–394
Hogarty GE (1988a) Resistance of schizophrenic patients to social and vocational rehabilitation. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 83–97
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors. J Clin Psychiatry 45: 34–42
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P et al. (1979) Depot fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: relapse analyses of a two year controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1283–1294
Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP (1986) Family psycho-education, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. I. One year effect of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 633–642
Hogarty GE, McEvoy JP, Muentz M (1988b) Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion and outcome in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 797–805
Jain AK, Kelwala S, Gershon S (1988) Antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: current issues. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 1–30
Johnson DA (1988) Observations on the use of depot neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Ser 5: 62–72
Johnstone EC, Mcmlllan JF, Frith CHD, Benn DK, Crow TJ (1990) Further investigation of the predictors of outcome, following first schizo- phrenic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 157: 182–189
Kane JM (1988a) The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 49 [Suppl]: 12–14
Kane JM (1988b) The current status of neuroleptic therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 322–328
Klein DF, Davis JM (1969) Diagnosis and drug treatment of psychiatric disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Klosterköiier J, Penin H (1989) Epileptische Psychosen and ihre medikamentöse Behandlung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 57: 61–69
Koiakowska T, Williams AO, Jambor K, Ardern M (1985) Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. Br J Psychiatry 146: 229–246
König P, Glatter-Götz U (1990) Combined electroconvulsive and neuroleptic therapy in schizophrenia refractory to neuroleptics. Schizophr Res 3: 351–354
König P, Strickner M (1978) Die Indikation zum Zentralvenenkatheter bei psychiatrischen Pa- tienten. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 46: 156–161
Laux G (1988) Psychopharmaka, ein Leitfaden. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, S 108
Lawin P (1989) Therapeutische Hypothermie. In: Lawin P (Hrsg) Praxis der Intensivbehandlung. G Thieme, Stuttgart, S 637
Leckman JF, Walkup JT, Riddle MA, Towbin KE, Cohen DJ (1987) Tic disorders. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacolgy: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1239–1246
Leff J, Vaughn C (1981) The role of maintenance therapy and relatives expressed emotion in relapse of schizophrenia. A two year follow up. Br J Psychiatry 139: 102–104
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Eberlein-Vries R, Sturgeon D (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134
Lippmann S (1980) Haloperidol: a therapeutic option for tardive dyskinesia, an illustrative case report. In: Am Fj JR (ed) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 197–212
Lydiard RB, Laird LK (1988) Prediction of response to antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 12–14
Malm U (1988) Good routine treatment in schizophrenia. In: DENCKER SJ, KULHANEK F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 34–43
Marder SR, Hubbard JW, Van Putten T, Midha KK (1989) Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable neuroleptic drugs: clinical implications. Psychopharmacology 98: 433–439
Mitchell JE (1987) Psychopharmacology of anorexia nervosa. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1273–1276
Möller HJ, Eilert-Werner K, Wüscher-Stockheim M, Von Zerssen D (1982) Relevante Merkmale für die 5-Jahres-Prognose von Patienten mit schizophrenen und verwandten paranoiden Psychosen. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 231: 305–322
Möller HJ, Scharl W, Von Zerrsen D (1985) Can the result of neuroleptic treatment be predicted? An empirical investigation on schizophrenic inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 52–53
Mortimer AM, Lund CE, Mckenna (1990) The positive: negative dichotomy in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 157: 41–49
Muller B (1988) Psychotropics 88/89. Lundbeck, Nederland BV, Amsterdam
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kümmerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzy KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. eco-med, III 2.1, S 1–14
Opjordsmoen S (1989) Delusional disorders. II. Predictor analysis of long term outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80: 613–619
Pfitzer F, Schuchardt V, Heitmann R (1988) Die Behandlung schwerer Alkoholdelirien. Nervenarzt 59: 229–236
Pietzcker A (1988) Akutbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippius H, Laakmann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 216–229
Pippenger CHE, Siris JH, Werner WL, Masland RL (1975) The effect of psychotropic drugs on serum antiepileptic levels in psychiatric pati- ents with seizure disorders. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardnerthorpe C, Meinardi H, Sherwin AL (eds) Clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. Springer, New York Heidelberg Berlin, pp 135–144
Ploog D (1973) Die zerebrale Repräsentation von Funktions-und Verhaltensweisen. G Fischer, Stuttgart, S 202–219
Prien RF (1987) Long term treatment of affective psychoses. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1051–1058
Rifkin A, Sims S (1987) Drug treatment of acute schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1095–1102
Rifkin A, Sims SG (1990) Die Kombination von Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika bei der Behandlung der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 33–39
Salzman C (1987) Treatment of agitation in the elderly. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacolgy: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1167–1176
Schied HW (1990) A review of different methods of treatment. In: Straube E, Hahlweg K (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 97–102
Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, Brauzer B, Dimascio A (1980) Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia: an evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 16–24
Schooler NR, Hogarty GE (1987) Medication and psychosocial strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HJ (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1111–1120
Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Wayne HL (1973) Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with haloperidol. Review of 34 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 9297
Shepherd G (1984) Institutional care and rehabilitation. Longman, London
Shopsin B (1979) Manic illness. Raven Press, New York
Silver PA, Simpson GM (1988) Antipsychotic use in the medically ill. Psychother Psychosom 49: 120–136
Simpson GM, Levinson DF (1988) Can we increase the response to somatic therapies for schizophrenia. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 44–55
Smith RS JR (1980) The use of haloperidol in alcoholism. In: Ayd FJ JR (eds) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 148–154
Solomon K (1980) Haloperidol and the geriatric patient: practical considerations. In: Am FJ JR (eds) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 155–173
Trimble MR (1991) The psychoses of epilepsy. Raven Press, New York, pp 65–185
Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: a comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry 129: 125–137
Woggon B (1983) Prognose der Psychopharmakotherapie. Enke, Stuttgart
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What ist the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Baldessarini RJ, Katz B, Cotton P (1984) Dissimilar dosing with high potency and low potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 141: 748–752
Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma levels in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 79–91
Beckmann H, Laux G (1990) Guidelines for the dosage of antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 3581: 63–66
Dilsaver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medication. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Garver DL (1989) Neuroleptic drug-loads and antipsychotic effects — a difficult correlation: a potential advantage of free (or derivative) versus total plasma levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 9: 277–281
Gottfries L, Rüdeberg K (1981) The role of neuroleptics in an integrated treatment program for chronic schizophrenia. In: Gotffries CG (ed) Long-term neuroleptic treatment benefits and risks. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl 291] 63: 44–53
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors. J Clin Psychiatry 45: 34–42
Hogarty GE (1988a) Resistance of schizophrenic patients to social and vocational rehabilitation. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 83–97
Jann MW, Wen-Ho CHANG, Davis CM, Teng-Yi CHEN, Hwei-Chuang DENG, For-Wei-LUNG, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SLR, Richards AL (1989) Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels in chinese vs. nonchinese psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 30: 45–52
Kane JM (1984) Drug maintenance strategies in schizophrenia. Am Psychiatry Assoc, Washington DC
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M (1986) Die Reduktion von Nebenwirkungen durch die Verwendung von extrem niedrigen Dosen von Fluphenazindecanoat zur Rezidivprophylaxe bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 129–136
Keck PE JR, Cohen BM, Baldessarini RJ, Mcelroy SL (1989) Time course of antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 146: 1289–1292
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Eberlein-Vries R, Sturgeon D (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134
Levinson DF, Simpson GM, Sinhg H, Yadalam K, Jain A, Stephanos MJ, Silver P (1990) Fluphenazine dose, clinical response and extrapyramidal symptoms, during acute treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 761–768
Magyar I, Bitter I (1988) Periodische Dosierung der Depot-Neuroleptika. Prophylaxe der Nebenwirkungen? Psycho 14: 118–122
Midha KK, Hawes EM, Hubbard JW, Korchinski ED, Mckay G (1987) The search for correlation between neuroleptic plasma levels and clinical outcome: a critical review. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1341–1352
Müller C (1989) Wandlungen der psychiatrischen Institutionen. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer JE, Müller C, Strömgren E (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 9. Brennpunkte der Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 339–368
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kümmerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzy KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. III 2.1. eco-med: S 1–14
Pickar D (1988) Perspectives on a time-dependent model of neuroleptic action. Schizophr Bull 14: 255–268
Platz WE, Fünfgeld EW, Kulhanek F (1986) Konzept einer individuellen aber standardisierten neuroleptischen Therapie der schizophrenen Erkrankungen. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwir- kungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 137–150
VAN Pull HN, Marder SR, Mintz J (1990) A controlled dose comparison of haloperidol in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 754–758
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Carillo C, Klein DF (1971) Very high dose fluphenazine for non-chronic treatment-refractory patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25: 398–403
Rifkin A, Sims S (1987) Drug treatment of acute schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1095–1102
Schied IIW (1990) A review of different methods of treatment. In: Straube E, Hahlweg K (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyio, pp 97–102
Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: a comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry 129: 125–137
Wing JK, Brown GW (1970) Institutionalism and schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, London
Amsler H A, Teere-Nhovi I, Barth E, Harjula K, Vuopio P (1977) Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 56: 241–248
Barnes TRE, Kidger T, Gore SM (1983) Tardive dyskinesia: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 13: 71–81
Barnes TRE (1989) A rating scale for drug induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 154: 672–676
Bartels M, Heide K, Mann K, Schied HW (1987) Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam: an open clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 51–53
Battegay R (1966) Entziehungserscheinungen nach abruptem Absetzen von Neuroleptika als Kriterien zu ihrer Differenzierung. Nervenarzt 37: 552–556
Bauer D, Gaertner HJ (1983) Wirkungen der Neuroleptika auf die Leberfunktion, das blutbildende System, den Blutdruck und die Ternperaturregulation. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 23–29
Böker W, Brenner HD, Alberti L (1982) Untersuchung subjektiver Neuroleptikawirkungen bei Schizophrenen. Therapiewoche 32: 3411–3416
Borison RL, Diamond BI, Sinha D, Gupta RP, Ajiboye PA (1988) Clozapine withdrawal rebound psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull 24: 260–263
Brenner I, Rheuban WJ (1978) The catatonic dilemma. Am J Psychiatry 135: 1242–1243
Brenner HD, Böker W, Rui C (1986) Subjektive Neuroleptikawirkung bei Schizophrenen und ihre Bedeutung für die Therapie. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 97–107
Buist A, Norman TR, Dennerstein L (1990) Breast-feeding and the use of psychotropic medication: a review. J Affect Dis 19: 197–206
Campbell M, Cohen IL (1981) Psychotropic drugs in child psychiatry. In: VAN Praag H et al. (eds) Handbook of biological psychiatry, part IV. Marcel Dekker, New%York Basel, pp 215–241
Chouinard G, Jones BD (1980) Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: clinical and pharmacologic characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 137: 16–21
Collins AC, Kellner R (1986) Neuroleptics and sexual functioning. Integr Psychiatry 4: 96
Dilsaver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Di Mascio A, Shader RI, Giller DR (1970) Behavioral toxicity, part III. Perceptual-cognitive functions, part IV. Emotional (mood) states. In: Shader RJ, DI Mascio A (eds) Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 132–141
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Fleischhacker WW, Bergmann KJ, Perovich P, Pe-Streich LK, Borenstein M, Liebermann MA, Kane JM (1989) The Hillside Akathisia Scale — a new rating instrument for neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 222–226
Fleischhacker WW, Unterweger B, Kane JM, Hinterhuber H (1990) The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its differentiation from lethal catatonia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81: 3–4
Gaertner HJ, Hörner W, Bartels M (1983) Katatoniforme Symptome als Nebenwirkung neuroleptischer Behandlung. Nervenarzt 54: 250–254
Gardos G, Cole JO, Salomon M, Schniebolok S (1987) Clinical forms of severe tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 895–902
Gerlach J, Jorgensen EO, Peacock L (1989) Longterm experience with clozapine in Denmark: research and clinical practice. Psychopharmacology 99: S92 - S96
Goodall E, Oxtoby C, Richards R, Watkinson G, Brown G, Silverstone T (1988) A clinical trial of the efficacy and acceptability of D-Fenfluramine in the treatment of neuroleptic induced obesity. Br J Psychiatry 153: 208
Gualtieri CT, Quade D, Hicks RE, Mayo JP, Schroeder SR (1984) Tardive dyskinesia and other clinical consequences of neuroleptic treatment in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 141: 20–23
Helmchen H, Hippius H (1967) Depressive Syndrome im Verlauf neuroleptischer Therapie. Nervenarzt 38: 455–461
Hinterhuber H, Kryspin-Exner K, Meise U, Schwitzer J (1986) Beeinflussung des Eßverhaltens durch psychiatrische Erkrankungen und deren Therapien. Neuropsychiatrie 1: 8–12
Hinterhuber H, Hackenberg B (1986) Neuroleptische Turbulenzphasen. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 49–56
Hirsch SR, Knights A (1982) Gibt es die pharmakogene Depression wirklich? Beweismaterial aus zwei prospektiven Untersuchungen. In: Kryspin-Exner K, Hinterhuber H, Schubert H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der psychiatrischen Thera- pieforschung. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 249–247
Hogan TM, Awad AG, Eastwood RA (1983) A selfreport scale predictive of drug compliance in schizophrenics: reliability and discriminative validity. Psychol Med 13: 177–179
Hummer M, Kurz M, Barnas C, Hinterhuber H, Fleischhacker WW (1991) First analysis of a prospective clozapine drug monitoring-study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 671
Kane JM, Smith J (1982) Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk Faktors, 1959–1979. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 473–481
Krupp P, Barnes P (1989) Leponex-associated granulocytopenia: a review of the situation. Psychopharmacology 99: S 118–121
Levenson JL (1983) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 142: 1137–1145
Lew TY, Tollefson G (1983) Chlorpromazine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its response to diazepam. Biol Psychiatry 18: 1441–1446
Liebermann JA, Celeste AJ, Kane JM, Rai K, Pisciotta AV, Saltz BL, Howard A (1988) Clozapineinduced agranulocytosis: non-cross-reactivity with other psychotropic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 271–277
Marder SR, Swann E, Winsiade WJ, VAN Putten T, Chien CP, Wilkins J (1984) A study of medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 35: 735–741
Marmor MF (1990) Is thioridazine retinopathy progressive? Relationship of pigmentary changes to visual function. Br J Ophthalmol 74: 739–742
Marsden CD, Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ (1975) Spontaneous and druginduced movement disorders in psychotic patients. In: Benson DF, Blu-Mer D (eds) Psychiatric aspects of neurological disease. Grune & Stratton, New York San Francisco London, pp 219–266
Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW, Ehrmann H, Kane JM (1990) Treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 373–376
Mitchell JE, Popkin MK (1982) Antipsychotic drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men. Am J Psychiatry 139: 633–637
Müller H, Battegay R, Gehring A (1969) Die orthostatische Hypotonie als vegetative Begleiterscheinung der Therapie mit Neuroleptika und deren medikamentöse Kompensationsversuche. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 104: 365–387
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Passoth PM, Poser W, Schlecht W (1984) Zum Einfluß langfristiger Behandlung mit Neuroleptika oder Lithium-salzen auf den Kohlehydratstoffwechsel. Arzneimittelforschung 55: 43–45
Owens DGC, Johnstone EC, Frith C (1982) Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 452–461
Pieschl D, Kaltenbach M, Kober G, Markert F, Kulhanek F (1986) Ergebnisse psychiatrisch-kardiologischer Untersuchungen zur Kardiotoxizität von Psychopharmaka. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 17–28
Pilo L (1990) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in organic brain disease and physical illness. Singapore Med J 31: 311–313
Platz T, Hinterhuber H (1984) Zur Frage der Gefäßschädigung bei intravenöser Infusionstherapie mit hochpotenten Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 55: 46–50
Platz T, Hinterhuber H (1981) Die hochdosierte Neuroleptikatherapie. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 141–147
Schmidt LG, Grohmann R (1990) Neuroleptikanebenwirkungen - Ein Überblick. In: Heinrich K (Hrsg) Leitlinien neuroleptischer Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Schroder J, Linge C, Wähner A (1988) Zur Differentialdiagnose der malignen Hyperthermie, der febrilen Katatonie und des neuroleptischen maligenen Syndroms. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 56: 97–101
Schwalb H, Eckmann F, Brüninghaus H (1981) Psychopharmaka und kardiale Risikofaktoren. Nervenarzt 52: 549–553
Schyve PM, Smithline F, Meltzer HY (1978) Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1291–1301
Segraves RT (1989) Effects of psychotropic drugs on human erection and ejaculation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 275–284
Shader RI (1970) Male sexual function. In: Shader RI, Dimascio A (eds) Psychotropic drug side effects. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 63–71
Singh MM, Kay SR (1979) Dysphoric response to neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: its relationship to autonomic arousal and prognosis. Biol Psychiatry 14: 277
Spiess-Kiefer V, Hippius H (1986) Malignes neuroleptisches Syndrom und maligne Hyperther- mie–ein Vergleich. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 54: 158–170
Stacher A, Grohs H (1973) Hämatopoetisches System. In: Kuemmerle HP, Goossens N (Hrsg) Klinik und Therapie der Nebenwirkungen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Sulman FG, Givant Y (1980) Endocrine effects of neuroleptics In: Hoffmeister F, Stille G (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 55/I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 337–348
Toeniessen LM, Casey DE, MC Farland BM (1985) Tardive dyskinesia in the aged: duration of treatment relationships. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 278–284
Tune L, Coyle JT (1981) Acute extrapyramidal side effects: serum levels of neuroleptics and anticholinergics. Psychopharmacology 75: 9–15
Ungvari G (1980) Neuroleptic-related sudden death. Pharmacopsychiatry 13: 29–34
VAN Pullen T, May PRA, Marder SR (1984) Response to antipsychotic medication: the doctor’s and the consumer’s view. Am J Psychiatry 141: 16–20
Varga E, Sugerman AA, Varga V, Zomorodi A, Zomorodi W, Menken M (1982) Prevalence Of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 139: 329–331
Waddington JL (1990) Faktoren der Vulnerabilität für Bewegungsstörungen (Spätdyskinesien) bei der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kul- Hanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Wiesbaden, S 194–200
Wastel R, Grohmann R, Rüther E (1986) Frequency of increased serum liverenzyme levels under treatment with neuroleptics. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 290–291
World Health Organization (1990) Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on longterm neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 156: 412
Zaccara G, Muscas GC, Messori A (1990) Clinical features, pathogenesis and management of drug-induced seizures. Drug Saf 5: 109–151
Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt J, Creelman W (1989) Drug interactions in psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Haring C, Meise U, Humpel C, Saria A, Fleischhacker WW, Hinterhuber H (1989) Dose-related plasma levels of clozapine: influence of smoking behaviour, sex and age. Psychopharmacology 99: S 38 - S40
Haring C, Fleischhacker WW, Schett P, Humpel C, Barnas C, Sarta A (1990) Influence of patient-related variables on clozapine plasma levels. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1471–1475
Sieberns S (1990) Neuroleptika-Interaktionen mit anderen Arzneimitteln. In: Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Möller JH, Wither E (Hrsg) Thioxanthene in der neuroleptischen Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 34–45
Angst J, Dinkelkamp T (1974) Die somatische The rapie der Schizophrenie, Literatur der Jahre 1966–1972. Thieme, Stuttgart
Baldessarini RJ (1990) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, miscellaneus medical uses for neuroleptic drugs. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, Gilman AG (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon Press, New York Oxford, pp 383–435
Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Hanlon THE (1987) A comparative trial of pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 14661470
Lenz G, König P, Kufferle B (1977) Durch Neuroleptika kaschierte Lithium-Intoxikation bei der Kombination Lithium — Saluretikum. Nervenarzt 48: 630–631
Maltbie M, Cavenar JO, Sullivan JL, Hammett EB, Zung WWK (1979) Analgesia and haloperidol: a hypothesis. J Clin Psychiatry 40: 323–326
Marder SR, Swann E, Winslade WJ, VAN Putten T, Chien CP, Wilkins JN (1984) A study of medication-refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 435: 735–739
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kummerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzt KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. eco-med III 2.1, S 1–14
Müller-Spahn F, Grohmann R, Rother E, Hippius H (1990) Vor-und Nachteile einer Kombinati- onstherapie mit verschiedenen Neuroleptika. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 22–32
Pieschl D, Kaltenbach M, Kober G, Markert F, Kulhanek F (1986) Ergebnisse psychiatrisch-kardiologischer Untersuchungen zur Kardiotoxizität von Psychopharmaka. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 17–28
Allen RM (1983) Role of amantadine in the management of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes: overview and pharmacology. Clin Neuropharmacol 6: S 64–73
Altamura AC, Mauri MC, Mantero M, Brunetti M (1987) Clonazepam/haloperidol combination therapy in schizophrenia: a double blind study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76: 702–706
Beckmann H, Laux G (1990) Guidelines for the dosage of antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 358]: 63–66
Benkert O, Hippius H (1986) Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Berner P, Schönbeck G (1987) Biologische Behandlungsmethoden. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer J-E, Müller C, Strömgren (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 4. S 237–284
Black JL, Richelson E, Richardson JW (1 985) Antipsychotic agents: a clinical update. Mayo Clin Proc 60: 777–789
Blondiaux I, Alagille M, Ginestet D (1988) L’adhesion au traitement neuroleptique chez les patients schizophrenes. L’Encephale XIV: 43 1–438
Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) (1986) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Huber, Bern
Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) (1989) Schizophrenie als systemische Störung. Huber, Bern
Boning J (1989) Psychopathologie und Klinik von Rebound-Phänomenen bei psychopharmakologischer Langzeitbehandlung. Psychiatria Danubina 2: 119–122
Borison RL (1983) Amantadine in the management of extrapyramidal side effects. Clin Neuropharmacol 6: S 57–63
Breyer-Pfaff U (1987) Klinische Pharmakokinetik der Neuroleptika: Ergebnisse und Probleme. In: Pichot P, Moller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 37–46
Chouinard C, Jones BD, Annable L (1978) Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity-psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 135: 1409–1410
Davis JM (1986) Neuroleptika. In: Freedman AM, Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Peters UH (Hrsg) Psychiatrie in Klinik und Praxis, Bd 2. Biologische und organische Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 142–182
Davis JM, Schaffer CB, Killian GA, Kinnard C, Chan C (1980) Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 6: 7087
Dilsalver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Dose M, Emrich HM (1990) Antikonvulsiva und Lithium als Adjuvantien der medikamentösen Therapie schizophrener Psychosen. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 50–59
Dysken MW, Javaid JI, Chang SS, Schaffer C, Shahid A, Davis JM (1981) Fluphenacine pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response. Psychopharmacology 73: 205–210
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Davis CM, Jann MW, Richards AL, Burgh NR (1984) Clinical implications of fluphenacine pharmacokinetics. The University of Texas
Mcevoy JP, Mccue M, Spring B, Mors RC, Lavori PW, Farr RM (1987) Effects of amantadine and trihexyphenidyl on memory in elderly normal voluteers. Am J Psychiatry 44: 573–577
Mcevoy JP, Hogarty GE, Carter M, Ortlip P, Ulrich R (1990) Pharmakotherapie des Distress bei remittierten schizophrenen Patienten: Behandlung mit Anticholinergica und die Dosierung von Fluphenazindecanoat. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 40 49
Galenberg AJ (1984) Psychotropic drugs and the fetus. Biol Ther Psychiatry 7: 13–14
Gallhofer B, Marguc K (1990) Kombinationstherapie bei schizophrenen Patienten: Ist die Kombinationstherapie von Neuroleptika mit Benzodiazepinen unbestritten? In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (HrSg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 60–67
Gerken A, Holsboer F, Benkert O (1987) Kontrollierte Untersuchung zum Zusammenhang zwischen extrapyramidal-motorischen Nebenwirkungen und klinischer Wirksamkeit unter Perphenazin-Therapie bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Heinrich K, Klieser E (Hrsg) Probleme der neuroleptischen Dosierung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Goldney RD, Spence ND (1986) Safety of the combination of lithium and neuroleptic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 143: 882–884
Grell W, Haag H, Rother E (1988) Spätdyskinesie: Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Behandlung. In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek K (Hrsg) Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Thera- pie, Therapieresistenz–eine Standortbestim- mung. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 36–49
Haase H-J (1972) Therapie mit Psychopharmaka und anderen psychotropen Medikamenten. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Haase H-J (1982) Die Dosierung der Neuroleptika unter feinmotorischer Kontrolle als konstruktiver Beitrag zum Thema der “ Pharmakeule”. In: Haase H-J (Hrsg) Psychopharmakotherapie. Optimale Dosierung der Neuroleptika. Perimed, Erlangen, S 13–57
Heinrich K (1987) Depotneuroleptika–ein Fortschritt? In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 93–102
Herz MJ, Szymanski H, Simon JC VON (1982) Intermittent medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients; an alternative to maintenance medication. Am J Psychiatry 139: 918–922
Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N (1977) Drug discontinuation among long term, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis Nerv Syst 37: 494–500
Jain AK, Kelwaia S, Gershon S (1988) Antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: current issues. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 1–30
Johnson DAW, Pasterski G, Ludlow JM, Street K, Taylor RWD (1983) The discontinuance of maintenance neuroleptic therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients: drug and social consequences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67: 33–35
Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Mcrink A, Manchanda R (1989) Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical outcome at one year. Br Med J 298: 985–90
Kaminer Y, Münitz H, Wijsenbeek H (1982) Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) abuse: euphoriant and anxiolytic. Br J Psychiatry 140: 473–474
Kane JM (1989) The current status of neuroleptic therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 322–328
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G, Sarantakos S, Schiebel D, Ramoslorenzi J (1983) Low dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. Relapse rates preliminary results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 893–895
Kane JM, Honigfeld C, Singer J et al. (1988) Clozapine for the treatment resistant schizophrenic: a double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 789–796
Kanter GL, Yerevanian BI, Ciccone JR (1984) Casereport of a possible interaction between neuroleptics and carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 141: 1101–1102
Keepers GA, Clappison YJ, Casey DE (1983) Initial anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic–induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 1113–1117
Kramer MS, Vogel WH, Dijohnson C, Dewey DA, Sheves P, Cavicchia S, Litle P, Schmidt R, Kimes I (1989) Antidepressants in “depressed” schizophrenic inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 6: 922–928
Kuhs H, Eikelmann B (1988) Suspension of neuroleptic therapy in acute schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 197–202
Kulhanek F, Linde OK, Meisenberg G (1979) Precipitation of antipsychotic drugs in interaction with coffee or tea. Lancet ii: 11–30
Laux G (1988) Psychopharmaka. Ein Leitfaden. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Lerner Y, Mintzer Y, Schestatzky M (1988) Lithium combined with haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 153: 359–362
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Johns CA (1989) Clozapine: guidelines for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 329–338
Linden M (1987) Negative vs positive Therapieerwartungen and Compliance vs Non-Compliance. Psychiat Prax 14: 132–136
Meltzer HY (1986) Novel approaches to the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res 3: 23 40
Moller HJ (1987) Indikation und Differentialindikation der neuroleptischen Langzeitmedikation. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, Tokyo, S 63–79
Möller HJ (1988) Kontinuierliche Langzeitbehandlung schizophrener Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippius H, Laak-Mann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 30–37
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Lang CH, Doerr P, Pirke K-M, VON Zerssen D (1982) Efficacy and side effects of haloperidol in psychotic patients: oral versus intravenous administration. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1571–1575
Möller HJ, Kissling W, VON Zerssen D (1983) Die prognostische Bedeutung des frühen Ansprechens schizophrener Patienten auf Neuroleptika für den weiteren stationären Behandlungsverlauf. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 46–49
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Stoll K-D, Wendt G (1989) Psychopharmakotherapie. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin Köln
Müller P (1987) Neuroleptische Dosierung bei therapieresistenter Schizophrenie. In: Heinrich K, Klieser E (Hrsg) Probleme der neuroleptischen Dosierung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Müller-Spahn F, Grohmann R, Rüther E, Hippius H (1990) Vor-und Nachteile einer Kombinati- onstherapie mit verschiedenen Neuroleptika. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 22–32
Pietzcker A (1988) Akutbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: HIPPIUS H, LAAKMANN G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika-Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 20–27
Platz TH, Hinterhuber H (1981) Die hochdosierte Neuroleptikatherapie. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 141–147
Pühringer W, Kocher R, Gastpar M (1979) Zur Frage der Inkompatibilität einer Lithium-Neuroleptika-Kombinationstherapie. Nervenarzt 50: 124–127
Pullen GP, Best NR, Maguire J (1984) Anticholinergic drug use: a common problem? Br Med J 289: 612–613
Putten T VAN (1974) Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 67–72
Putten T VAN, May PRA (1978) Subjective response as a predictor of outcome in pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 477–480
Putten T VAN, Gelenbergaj, Lavori PW, Falk WE, Marder SR, Spring B, Mohs RC, Brotman AW (1987) Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine vs. amantadine. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 26–29
Putten T VAN, Mardder SR, Mintz J (1990) A controlled dose comparison of haloperidol in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 754–758
Reardon GT, Rifkin A, Schwartz A, Myerson A, Siris SG (1989) Changing patterns of neuroleptic dosage over a decade. Am J Psychiatry 146: 726–729 )
Remington G (1989) Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 34: 211–219
Rey M J, Schulz P, Costa C, Dick P, Tissot R (1989) Guidelines for the dosage of neuroleptics. Chlorpromazine equivalents of orally administered neuroleptics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 95–104
Richelson E (1985) Pharmacology of neuroleptics in use in the united states. J Clin Psychiatry 46 (Sec 2): 8–14
Rifkin A, Siris SG (1990) Die Kombination von Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika bei der Behandlung der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 33–39
Rittmannsberger H (1990) Carbamazepin in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen: Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen. Wien Med Wochenschr 140: 398–404
Rittmannsberger H, Schony W (1990) Neue psychosoziale Verfahren in der Behandlung schizophrener Patienten. In: Schönbeck G, Platz T (Hrsg) Schizophrene erkennen, verstehen, behandeln. Springer, Wien New York, S 121132
Rittmannsberger H, Schöny W (1986) Prävalenz tardiver Dyskinesien bei langzeithospitalisierten schizophrenen Patienten. Nervenarzt 57: 116–118
Rittmannsberger H, Unterluggauer H (1991) Akutbehandlung mit Neuroleptika: intravenöse versus orale Applikation. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Neumann R (Hrsg) Prädiktoren und Therapieresistenz in der Psychiatrie. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden
Robinson GE, Stewart DA, Flak E (1986) The rational use of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy and postpartum. Can J Psychiatry 31: 183–190
Sassim N, Grohmann R (1988) Adverse drug re actions with clozapine and simultaneous ap- plication of benzodiazepines. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 306–307
Schmidt LG, Siemetzki H (1988) Differentielle Wirkprofile der neuroleptischen Therapie akut Schizophrener? Ergebnisse einer klinisch-naturalistischen Studie. Nervenarzt 59: 721–726
Schöny W, Gum CH (1990) Führerscheingutachten bei Schizophrenen. In: Platz TH, Schubert H, Neumann R (Hrsg) Fortschritte im Umgang mit schizophrenen Patienten. Springer, Wien New York, S 69–77
Schöny W, Rittmannsberger H (1990) Einsatz psychosozialer Behandlungsverfahren in der Psychiatrie. In: Schönbeck G, plarz T (Hrsg) Schizophrene erkennen, verstehen, behandeln. Springer, Wien New York, S 133–140
Simpson GM, Levinson DF (1988) Können wir das Ansprechen auf die somatischen Therapien der Schizophrenie verbessern? In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek K (Hrsg) Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Therapie, Therapieresistenz–eine Standortbestimmung. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 164–177
Singh MM, Kaay SR (1975) A comparative study of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in terms of clinical effects and therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 43: 103–113
Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres M-P, Boutheni F M-L, Schwartz J-CH (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347: 146–15 1
Solano OA, Saow T, Ananth J (1989) Rapid tranquilization: a reevaluation. Neuropsychobiology 22: 90–96
Tegeler J (1987) Differentielle Indikationen der neuroleptischen Akutbehandlung Schizophrener. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 47–61
Thiels C (1987) Pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders in pregnancy and during breastfeeding: a review. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 133–146
Tupin JP (1985) Focal neuroleptization: an approach to optimal dosing for initial and continuing therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 15–21
Vagen R, Götestam KG (1986) An experimental evaluation of the euphoric properties of antiparkinson drugs on psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74: 519–523
Waldmeier PC (1987) Is there a common denominator for the antimanic effect of lithium and anticonvulsants? Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 37–47
Wiles D, Franklin M, Dencker SJ, Joiiansson R, Lundin L, Malm U (1980) Plasma fluphenazine and prolactine levels in schizophrenic patients during treatment with low and high doses of fluphenazine enanthate. Psychopharmacology 71: 131–136
Winslow RS, Stillner V Coons DJ, Robinson MW (1986) Prevention of acute dystonic reactions in patients beginning high-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 143: 706–710
World Health Organization (1990) Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on longterm neuroleptic treatment. A consensus statement. Br J Psychiatry 156: 412
Woggon B (1980) Veränderung der psychopathologischen Symptomatik während 20-tägiger antidepressiver oder neuroleptischer Behandlung. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 13: 150–164
Woggon B (1987) Dosierung von Neuroleptika. In: Pichot P, Moller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 81–91
Woller W, Tegeler J (1983) Späte extrapyramidale Hyperkinesien. Klinik — Prävalenz -Pathophysiologie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 51: 131–157
Wyatr RJ (1976) Biochemistry and schizophrenia, part IV. The neuroleptics, their mechanism of action: a review of the biochemical literature. Psychopharmacol Bull 12: 5–50
Yerevanian BL, Hodgman CH (1985) A haloperidolcarbamazepine interaction in a patient with rapid-cycling disorder. Am J Psychiatry 142: 785–786
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What is the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Tricher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 79–91
Carpenter WT, Stephens JH, Rey AC, Hanlon TE, Heinrichs DW (1982) Early intervention vs continuous pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 18: 21–23
Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE (1987) A comparative trial of pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1466–1470
Cheung HK (1981) Schizophrenics fully remitted on neuroleptics for 3–5 years — to stop or continue drugs. Br J Psychiatry 138: 490–494
Chien CP (1975) Drugs and rehabilitation in schizophrenia. In: Greenblatt M (ed) Drugs in combination therapies. Grune & Stratton, New York
Crawford R, Forrest A (1974) Controlled trial of depot fluphenazine in outpatient schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry 124: 385–391
Crow TJ, Macmillan JF, Johnson AL, Johnstone EC (1986) The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia. II. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 148: 120–127
Curson DA, Barnes TRE, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC (1985) Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic outpatients: the seven year follow-up of the Medical Research Council fluphenazine/placebo trial. Br J Psychiatry 146: 464–480
Davis JM, Schaffer CB, Killian GA, Kinnard C, Chan C (1980) Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 6: 7087
DEL Giudice J, Clark WG, Gocka EF (1975) Prevention of recidivism of schizophrenics treated with fluphenazine enanthate. Psychosomatics 16: 32–36
Dudley J, Rauw G, Hames EM, Keegan DL, Midha KK (1983) Correlation of fluphenazine plasma levels versus clinical response in patients: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 791–795
Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR (1984) Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamie approaches. J Clin Psychiatry (Sect 2 ) 45: 50–59
Falloon I, Watt DC, Shepherd M (1978) A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and flu- phenazine decanoate in the continuation the- rapy of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 8: 59–70
Gardos G (1974) Are antipsychotic drugs inter- changeable? J Nerv Ment Dis 159: 343–348
Gitlin MJ, Midha KK, Fogelson D, Nuechterlein K (1988) Persistence of fluphenazine in plasma after decanoate withdrawal. J Clin Psycho- pharmacol 8: 53–56
Glazer WM (1984) Depot fluphenazine: risk/benefit ratio. J Clin Psychiatry 45 (Sect 2): 28–35
Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Hogarty GE, Roper M (1977) Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 171–184
Goldstein MS, Rodnik FM, Evans JR, May PRA, Steinberg M (1978) Drugs and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1169–1177
Goodnick PJ, Meltzer HY (1984) Treatment of schizoaffective disorders. Schizophr Bull 10: 30–48
Gottfries CG (1978) Flupenthixoldekanoat–Pharmakokinetik und klinische Anwendung. In: Heinrich K, Tegeler J (HrSg) Die Praxis der Depotneurolepsie. Das ärztliche Gespräch, 25. Tropon, Köln, S 26–39
Heinrich K (1988) Nebenwirkungsgeleitete Pharmakotherapie in der Psychiatrie. Munch Med Wochenschr 130: 699–700
Helmchen H (1978) Forschungsaufgaben bei psychiatrischer Langzeitmedikation. Nervenarzt 49: 534–538
Helmchen H (1979) Neuroleptische Langzeitmedikation in der Praxis. Monatsk Ärztl Fortb 29: 800–801
Herz MJ, Szymanski H, Simon JC V (1982) Intermittent medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients: an alternative to maintenance medication. Am J Psychiatry 139: 918–922
Hirsch SR, Gaind R, Rohde PD, Stevens BC, Wing JK (1973) Outpatient maintenance of chronic schizophrenic patients with long-acting flu- phenazine: double-blind placebo trial. Br Med J I: 633–637
Hirsch SR, Jolley AG, Manchanda R, Mcrink A (1986) Frühzeitige medikamentöse Interven- tion als Alternative zur Depot-Dauermedikati- on in der Schizophreniebehandlung. Ein vorläufiger Bericht. In: Borer W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 62–71
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot-neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors - a United States perspective. J Clin Psychiatry 45 (Sect 2): 3642
Hogarty GE, Goldberg S, Schooler N, Ulrich R (1974) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-years relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 603–608
Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N (1976) Drug discontinuation among longterm, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis New Syst 37: 494–500
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P, Herron E (1979) Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Relapse analyses of a two-year controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1283–1294
Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR (1985) Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacokinet 10: 315–333
Johnson DAW (1975) Observations on the dose regimens of fluphenazine decanoate in maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 126: 457–461
Kane JM (1990) Treatment programme and longterm outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 3581: 151–157
Kane JM, Lieberman JA (1987) Maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology. The third generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 1103–1109
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Nayak D, Ramos-Lorenzi J (1982) Fluphenazine vs placebo in patients with remitted, acute first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 70–73
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G, Stavros S, Schiebel D, Ramos-Lorenz J (1983) Low-dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 893–896
Kapfhammer H-P (1990) Umstellungsregime von Kurzzeit-auf Depot-Neuroleptika. In: Mülleroerlinghausen B, Möller HJ, Ruther E (Hrsg) Thioxanthene in der neuroleptischen Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 173–196
Kapfhammer H-P, Rüther E (1987) Depot-Neuroleptika. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Kissling W, Möller HJ, Walter K, Wittmann B, Krüger R, Trenk D (1985) Double-blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate: effectiveness, side-effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 240–245
Leff J, Wing JK (1971) Trial of maintenance the- rapy in schizophrenia. Br Med J III: 599–604
Leff J, Vaughn C (1981) The role of maintenance therapy and relatives’ expressed emotion in relapse of schizophrenia. A 2-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 139: 102–104
Marder, SR, VAN Putten T, Mintz J, Mckenzie J, Lebell M, Faltico G, Mav PRA (1984) Costs and benefits of two doses of fluphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 1025–1029
Marder SR, Hubbard JW, VAN Putten T, Hawes EM, Mckav G, Mintz J, May PRA, Midha KK (1986) Plasma fluphenazine levels in patients receiving two doses of fluphenazine decanoate. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 264–266
Marder SR, VAN Putten T, Mintz J, Lebell M, Mckenzie J, May PRA (1987) Low-and conventional-dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 518–521
Maiifs JA, Nayak D (1984) Lithium vs fluphenazine for prophylaxis in mainly schizophrenic schizoaffectives. Biol Psychiàtry 19: 445–449
Mcglashan T (1986) The prediction of outcome in chronic schizophrenia. IV. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 167–176
Möller HJ (1986) Methodological problems of long-term studies in psychopharmacology. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 156–160
Möller HJ (1987) Indikation und Differentialindikation der neuroleptischen Langzeitmedikation. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 63–79
Müller HJ (1988) Kontinuierliche Langzeitbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippiijs H, Laakmann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 30–37
Müller HJ (1990) Neuroleptische Langzeittherapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. In: Heinrich K (Hrsg) Leitlinien neuroleptischer Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 97–115
Möller HJ, Kissling W (1986) Advantages and disadvantages of depot-neuroleptics as maintenance medication for chronic schizophrenics. Clin Neuropharmacol 9 [Suppl 41: 259262
Möller HJ, Zerssen D V (1986) Der Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen unter den gegenwärtigen Behandlungsbedingungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Stoll K-D, Wendt G (1989) Psychopharmakotherapie. Ein Leitfaden für Klinik und Praxis. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Müller P (1982) Die Patienten und das Ergebnis der Rezidivprophylaxe. In: Müller P (Hrsg) Zur Rezidivprophylaxe schizophrener Psychosen. Enke, Stuttgart, S 15–23
Müller P (1983) Was sollen wir Schizophrenen raten? Medikamentöse Langzeitprophylaxe oder Intervallbehandlung? Nervenarzt 54: 477–485
Müller P, Günther U, Lohmeyer J (1986) Behandlung und Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen über ein Jahrzehnt. Nervenarzt 57: 332–341
Pelckmans AD (1980) Double-blind study of changes in long-term patients under the influence of regularly fluctuating doses of fluphenazine decanoate. In: Usdin E et al. (eds) Phenothiazines and structurally related drugs: basic and clinical studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 202–206
Pietzcker A (1978) Langzeitmedikation bei schizophrenen Kranken. Nervenarzt 49: 518–533
Pietzcker A, Poppenberg A, Schley J, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (1981) Outcome and risks of ultra-long-term treatment with an oral neuroleptic drug. Relationship between perazine serum levels and clinical variables in schizophrenic outpatients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 229: 315–329
Pietzcker A, Gaebel W, Köpcke W, Linden M, Müller P, Müller-Spahn F, Tegeler J (1986) A German multicenter study on the neuroleptic longterm therapy of schizophrenic patients. Preliminary report. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 161–166
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein DF (1975) Akinesia: a poorly recognized drug induced extrapyramidal disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32: 672–674
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Rabiner CJ, Klein DF (1977) Fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine hydrochloride given orally, and placebo in remitted schizophrenics. Relapse rate after one year. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 43–47
Schooler NR, Levine J (1976) NIMH-PRB Collaborative fluphenazine study group: the initiation of long-term pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia: dosage and side effect comparisons between oral and depot fluphenazine. Pharmacopsychologia 9: 159–69
Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, Brauzea B, Dimasclo A, Klerman, GL, Tuason VB ( 1980 a) Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia. An evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 16–24
Schooler NR, Severe J, Levine J, Escobar J, Gelenberg A, Mandel M, Sovner R, Steinbook R ( 1980 b) Der Abbruch der neuroleptischen Behandlung bei schizophrenen Patienten und dessen Einfluß auf Rückfälle und auf Symptome der Spätdyskinesie. In: Kryspin-Exner K, Hinterhuber H, Schubert H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der psychiatrischen Therapieforschung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 217–234
Schubart C, Krumm B, Biehl H, Maurer K, Jung E (1987) Factors influencing the course and out- come of symptomatology and social adjust- ment in first-onset schizophrenics. In: Häfner H, Gattaz WF, Janzarik W (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 98–106
Sieberns S (1986) Darstellung der Depotneuroleptika. In: Heinrich K, Sieberns S (Hrsg) Internationales Fluanxol-Depot-Kolloquium. Das ärztliche Gespräch, 40. Tropon, Köln, S 7–18
Tegeler J (1992) Medikamentöse Langzeittherapie zur Symptomsuppression bei chronisch Schizophrenen. In: Moller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Enke, Stuttgart (im Druck)
Tegeler J, Lehmann E, Stockschläder M (1980) ZUr Wirksamkeit der langfristigen ambulanten Behandlung Schizophrener mit Depot-und Langzeit-Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 51: 654–661
Vaughn CE, Snyder KS, Freeman W (1982) Family factors in schizophrenic relapse: a replication. Schizophr Bull 8: 425–426
Wistedt B, Jorgensen A, Wiles D (1982) A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study. Plasma concentrations of fluphenazine and flupenthixol and relapse frequency. Psychopharmacology 78: 301–304
Woggon B, Angst J, Margoses N (1975) Gegenwärtiger Stand der neuroleptischen Langzeitbehandlung der Schizophrenie. Nervenarzt 46: 611–616
Yadalam KG, Simpson GM (1988) Changing from oral to depot fluphenazine. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 346–348
Zerssen D V, Möller HJ (1980) Psychopathometrische Verfahren in der psychiatrischen Therapieforschung. In: Biefang S (Hrsg) Evaluationsforschung in der Psychiatrie. Fragestellungen und Methoden. Enke, Stuttgart, S 129–166
Andreasen NC, Olsen S (1982) Negative v. positive schizophrenia: definition and validation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 38: 789–794
Angst J, Stassen HH, Woggon B (1989) Effect of neuroleptics on positive and negative symptoms and the deficite state. Psychopharmacology 99: 41–46
Athen D, Hippius H, Meyendorf R, Reimer C, Steiner C (1977) Ein Vergleich der Wirksamkeit von Neuroleptika und Clomethiazol bei der Behandlung des Alkoholdelirs. Nervenarzt 48: 528–532
Arc, Fj JR (1980) Lithium-haloperidol for mania: is it safe or hazardous? In: AYD FJ JR (ed) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 83–92
Baldessarini RJ (1990) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, miscellaneus medical uses for neuroleptic drugs. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, Gilman AG (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon Press, New York Oxford, pp 383–435
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What is the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Benkert O, Hippius H (1980) Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie, 3. Aufl. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 26
Berner P (1977) Psychiatrische Systematik. Hu- ber, Bern Stuttgart Wien, S 155–159, 166
Bradley PB, Hirsch SR (1986) The psychopharmacologial and somatic treatment of schizophrenia. Oxford University Press
Busch FN, Miller FT, Weiden PJ (1989) A comparison of two adjunctive treatment strategies in acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 453–455
Campbell M (1987) Drug treatment of infantile autism: the past decade. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1225–1232
Carpenter WT, Hanlon THE, Heinrichs DW, Summer-Felt AT, Kirkpatrick B, Levine J, Buchanan W (1990) Continous versus targeted medication in schizophrenic outpatients: outcome results. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1138–1148
Casey DE (1987) Tardive dyskinesia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1411–1420
Cohen BM (1988) Neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of acute psychosis: how much do we really know? Psychopharmacol Ser 5: 47–61
Cooper THB (1987) Pharmacokinetics of lithium. In: Meltzer HJ (ed) Psychopharmacology:the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1365–1376
Crow TJ (1980) Positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the role of dopamine. Br J Psychiatry 137: 83–386
Davis JM (1975) Maintenance therapy in psychiatry. Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 132: 1237–1254
Davis JM, Casper RC (1978) General priciples of the clinical use of neuroleptics. In: Clark WG, Del Guidice J (eds) Principles of psychopharmacology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, New York San Francisco London, pp 511–536
Delgado JMR (1979) Inhibitory functions in the neostriatum. In: Divac I, Gunilla R, Oberg E (eds) The neostriatum. Pergamon Press, Oxford New York, pp 241–261
Devanand DP, Sackheim HA, Mayeux R (1988) Psychosis, behavioural disturbance and the use of neuroleptics in dementia. Compr Psychiatry 29: 387–401
Dose M (1987) Die Wirkung von Carbamazepin als Adjuvans bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Burchard JM (Hrsg) Behandlung mit Carbamazepin in Psychiatrie und Neurologie. Münchner wissenschaftliche Publikationen, S 83
Dose M, Emrich HM (1990) Antikonvulsiva und Lithium als Adjuvantien der medikamentösen Therapie schizophrener Psychosen. In: HIN-
Terhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 50–59
Freeman H (1988) Principles of long-term treatment and care of schizophrenic patients. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 98–107
Gaebel W, Pietzcker A, Poppenberg A (1981) Prädiktoren des Verlaufs schizophrener Erkrankungen unter neuroleptischer Langzeitmedikation. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 180–188
Goldstein MJ, Rodnick HE, Ivans JR, May PRA, Steinberg MR (1978) Drug and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1169–1177
Guldberg CA, Dahl AA, Hansen H, Bergem M (1990) Predicitve value of the four good prognostic features. In DSM-III-R schizophreniform disor-
der. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82: 23–25
Häfner H, Kasper S (1982) Akut lebensbedrohliche Katatonien. Nervenarzt 53: 385–394
Hogarty GE (1988a) Resistance of schizophrenic patients to social and vocational rehabilitation. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 83–97
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors. J Clin Psychiatry 45: 34–42
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P et al. (1979) Depot fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients: relapse analyses of a two year controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1283–1294
Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP (1986) Family psycho-education, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. I. One year effect of a controlled study on relapse and expressed emotion. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 633–642
Hogarty GE, McEvoy JP, Muentz M (1988b) Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion and outcome in schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 797–805
Jain AK, Kelwala S, Gershon S (1988) Antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: current issues. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 1–30
Johnson DA (1988) Observations on the use of depot neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Ser 5: 62–72
Johnstone EC, Mcmlllan JF, Frith CHD, Benn DK, Crow TJ (1990) Further investigation of the predictors of outcome, following first schizo- phrenic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 157: 182–189
Kane JM (1988a) The role of neuroleptics in manic-depressive illness. J Clin Psychiatry 49 [Suppl]: 12–14
Kane JM (1988b) The current status of neuroleptic therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 322–328
Klein DF, Davis JM (1969) Diagnosis and drug treatment of psychiatric disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Klosterköiier J, Penin H (1989) Epileptische Psychosen and ihre medikamentöse Behandlung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 57: 61–69
Koiakowska T, Williams AO, Jambor K, Ardern M (1985) Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome. Br J Psychiatry 146: 229–246
König P, Glatter-Götz U (1990) Combined electroconvulsive and neuroleptic therapy in schizophrenia refractory to neuroleptics. Schizophr Res 3: 351–354
König P, Strickner M (1978) Die Indikation zum Zentralvenenkatheter bei psychiatrischen Pa- tienten. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 46: 156–161
Laux G (1988) Psychopharmaka, ein Leitfaden. Fischer, Stuttgart New York, S 108
Lawin P (1989) Therapeutische Hypothermie. In: Lawin P (Hrsg) Praxis der Intensivbehandlung. G Thieme, Stuttgart, S 637
Leckman JF, Walkup JT, Riddle MA, Towbin KE, Cohen DJ (1987) Tic disorders. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacolgy: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1239–1246
Leff J, Vaughn C (1981) The role of maintenance therapy and relatives expressed emotion in relapse of schizophrenia. A two year follow up. Br J Psychiatry 139: 102–104
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Eberlein-Vries R, Sturgeon D (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134
Lippmann S (1980) Haloperidol: a therapeutic option for tardive dyskinesia, an illustrative case report. In: Am Fj JR (ed) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 197–212
Lydiard RB, Laird LK (1988) Prediction of response to antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 12–14
Malm U (1988) Good routine treatment in schizophrenia. In: DENCKER SJ, KULHANEK F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 34–43
Marder SR, Hubbard JW, Van Putten T, Midha KK (1989) Pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable neuroleptic drugs: clinical implications. Psychopharmacology 98: 433–439
Mitchell JE (1987) Psychopharmacology of anorexia nervosa. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1273–1276
Möller HJ, Eilert-Werner K, Wüscher-Stockheim M, Von Zerssen D (1982) Relevante Merkmale für die 5-Jahres-Prognose von Patienten mit schizophrenen und verwandten paranoiden Psychosen. Arch Psychiat Nervenkr 231: 305–322
Möller HJ, Scharl W, Von Zerrsen D (1985) Can the result of neuroleptic treatment be predicted? An empirical investigation on schizophrenic inpatients. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 52–53
Mortimer AM, Lund CE, Mckenna (1990) The positive: negative dichotomy in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 157: 41–49
Muller B (1988) Psychotropics 88/89. Lundbeck, Nederland BV, Amsterdam
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kümmerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzy KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. eco-med, III 2.1, S 1–14
Opjordsmoen S (1989) Delusional disorders. II. Predictor analysis of long term outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 80: 613–619
Pfitzer F, Schuchardt V, Heitmann R (1988) Die Behandlung schwerer Alkoholdelirien. Nervenarzt 59: 229–236
Pietzcker A (1988) Akutbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippius H, Laakmann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 216–229
Pippenger CHE, Siris JH, Werner WL, Masland RL (1975) The effect of psychotropic drugs on serum antiepileptic levels in psychiatric pati- ents with seizure disorders. In: Schneider H, Janz D, Gardnerthorpe C, Meinardi H, Sherwin AL (eds) Clinical pharmacology of antiepileptic drugs. Springer, New York Heidelberg Berlin, pp 135–144
Ploog D (1973) Die zerebrale Repräsentation von Funktions-und Verhaltensweisen. G Fischer, Stuttgart, S 202–219
Prien RF (1987) Long term treatment of affective psychoses. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1051–1058
Rifkin A, Sims S (1987) Drug treatment of acute schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1095–1102
Rifkin A, Sims SG (1990) Die Kombination von Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika bei der Behandlung der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 33–39
Salzman C (1987) Treatment of agitation in the elderly. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacolgy: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1167–1176
Schied HW (1990) A review of different methods of treatment. In: Straube E, Hahlweg K (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 97–102
Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, Brauzer B, Dimascio A (1980) Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia: an evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 16–24
Schooler NR, Hogarty GE (1987) Medication and psychosocial strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HJ (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1111–1120
Shapiro AK, Shapiro E, Wayne HL (1973) Treatment of Tourette’s syndrome with haloperidol. Review of 34 cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 9297
Shepherd G (1984) Institutional care and rehabilitation. Longman, London
Shopsin B (1979) Manic illness. Raven Press, New York
Silver PA, Simpson GM (1988) Antipsychotic use in the medically ill. Psychother Psychosom 49: 120–136
Simpson GM, Levinson DF (1988) Can we increase the response to somatic therapies for schizophrenia. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 44–55
Smith RS JR (1980) The use of haloperidol in alcoholism. In: Ayd FJ JR (eds) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 148–154
Solomon K (1980) Haloperidol and the geriatric patient: practical considerations. In: Am FJ JR (eds) Haloperidol update 1958–1980. Ayd Medical Communications, Baltimore, pp 155–173
Trimble MR (1991) The psychoses of epilepsy. Raven Press, New York, pp 65–185
Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: a comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry 129: 125–137
Woggon B (1983) Prognose der Psychopharmakotherapie. Enke, Stuttgart
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What ist the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Baldessarini RJ, Katz B, Cotton P (1984) Dissimilar dosing with high potency and low potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 141: 748–752
Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma levels in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 79–91
Beckmann H, Laux G (1990) Guidelines for the dosage of antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 3581: 63–66
Dilsaver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medication. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Garver DL (1989) Neuroleptic drug-loads and antipsychotic effects — a difficult correlation: a potential advantage of free (or derivative) versus total plasma levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 9: 277–281
Gottfries L, Rüdeberg K (1981) The role of neuroleptics in an integrated treatment program for chronic schizophrenia. In: Gotffries CG (ed) Long-term neuroleptic treatment benefits and risks. Acta Psychiatr Scand [Suppl 291] 63: 44–53
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors. J Clin Psychiatry 45: 34–42
Hogarty GE (1988a) Resistance of schizophrenic patients to social and vocational rehabilitation. In: Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F (eds) Treatment resistance in schizophrenia. Vieweg, Braunschweig, pp 83–97
Jann MW, Wen-Ho CHANG, Davis CM, Teng-Yi CHEN, Hwei-Chuang DENG, For-Wei-LUNG, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SLR, Richards AL (1989) Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels in chinese vs. nonchinese psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 30: 45–52
Kane JM (1984) Drug maintenance strategies in schizophrenia. Am Psychiatry Assoc, Washington DC
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M (1986) Die Reduktion von Nebenwirkungen durch die Verwendung von extrem niedrigen Dosen von Fluphenazindecanoat zur Rezidivprophylaxe bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 129–136
Keck PE JR, Cohen BM, Baldessarini RJ, Mcelroy SL (1989) Time course of antipsychotic effects of neuroleptic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 146: 1289–1292
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Eberlein-Vries R, Sturgeon D (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134
Levinson DF, Simpson GM, Sinhg H, Yadalam K, Jain A, Stephanos MJ, Silver P (1990) Fluphenazine dose, clinical response and extrapyramidal symptoms, during acute treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 761–768
Magyar I, Bitter I (1988) Periodische Dosierung der Depot-Neuroleptika. Prophylaxe der Nebenwirkungen? Psycho 14: 118–122
Midha KK, Hawes EM, Hubbard JW, Korchinski ED, Mckay G (1987) The search for correlation between neuroleptic plasma levels and clinical outcome: a critical review. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1341–1352
Müller C (1989) Wandlungen der psychiatrischen Institutionen. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer JE, Müller C, Strömgren E (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 9. Brennpunkte der Psychiatrie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 339–368
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kümmerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzy KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. III 2.1. eco-med: S 1–14
Pickar D (1988) Perspectives on a time-dependent model of neuroleptic action. Schizophr Bull 14: 255–268
Platz WE, Fünfgeld EW, Kulhanek F (1986) Konzept einer individuellen aber standardisierten neuroleptischen Therapie der schizophrenen Erkrankungen. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwir- kungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 137–150
VAN Pull HN, Marder SR, Mintz J (1990) A controlled dose comparison of haloperidol in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 754–758
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Carillo C, Klein DF (1971) Very high dose fluphenazine for non-chronic treatment-refractory patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25: 398–403
Rifkin A, Sims S (1987) Drug treatment of acute schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psycho-pharmacology: the third generation of progress. Raven Press, New York, pp 1095–1102
Schied IIW (1990) A review of different methods of treatment. In: Straube E, Hahlweg K (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyio, pp 97–102
Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness: a comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry 129: 125–137
Wing JK, Brown GW (1970) Institutionalism and schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, London
Amsler H A, Teere-Nhovi I, Barth E, Harjula K, Vuopio P (1977) Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 56: 241–248
Barnes TRE, Kidger T, Gore SM (1983) Tardive dyskinesia: a 3-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 13: 71–81
Barnes TRE (1989) A rating scale for drug induced akathisia. Br J Psychiatry 154: 672–676
Bartels M, Heide K, Mann K, Schied HW (1987) Treatment of akathisia with lorazepam: an open clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 51–53
Battegay R (1966) Entziehungserscheinungen nach abruptem Absetzen von Neuroleptika als Kriterien zu ihrer Differenzierung. Nervenarzt 37: 552–556
Bauer D, Gaertner HJ (1983) Wirkungen der Neuroleptika auf die Leberfunktion, das blutbildende System, den Blutdruck und die Ternperaturregulation. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 23–29
Böker W, Brenner HD, Alberti L (1982) Untersuchung subjektiver Neuroleptikawirkungen bei Schizophrenen. Therapiewoche 32: 3411–3416
Borison RL, Diamond BI, Sinha D, Gupta RP, Ajiboye PA (1988) Clozapine withdrawal rebound psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull 24: 260–263
Brenner I, Rheuban WJ (1978) The catatonic dilemma. Am J Psychiatry 135: 1242–1243
Brenner HD, Böker W, Rui C (1986) Subjektive Neuroleptikawirkung bei Schizophrenen und ihre Bedeutung für die Therapie. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 97–107
Buist A, Norman TR, Dennerstein L (1990) Breast-feeding and the use of psychotropic medication: a review. J Affect Dis 19: 197–206
Campbell M, Cohen IL (1981) Psychotropic drugs in child psychiatry. In: VAN Praag H et al. (eds) Handbook of biological psychiatry, part IV. Marcel Dekker, New%York Basel, pp 215–241
Chouinard G, Jones BD (1980) Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity psychosis: clinical and pharmacologic characteristics. Am J Psychiatry 137: 16–21
Collins AC, Kellner R (1986) Neuroleptics and sexual functioning. Integr Psychiatry 4: 96
Dilsaver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathophysiology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Di Mascio A, Shader RI, Giller DR (1970) Behavioral toxicity, part III. Perceptual-cognitive functions, part IV. Emotional (mood) states. In: Shader RJ, DI Mascio A (eds) Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 132–141
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Fleischhacker WW, Bergmann KJ, Perovich P, Pe-Streich LK, Borenstein M, Liebermann MA, Kane JM (1989) The Hillside Akathisia Scale — a new rating instrument for neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 222–226
Fleischhacker WW, Unterweger B, Kane JM, Hinterhuber H (1990) The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its differentiation from lethal catatonia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81: 3–4
Gaertner HJ, Hörner W, Bartels M (1983) Katatoniforme Symptome als Nebenwirkung neuroleptischer Behandlung. Nervenarzt 54: 250–254
Gardos G, Cole JO, Salomon M, Schniebolok S (1987) Clinical forms of severe tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 895–902
Gerlach J, Jorgensen EO, Peacock L (1989) Longterm experience with clozapine in Denmark: research and clinical practice. Psychopharmacology 99: S92 - S96
Goodall E, Oxtoby C, Richards R, Watkinson G, Brown G, Silverstone T (1988) A clinical trial of the efficacy and acceptability of D-Fenfluramine in the treatment of neuroleptic induced obesity. Br J Psychiatry 153: 208
Gualtieri CT, Quade D, Hicks RE, Mayo JP, Schroeder SR (1984) Tardive dyskinesia and other clinical consequences of neuroleptic treatment in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 141: 20–23
Helmchen H, Hippius H (1967) Depressive Syndrome im Verlauf neuroleptischer Therapie. Nervenarzt 38: 455–461
Hinterhuber H, Kryspin-Exner K, Meise U, Schwitzer J (1986) Beeinflussung des Eßverhaltens durch psychiatrische Erkrankungen und deren Therapien. Neuropsychiatrie 1: 8–12
Hinterhuber H, Hackenberg B (1986) Neuroleptische Turbulenzphasen. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 49–56
Hirsch SR, Knights A (1982) Gibt es die pharmakogene Depression wirklich? Beweismaterial aus zwei prospektiven Untersuchungen. In: Kryspin-Exner K, Hinterhuber H, Schubert H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der psychiatrischen Thera- pieforschung. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 249–247
Hogan TM, Awad AG, Eastwood RA (1983) A selfreport scale predictive of drug compliance in schizophrenics: reliability and discriminative validity. Psychol Med 13: 177–179
Hummer M, Kurz M, Barnas C, Hinterhuber H, Fleischhacker WW (1991) First analysis of a prospective clozapine drug monitoring-study. Biol Psychiatry 29: 671
Kane JM, Smith J (1982) Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk Faktors, 1959–1979. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 473–481
Krupp P, Barnes P (1989) Leponex-associated granulocytopenia: a review of the situation. Psychopharmacology 99: S 118–121
Levenson JL (1983) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 142: 1137–1145
Lew TY, Tollefson G (1983) Chlorpromazine-induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome and its response to diazepam. Biol Psychiatry 18: 1441–1446
Liebermann JA, Celeste AJ, Kane JM, Rai K, Pisciotta AV, Saltz BL, Howard A (1988) Clozapineinduced agranulocytosis: non-cross-reactivity with other psychotropic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 271–277
Marder SR, Swann E, Winsiade WJ, VAN Putten T, Chien CP, Wilkins J (1984) A study of medication refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 35: 735–741
Marmor MF (1990) Is thioridazine retinopathy progressive? Relationship of pigmentary changes to visual function. Br J Ophthalmol 74: 739–742
Marsden CD, Tarsy D, Baldessarini RJ (1975) Spontaneous and druginduced movement disorders in psychotic patients. In: Benson DF, Blu-Mer D (eds) Psychiatric aspects of neurological disease. Grune & Stratton, New York San Francisco London, pp 219–266
Miller CH, Fleischhacker WW, Ehrmann H, Kane JM (1990) Treatment of neuroleptic induced akathisia with the 5-HT2 antagonist ritanserin. Psychopharmacol Bull 26: 373–376
Mitchell JE, Popkin MK (1982) Antipsychotic drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men. Am J Psychiatry 139: 633–637
Müller H, Battegay R, Gehring A (1969) Die orthostatische Hypotonie als vegetative Begleiterscheinung der Therapie mit Neuroleptika und deren medikamentöse Kompensationsversuche. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 104: 365–387
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Passoth PM, Poser W, Schlecht W (1984) Zum Einfluß langfristiger Behandlung mit Neuroleptika oder Lithium-salzen auf den Kohlehydratstoffwechsel. Arzneimittelforschung 55: 43–45
Owens DGC, Johnstone EC, Frith C (1982) Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 452–461
Pieschl D, Kaltenbach M, Kober G, Markert F, Kulhanek F (1986) Ergebnisse psychiatrisch-kardiologischer Untersuchungen zur Kardiotoxizität von Psychopharmaka. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart, S 17–28
Pilo L (1990) Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in organic brain disease and physical illness. Singapore Med J 31: 311–313
Platz T, Hinterhuber H (1984) Zur Frage der Gefäßschädigung bei intravenöser Infusionstherapie mit hochpotenten Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 55: 46–50
Platz T, Hinterhuber H (1981) Die hochdosierte Neuroleptikatherapie. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 141–147
Schmidt LG, Grohmann R (1990) Neuroleptikanebenwirkungen - Ein Überblick. In: Heinrich K (Hrsg) Leitlinien neuroleptischer Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Schroder J, Linge C, Wähner A (1988) Zur Differentialdiagnose der malignen Hyperthermie, der febrilen Katatonie und des neuroleptischen maligenen Syndroms. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 56: 97–101
Schwalb H, Eckmann F, Brüninghaus H (1981) Psychopharmaka und kardiale Risikofaktoren. Nervenarzt 52: 549–553
Schyve PM, Smithline F, Meltzer HY (1978) Neuroleptic-induced prolactin level elevation and breast cancer: an emerging clinical issue. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1291–1301
Segraves RT (1989) Effects of psychotropic drugs on human erection and ejaculation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46: 275–284
Shader RI (1970) Male sexual function. In: Shader RI, Dimascio A (eds) Psychotropic drug side effects. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 63–71
Singh MM, Kay SR (1979) Dysphoric response to neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenia: its relationship to autonomic arousal and prognosis. Biol Psychiatry 14: 277
Spiess-Kiefer V, Hippius H (1986) Malignes neuroleptisches Syndrom und maligne Hyperther- mie–ein Vergleich. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 54: 158–170
Stacher A, Grohs H (1973) Hämatopoetisches System. In: Kuemmerle HP, Goossens N (Hrsg) Klinik und Therapie der Nebenwirkungen. Thieme, Stuttgart
Sulman FG, Givant Y (1980) Endocrine effects of neuroleptics In: Hoffmeister F, Stille G (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 55/I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 337–348
Toeniessen LM, Casey DE, MC Farland BM (1985) Tardive dyskinesia in the aged: duration of treatment relationships. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 278–284
Tune L, Coyle JT (1981) Acute extrapyramidal side effects: serum levels of neuroleptics and anticholinergics. Psychopharmacology 75: 9–15
Ungvari G (1980) Neuroleptic-related sudden death. Pharmacopsychiatry 13: 29–34
VAN Pullen T, May PRA, Marder SR (1984) Response to antipsychotic medication: the doctor’s and the consumer’s view. Am J Psychiatry 141: 16–20
Varga E, Sugerman AA, Varga V, Zomorodi A, Zomorodi W, Menken M (1982) Prevalence Of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 139: 329–331
Waddington JL (1990) Faktoren der Vulnerabilität für Bewegungsstörungen (Spätdyskinesien) bei der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kul- Hanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Wiesbaden, S 194–200
Wastel R, Grohmann R, Rüther E (1986) Frequency of increased serum liverenzyme levels under treatment with neuroleptics. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 290–291
World Health Organization (1990) Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on longterm neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 156: 412
Zaccara G, Muscas GC, Messori A (1990) Clinical features, pathogenesis and management of drug-induced seizures. Drug Saf 5: 109–151
Ciraulo DA, Shader RI, Greenblatt J, Creelman W (1989) Drug interactions in psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Haring C, Meise U, Humpel C, Saria A, Fleischhacker WW, Hinterhuber H (1989) Dose-related plasma levels of clozapine: influence of smoking behaviour, sex and age. Psychopharmacology 99: S 38 - S40
Haring C, Fleischhacker WW, Schett P, Humpel C, Barnas C, Sarta A (1990) Influence of patient-related variables on clozapine plasma levels. Am J Psychiatry 147: 1471–1475
Sieberns S (1990) Neuroleptika-Interaktionen mit anderen Arzneimitteln. In: Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Möller JH, Wither E (Hrsg) Thioxanthene in der neuroleptischen Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 34–45
Angst J, Dinkelkamp T (1974) Die somatische The rapie der Schizophrenie, Literatur der Jahre 1966–1972. Thieme, Stuttgart
Baldessarini RJ (1990) Drugs and the treatment of psychiatric disorders, miscellaneus medical uses for neuroleptic drugs. In: Goodman LS, Gilman A, Gilman AG (eds) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Pergamon Press, New York Oxford, pp 383–435
Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Hanlon THE (1987) A comparative trial of pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 14661470
Lenz G, König P, Kufferle B (1977) Durch Neuroleptika kaschierte Lithium-Intoxikation bei der Kombination Lithium — Saluretikum. Nervenarzt 48: 630–631
Maltbie M, Cavenar JO, Sullivan JL, Hammett EB, Zung WWK (1979) Analgesia and haloperidol: a hypothesis. J Clin Psychiatry 40: 323–326
Marder SR, Swann E, Winslade WJ, VAN Putten T, Chien CP, Wilkins JN (1984) A study of medication-refusal by involuntary psychiatric patients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 435: 735–739
Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hermann WM, Busch H (1989) Psychopharmaka, Hypnotika und Nootropika. In: Kummerle HP, Hitzenberger H, Spitzt KH (Hrsg) Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Aufl. eco-med III 2.1, S 1–14
Müller-Spahn F, Grohmann R, Rother E, Hippius H (1990) Vor-und Nachteile einer Kombinati- onstherapie mit verschiedenen Neuroleptika. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig, S 22–32
Pieschl D, Kaltenbach M, Kober G, Markert F, Kulhanek F (1986) Ergebnisse psychiatrisch-kardiologischer Untersuchungen zur Kardiotoxizität von Psychopharmaka. In: Hinterhuber H, Schubert H, Kulhanek F (Hrsg) Seiteneffekte und Störwirkungen der Psychopharmaka. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 17–28
Allen RM (1983) Role of amantadine in the management of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes: overview and pharmacology. Clin Neuropharmacol 6: S 64–73
Altamura AC, Mauri MC, Mantero M, Brunetti M (1987) Clonazepam/haloperidol combination therapy in schizophrenia: a double blind study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 76: 702–706
Beckmann H, Laux G (1990) Guidelines for the dosage of antipsychotic drugs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 358]: 63–66
Benkert O, Hippius H (1986) Psychiatrische Pharmakotherapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Berner P, Schönbeck G (1987) Biologische Behandlungsmethoden. In: Kisker KP, Lauter H, Meyer J-E, Müller C, Strömgren (Hrsg) Psychiatrie der Gegenwart, Bd 4. S 237–284
Black JL, Richelson E, Richardson JW (1 985) Antipsychotic agents: a clinical update. Mayo Clin Proc 60: 777–789
Blondiaux I, Alagille M, Ginestet D (1988) L’adhesion au traitement neuroleptique chez les patients schizophrenes. L’Encephale XIV: 43 1–438
Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) (1986) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Huber, Bern
Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) (1989) Schizophrenie als systemische Störung. Huber, Bern
Boning J (1989) Psychopathologie und Klinik von Rebound-Phänomenen bei psychopharmakologischer Langzeitbehandlung. Psychiatria Danubina 2: 119–122
Borison RL (1983) Amantadine in the management of extrapyramidal side effects. Clin Neuropharmacol 6: S 57–63
Breyer-Pfaff U (1987) Klinische Pharmakokinetik der Neuroleptika: Ergebnisse und Probleme. In: Pichot P, Moller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 37–46
Chouinard C, Jones BD, Annable L (1978) Neuroleptic-induced supersensitivity-psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 135: 1409–1410
Davis JM (1986) Neuroleptika. In: Freedman AM, Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ, Peters UH (Hrsg) Psychiatrie in Klinik und Praxis, Bd 2. Biologische und organische Psychiatrie. Thieme, Stuttgart New York, S 142–182
Davis JM, Schaffer CB, Killian GA, Kinnard C, Chan C (1980) Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 6: 7087
Dilsalver SC, Alessi NE (1988) Antipsychotic withdrawal symptoms: phenomenology and pathology. Acta Psychiatr Scand 77: 241–246
Dose M, Emrich HM (1990) Antikonvulsiva und Lithium als Adjuvantien der medikamentösen Therapie schizophrener Psychosen. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 50–59
Dysken MW, Javaid JI, Chang SS, Schaffer C, Shahid A, Davis JM (1981) Fluphenacine pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response. Psychopharmacology 73: 205–210
Elia J, Katz IR, Simpson GM (1987) Teratogenicity of psychotherapeutic medications. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 531–586
Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Davis CM, Jann MW, Richards AL, Burgh NR (1984) Clinical implications of fluphenacine pharmacokinetics. The University of Texas
Mcevoy JP, Mccue M, Spring B, Mors RC, Lavori PW, Farr RM (1987) Effects of amantadine and trihexyphenidyl on memory in elderly normal voluteers. Am J Psychiatry 44: 573–577
Mcevoy JP, Hogarty GE, Carter M, Ortlip P, Ulrich R (1990) Pharmakotherapie des Distress bei remittierten schizophrenen Patienten: Behandlung mit Anticholinergica und die Dosierung von Fluphenazindecanoat. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 40 49
Galenberg AJ (1984) Psychotropic drugs and the fetus. Biol Ther Psychiatry 7: 13–14
Gallhofer B, Marguc K (1990) Kombinationstherapie bei schizophrenen Patienten: Ist die Kombinationstherapie von Neuroleptika mit Benzodiazepinen unbestritten? In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (HrSg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 60–67
Gerken A, Holsboer F, Benkert O (1987) Kontrollierte Untersuchung zum Zusammenhang zwischen extrapyramidal-motorischen Nebenwirkungen und klinischer Wirksamkeit unter Perphenazin-Therapie bei schizophrenen Patienten. In: Heinrich K, Klieser E (Hrsg) Probleme der neuroleptischen Dosierung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Goldney RD, Spence ND (1986) Safety of the combination of lithium and neuroleptic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 143: 882–884
Grell W, Haag H, Rother E (1988) Spätdyskinesie: Untersuchungen zur Entstehung und Behandlung. In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek K (Hrsg) Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Thera- pie, Therapieresistenz–eine Standortbestim- mung. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 36–49
Haase H-J (1972) Therapie mit Psychopharmaka und anderen psychotropen Medikamenten. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Haase H-J (1982) Die Dosierung der Neuroleptika unter feinmotorischer Kontrolle als konstruktiver Beitrag zum Thema der “ Pharmakeule”. In: Haase H-J (Hrsg) Psychopharmakotherapie. Optimale Dosierung der Neuroleptika. Perimed, Erlangen, S 13–57
Heinrich K (1987) Depotneuroleptika–ein Fortschritt? In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 93–102
Herz MJ, Szymanski H, Simon JC VON (1982) Intermittent medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients; an alternative to maintenance medication. Am J Psychiatry 139: 918–922
Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N (1977) Drug discontinuation among long term, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis Nerv Syst 37: 494–500
Jain AK, Kelwaia S, Gershon S (1988) Antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: current issues. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 3: 1–30
Johnson DAW, Pasterski G, Ludlow JM, Street K, Taylor RWD (1983) The discontinuance of maintenance neuroleptic therapy in chronic schizophrenic patients: drug and social consequences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 67: 33–35
Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Mcrink A, Manchanda R (1989) Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical outcome at one year. Br Med J 298: 985–90
Kaminer Y, Münitz H, Wijsenbeek H (1982) Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) abuse: euphoriant and anxiolytic. Br J Psychiatry 140: 473–474
Kane JM (1989) The current status of neuroleptic therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 322–328
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G, Sarantakos S, Schiebel D, Ramoslorenzi J (1983) Low dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. Relapse rates preliminary results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 893–895
Kane JM, Honigfeld C, Singer J et al. (1988) Clozapine for the treatment resistant schizophrenic: a double blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 789–796
Kanter GL, Yerevanian BI, Ciccone JR (1984) Casereport of a possible interaction between neuroleptics and carbamazepine. Am J Psychiatry 141: 1101–1102
Keepers GA, Clappison YJ, Casey DE (1983) Initial anticholinergic prophylaxis for neuroleptic–induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 1113–1117
Kramer MS, Vogel WH, Dijohnson C, Dewey DA, Sheves P, Cavicchia S, Litle P, Schmidt R, Kimes I (1989) Antidepressants in “depressed” schizophrenic inpatients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 6: 922–928
Kuhs H, Eikelmann B (1988) Suspension of neuroleptic therapy in acute schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 197–202
Kulhanek F, Linde OK, Meisenberg G (1979) Precipitation of antipsychotic drugs in interaction with coffee or tea. Lancet ii: 11–30
Laux G (1988) Psychopharmaka. Ein Leitfaden. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart New York
Lerner Y, Mintzer Y, Schestatzky M (1988) Lithium combined with haloperidol in schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 153: 359–362
Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Johns CA (1989) Clozapine: guidelines for clinical management. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 329–338
Linden M (1987) Negative vs positive Therapieerwartungen and Compliance vs Non-Compliance. Psychiat Prax 14: 132–136
Meltzer HY (1986) Novel approaches to the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Drug Dev Res 3: 23 40
Moller HJ (1987) Indikation und Differentialindikation der neuroleptischen Langzeitmedikation. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, Tokyo, S 63–79
Möller HJ (1988) Kontinuierliche Langzeitbehandlung schizophrener Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippius H, Laak-Mann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 30–37
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Lang CH, Doerr P, Pirke K-M, VON Zerssen D (1982) Efficacy and side effects of haloperidol in psychotic patients: oral versus intravenous administration. Am J Psychiatry 139: 1571–1575
Möller HJ, Kissling W, VON Zerssen D (1983) Die prognostische Bedeutung des frühen Ansprechens schizophrener Patienten auf Neuroleptika für den weiteren stationären Behandlungsverlauf. Pharmacopsychiatry 16: 46–49
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Stoll K-D, Wendt G (1989) Psychopharmakotherapie. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart Berlin Köln
Müller P (1987) Neuroleptische Dosierung bei therapieresistenter Schizophrenie. In: Heinrich K, Klieser E (Hrsg) Probleme der neuroleptischen Dosierung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York
Müller-Spahn F, Grohmann R, Rüther E, Hippius H (1990) Vor-und Nachteile einer Kombinati- onstherapie mit verschiedenen Neuroleptika. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 22–32
Pietzcker A (1988) Akutbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: HIPPIUS H, LAAKMANN G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika-Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 20–27
Platz TH, Hinterhuber H (1981) Die hochdosierte Neuroleptikatherapie. Pharmacopsychiatry 14: 141–147
Pühringer W, Kocher R, Gastpar M (1979) Zur Frage der Inkompatibilität einer Lithium-Neuroleptika-Kombinationstherapie. Nervenarzt 50: 124–127
Pullen GP, Best NR, Maguire J (1984) Anticholinergic drug use: a common problem? Br Med J 289: 612–613
Putten T VAN (1974) Why do schizophrenic patients refuse to take their drugs? Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 67–72
Putten T VAN, May PRA (1978) Subjective response as a predictor of outcome in pharmacotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 477–480
Putten T VAN, Gelenbergaj, Lavori PW, Falk WE, Marder SR, Spring B, Mohs RC, Brotman AW (1987) Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine vs. amantadine. Psychopharmacol Bull 23: 26–29
Putten T VAN, Mardder SR, Mintz J (1990) A controlled dose comparison of haloperidol in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47: 754–758
Reardon GT, Rifkin A, Schwartz A, Myerson A, Siris SG (1989) Changing patterns of neuroleptic dosage over a decade. Am J Psychiatry 146: 726–729 )
Remington G (1989) Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 34: 211–219
Rey M J, Schulz P, Costa C, Dick P, Tissot R (1989) Guidelines for the dosage of neuroleptics. Chlorpromazine equivalents of orally administered neuroleptics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 4: 95–104
Richelson E (1985) Pharmacology of neuroleptics in use in the united states. J Clin Psychiatry 46 (Sec 2): 8–14
Rifkin A, Siris SG (1990) Die Kombination von Antidepressiva und Neuroleptika bei der Behandlung der Schizophrenie. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Fleischhacker WW (Hrsg) Kombination therapeutischer Strategien bei schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 33–39
Rittmannsberger H (1990) Carbamazepin in der Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen: Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen. Wien Med Wochenschr 140: 398–404
Rittmannsberger H, Schony W (1990) Neue psychosoziale Verfahren in der Behandlung schizophrener Patienten. In: Schönbeck G, Platz T (Hrsg) Schizophrene erkennen, verstehen, behandeln. Springer, Wien New York, S 121132
Rittmannsberger H, Schöny W (1986) Prävalenz tardiver Dyskinesien bei langzeithospitalisierten schizophrenen Patienten. Nervenarzt 57: 116–118
Rittmannsberger H, Unterluggauer H (1991) Akutbehandlung mit Neuroleptika: intravenöse versus orale Applikation. In: Hinterhuber H, Kulhanek F, Neumann R (Hrsg) Prädiktoren und Therapieresistenz in der Psychiatrie. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden
Robinson GE, Stewart DA, Flak E (1986) The rational use of psychotropic drugs in pregnancy and postpartum. Can J Psychiatry 31: 183–190
Sassim N, Grohmann R (1988) Adverse drug re actions with clozapine and simultaneous ap- plication of benzodiazepines. Pharmacopsychiatry 21: 306–307
Schmidt LG, Siemetzki H (1988) Differentielle Wirkprofile der neuroleptischen Therapie akut Schizophrener? Ergebnisse einer klinisch-naturalistischen Studie. Nervenarzt 59: 721–726
Schöny W, Gum CH (1990) Führerscheingutachten bei Schizophrenen. In: Platz TH, Schubert H, Neumann R (Hrsg) Fortschritte im Umgang mit schizophrenen Patienten. Springer, Wien New York, S 69–77
Schöny W, Rittmannsberger H (1990) Einsatz psychosozialer Behandlungsverfahren in der Psychiatrie. In: Schönbeck G, plarz T (Hrsg) Schizophrene erkennen, verstehen, behandeln. Springer, Wien New York, S 133–140
Simpson GM, Levinson DF (1988) Können wir das Ansprechen auf die somatischen Therapien der Schizophrenie verbessern? In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek K (Hrsg) Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Therapie, Therapieresistenz–eine Standortbestimmung. Vieweg, Braunschweig Wiesbaden, S 164–177
Singh MM, Kaay SR (1975) A comparative study of haloperidol and chlorpromazine in terms of clinical effects and therapeutic reversal with benztropine in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 43: 103–113
Sokoloff P, Giros B, Martres M-P, Boutheni F M-L, Schwartz J-CH (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347: 146–15 1
Solano OA, Saow T, Ananth J (1989) Rapid tranquilization: a reevaluation. Neuropsychobiology 22: 90–96
Tegeler J (1987) Differentielle Indikationen der neuroleptischen Akutbehandlung Schizophrener. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 47–61
Thiels C (1987) Pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders in pregnancy and during breastfeeding: a review. Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 133–146
Tupin JP (1985) Focal neuroleptization: an approach to optimal dosing for initial and continuing therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 5: 15–21
Vagen R, Götestam KG (1986) An experimental evaluation of the euphoric properties of antiparkinson drugs on psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 74: 519–523
Waldmeier PC (1987) Is there a common denominator for the antimanic effect of lithium and anticonvulsants? Pharmacopsychiatry 20: 37–47
Wiles D, Franklin M, Dencker SJ, Joiiansson R, Lundin L, Malm U (1980) Plasma fluphenazine and prolactine levels in schizophrenic patients during treatment with low and high doses of fluphenazine enanthate. Psychopharmacology 71: 131–136
Winslow RS, Stillner V Coons DJ, Robinson MW (1986) Prevention of acute dystonic reactions in patients beginning high-potency neuroleptics. Am J Psychiatry 143: 706–710
World Health Organization (1990) Prophylactic use of anticholinergics in patients on longterm neuroleptic treatment. A consensus statement. Br J Psychiatry 156: 412
Woggon B (1980) Veränderung der psychopathologischen Symptomatik während 20-tägiger antidepressiver oder neuroleptischer Behandlung. Psychiatr Clin (Basel) 13: 150–164
Woggon B (1987) Dosierung von Neuroleptika. In: Pichot P, Moller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 81–91
Woller W, Tegeler J (1983) Späte extrapyramidale Hyperkinesien. Klinik — Prävalenz -Pathophysiologie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 51: 131–157
Wyatr RJ (1976) Biochemistry and schizophrenia, part IV. The neuroleptics, their mechanism of action: a review of the biochemical literature. Psychopharmacol Bull 12: 5–50
Yerevanian BL, Hodgman CH (1985) A haloperidolcarbamazepine interaction in a patient with rapid-cycling disorder. Am J Psychiatry 142: 785–786
Baldessarini RJ, Davis JM (1980) What is the best maintenance dose of neuroleptics in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res 3: 115–122
Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Tricher MH (1988) Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 79–91
Carpenter WT, Stephens JH, Rey AC, Hanlon TE, Heinrichs DW (1982) Early intervention vs continuous pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacol Bull 18: 21–23
Carpenter WT, Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE (1987) A comparative trial of pharmacologic strategies in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 144: 1466–1470
Cheung HK (1981) Schizophrenics fully remitted on neuroleptics for 3–5 years — to stop or continue drugs. Br J Psychiatry 138: 490–494
Chien CP (1975) Drugs and rehabilitation in schizophrenia. In: Greenblatt M (ed) Drugs in combination therapies. Grune & Stratton, New York
Crawford R, Forrest A (1974) Controlled trial of depot fluphenazine in outpatient schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry 124: 385–391
Crow TJ, Macmillan JF, Johnson AL, Johnstone EC (1986) The Northwick Park study of first episodes of schizophrenia. II. A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic neuroleptic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 148: 120–127
Curson DA, Barnes TRE, Bamber RW, Platt SD, Hirsch SR, Duffy JC (1985) Long-term depot maintenance of chronic schizophrenic outpatients: the seven year follow-up of the Medical Research Council fluphenazine/placebo trial. Br J Psychiatry 146: 464–480
Davis JM, Schaffer CB, Killian GA, Kinnard C, Chan C (1980) Important issues in the drug treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 6: 7087
DEL Giudice J, Clark WG, Gocka EF (1975) Prevention of recidivism of schizophrenics treated with fluphenazine enanthate. Psychosomatics 16: 32–36
Dudley J, Rauw G, Hames EM, Keegan DL, Midha KK (1983) Correlation of fluphenazine plasma levels versus clinical response in patients: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7: 791–795
Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Jann MW, Davis CM, Richards A, Seidel DR (1984) Future of depot neuroleptic therapy: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamie approaches. J Clin Psychiatry (Sect 2 ) 45: 50–59
Falloon I, Watt DC, Shepherd M (1978) A comparative controlled trial of pimozide and flu- phenazine decanoate in the continuation the- rapy of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 8: 59–70
Gardos G (1974) Are antipsychotic drugs inter- changeable? J Nerv Ment Dis 159: 343–348
Gitlin MJ, Midha KK, Fogelson D, Nuechterlein K (1988) Persistence of fluphenazine in plasma after decanoate withdrawal. J Clin Psycho- pharmacol 8: 53–56
Glazer WM (1984) Depot fluphenazine: risk/benefit ratio. J Clin Psychiatry 45 (Sect 2): 28–35
Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Hogarty GE, Roper M (1977) Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 171–184
Goldstein MS, Rodnik FM, Evans JR, May PRA, Steinberg M (1978) Drugs and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 35: 1169–1177
Goodnick PJ, Meltzer HY (1984) Treatment of schizoaffective disorders. Schizophr Bull 10: 30–48
Gottfries CG (1978) Flupenthixoldekanoat–Pharmakokinetik und klinische Anwendung. In: Heinrich K, Tegeler J (HrSg) Die Praxis der Depotneurolepsie. Das ärztliche Gespräch, 25. Tropon, Köln, S 26–39
Heinrich K (1988) Nebenwirkungsgeleitete Pharmakotherapie in der Psychiatrie. Munch Med Wochenschr 130: 699–700
Helmchen H (1978) Forschungsaufgaben bei psychiatrischer Langzeitmedikation. Nervenarzt 49: 534–538
Helmchen H (1979) Neuroleptische Langzeitmedikation in der Praxis. Monatsk Ärztl Fortb 29: 800–801
Herz MJ, Szymanski H, Simon JC V (1982) Intermittent medication for stable schizophrenic outpatients: an alternative to maintenance medication. Am J Psychiatry 139: 918–922
Hirsch SR, Gaind R, Rohde PD, Stevens BC, Wing JK (1973) Outpatient maintenance of chronic schizophrenic patients with long-acting flu- phenazine: double-blind placebo trial. Br Med J I: 633–637
Hirsch SR, Jolley AG, Manchanda R, Mcrink A (1986) Frühzeitige medikamentöse Interven- tion als Alternative zur Depot-Dauermedikati- on in der Schizophreniebehandlung. Ein vorläufiger Bericht. In: Borer W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 62–71
Hogarty GE (1984) Depot-neuroleptics: the relevance of psychosocial factors - a United States perspective. J Clin Psychiatry 45 (Sect 2): 3642
Hogarty GE, Goldberg S, Schooler N, Ulrich R (1974) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-years relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 603–608
Hogarty GE, Ulrich RF, Mussare F, Aristigueta N (1976) Drug discontinuation among longterm, successfully maintained schizophrenic outpatients. Dis New Syst 37: 494–500
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P, Herron E (1979) Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Relapse analyses of a two-year controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1283–1294
Jann MW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR (1985) Clinical pharmacokinetics of the depot antipsychotics. Clin Pharmacokinet 10: 315–333
Johnson DAW (1975) Observations on the dose regimens of fluphenazine decanoate in maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 126: 457–461
Kane JM (1990) Treatment programme and longterm outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 82 [Suppl 3581: 151–157
Kane JM, Lieberman JA (1987) Maintenance pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. In: Meltzer HY (ed) Psychopharmacology. The third generation of progress. Raven, New York, pp 1103–1109
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Nayak D, Ramos-Lorenzi J (1982) Fluphenazine vs placebo in patients with remitted, acute first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39: 70–73
Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G, Stavros S, Schiebel D, Ramos-Lorenz J (1983) Low-dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. I. Preliminary results for relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40: 893–896
Kapfhammer H-P (1990) Umstellungsregime von Kurzzeit-auf Depot-Neuroleptika. In: Mülleroerlinghausen B, Möller HJ, Ruther E (Hrsg) Thioxanthene in der neuroleptischen Behandlung. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 173–196
Kapfhammer H-P, Rüther E (1987) Depot-Neuroleptika. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Kissling W, Möller HJ, Walter K, Wittmann B, Krüger R, Trenk D (1985) Double-blind comparison of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate: effectiveness, side-effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 18: 240–245
Leff J, Wing JK (1971) Trial of maintenance the- rapy in schizophrenia. Br Med J III: 599–604
Leff J, Vaughn C (1981) The role of maintenance therapy and relatives’ expressed emotion in relapse of schizophrenia. A 2-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 139: 102–104
Marder, SR, VAN Putten T, Mintz J, Mckenzie J, Lebell M, Faltico G, Mav PRA (1984) Costs and benefits of two doses of fluphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41: 1025–1029
Marder SR, Hubbard JW, VAN Putten T, Hawes EM, Mckav G, Mintz J, May PRA, Midha KK (1986) Plasma fluphenazine levels in patients receiving two doses of fluphenazine decanoate. Psychopharmacol Bull 22: 264–266
Marder SR, VAN Putten T, Mintz J, Lebell M, Mckenzie J, May PRA (1987) Low-and conventional-dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44: 518–521
Maiifs JA, Nayak D (1984) Lithium vs fluphenazine for prophylaxis in mainly schizophrenic schizoaffectives. Biol Psychiàtry 19: 445–449
Mcglashan T (1986) The prediction of outcome in chronic schizophrenia. IV. The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 167–176
Möller HJ (1986) Methodological problems of long-term studies in psychopharmacology. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 156–160
Möller HJ (1987) Indikation und Differentialindikation der neuroleptischen Langzeitmedikation. In: Pichot P, Möller HJ (Hrsg) Neuroleptika. Rückschau 1952–1986. Künftige Entwicklungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 63–79
Müller HJ (1988) Kontinuierliche Langzeitbehandlung von schizophrenen Patienten mit niedrig dosierten Neuroleptika. In: Hippiijs H, Laakmann G (Hrsg) Therapie mit Neuroleptika–Niedrigdosierung. Perimed, Erlangen, S 30–37
Müller HJ (1990) Neuroleptische Langzeittherapie schizophrener Erkrankungen. In: Heinrich K (Hrsg) Leitlinien neuroleptischer Therapie. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, S 97–115
Möller HJ, Kissling W (1986) Advantages and disadvantages of depot-neuroleptics as maintenance medication for chronic schizophrenics. Clin Neuropharmacol 9 [Suppl 41: 259262
Möller HJ, Zerssen D V (1986) Der Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen unter den gegenwärtigen Behandlungsbedingungen. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Möller HJ, Kissling W, Stoll K-D, Wendt G (1989) Psychopharmakotherapie. Ein Leitfaden für Klinik und Praxis. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart
Müller P (1982) Die Patienten und das Ergebnis der Rezidivprophylaxe. In: Müller P (Hrsg) Zur Rezidivprophylaxe schizophrener Psychosen. Enke, Stuttgart, S 15–23
Müller P (1983) Was sollen wir Schizophrenen raten? Medikamentöse Langzeitprophylaxe oder Intervallbehandlung? Nervenarzt 54: 477–485
Müller P, Günther U, Lohmeyer J (1986) Behandlung und Verlauf schizophrener Psychosen über ein Jahrzehnt. Nervenarzt 57: 332–341
Pelckmans AD (1980) Double-blind study of changes in long-term patients under the influence of regularly fluctuating doses of fluphenazine decanoate. In: Usdin E et al. (eds) Phenothiazines and structurally related drugs: basic and clinical studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 202–206
Pietzcker A (1978) Langzeitmedikation bei schizophrenen Kranken. Nervenarzt 49: 518–533
Pietzcker A, Poppenberg A, Schley J, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (1981) Outcome and risks of ultra-long-term treatment with an oral neuroleptic drug. Relationship between perazine serum levels and clinical variables in schizophrenic outpatients. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 229: 315–329
Pietzcker A, Gaebel W, Köpcke W, Linden M, Müller P, Müller-Spahn F, Tegeler J (1986) A German multicenter study on the neuroleptic longterm therapy of schizophrenic patients. Preliminary report. Pharmacopsychiatry 19: 161–166
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein DF (1975) Akinesia: a poorly recognized drug induced extrapyramidal disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 32: 672–674
Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Rabiner CJ, Klein DF (1977) Fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine hydrochloride given orally, and placebo in remitted schizophrenics. Relapse rate after one year. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 43–47
Schooler NR, Levine J (1976) NIMH-PRB Collaborative fluphenazine study group: the initiation of long-term pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia: dosage and side effect comparisons between oral and depot fluphenazine. Pharmacopsychologia 9: 159–69
Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, Brauzea B, Dimasclo A, Klerman, GL, Tuason VB ( 1980 a) Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia. An evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 16–24
Schooler NR, Severe J, Levine J, Escobar J, Gelenberg A, Mandel M, Sovner R, Steinbook R ( 1980 b) Der Abbruch der neuroleptischen Behandlung bei schizophrenen Patienten und dessen Einfluß auf Rückfälle und auf Symptome der Spätdyskinesie. In: Kryspin-Exner K, Hinterhuber H, Schubert H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der psychiatrischen Therapieforschung. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, S 217–234
Schubart C, Krumm B, Biehl H, Maurer K, Jung E (1987) Factors influencing the course and out- come of symptomatology and social adjust- ment in first-onset schizophrenics. In: Häfner H, Gattaz WF, Janzarik W (eds) Search for the causes of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 98–106
Sieberns S (1986) Darstellung der Depotneuroleptika. In: Heinrich K, Sieberns S (Hrsg) Internationales Fluanxol-Depot-Kolloquium. Das ärztliche Gespräch, 40. Tropon, Köln, S 7–18
Tegeler J (1992) Medikamentöse Langzeittherapie zur Symptomsuppression bei chronisch Schizophrenen. In: Moller HJ (Hrsg) Therapie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Enke, Stuttgart (im Druck)
Tegeler J, Lehmann E, Stockschläder M (1980) ZUr Wirksamkeit der langfristigen ambulanten Behandlung Schizophrener mit Depot-und Langzeit-Neuroleptika. Nervenarzt 51: 654–661
Vaughn CE, Snyder KS, Freeman W (1982) Family factors in schizophrenic relapse: a replication. Schizophr Bull 8: 425–426
Wistedt B, Jorgensen A, Wiles D (1982) A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study. Plasma concentrations of fluphenazine and flupenthixol and relapse frequency. Psychopharmacology 78: 301–304
Woggon B, Angst J, Margoses N (1975) Gegenwärtiger Stand der neuroleptischen Langzeitbehandlung der Schizophrenie. Nervenarzt 46: 611–616
Yadalam KG, Simpson GM (1988) Changing from oral to depot fluphenazine. J Clin Psychiatry 49: 346–348
Zerssen D V, Möller HJ (1980) Psychopathometrische Verfahren in der psychiatrischen Therapieforschung. In: Biefang S (Hrsg) Evaluationsforschung in der Psychiatrie. Fragestellungen und Methoden. Enke, Stuttgart, S 129–166
Angermeyer MC, Finzen A (Hrsg) (1984) Die Angehörigengruppe. Enke, Stuttgart
Bertram W (1986) Angehörigenarbeit. Psychologie Verlags Union, München Weinheim
Birley JLT, Brown GW (1970) Crises and life changes preceding the onset or relapse of acute schizophrenia: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 116: 327–333
Borer W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) (1986) Schizophrenie als systemische Störung. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto
Brenner HD, Hodel B, Kube G, Roder V (1987) Kognitive Therapie bei Schizophrenen: Problemanalyse und empirische Ergebnisse. Nervenarzt 58: 72–83
Brucher K (1988) Wohnheimstrukturen als Mittel der Therapie. Psych Praxis 15: 71–77
Buchkremer G, Windgassen K (1987) Leitlinien des psychotherapeutischen Umgangs mit schizophrenen Patienten. Psychother Med Psychol 37: 407–412
Ciompi L (1986) Auf dem Weg zu einem kohärenten multidimensionalen Krankheits- und Therapieverständnis der Schizophrenie: Konvergierende neue Konzepte. In: Boxer W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 47–61
Ciompi L, Beine K (1990) “Soteria Bern” und “Schneiderhaus Gütersloh”, zwei sozialpsychiatrische Alternativen–oder: Die Zeit der akuten und der chronischen Psychose. In: Ciompi L, Dauwalder H-P (Hrsg) Zeit und Psychiatrie–Sozialpsychiatrische Aspekte. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 111–124
Falloon IRH, Liberman RP (1983) Interactions between drug and psychosocial therapy in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 9: 543–554
Falloon IRH, Boyd JL, Mcgia CW, Razani J, Moss HB, Gilderman AM (1982) Family management in the prevention of exacerbations of schizophrenia. A controlled study. N Engl J Med 306: 1437–1440
Falloon IRH, Boyd JL, Mcgill CW (1984) Family care of schizophrenia. Guilford Press, New York London
Falloon IRH,BonJL, Mcgill CW, Williamson M, Razani J, Moss HB, Gilderman AM, Simpson GM (1985) Family management in the preventuion of morbidity of schizophrenia. Clinical outcome of a two year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42: 887–896
Falloon IRH, Mcgill CW,BoydJL, Pederson J (1987) Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: social outcome of a two-year longitudinal study. Psychol Med 17: 59–66
Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Hogarty GE, Roper M (1977) Prediction of relapse in schizophrenic outpatients treated by drug and sociotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 34: 171–184
Goldstein MJ, Hand I, Hahlweg K (eds) (1986) Treatment of schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Herz IM (1984) Recognizing and preventing relapse in patients with schizophrenia. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 35: 344–349
Herz IM (1991) Intermittent vs. maintenance medication in schizophrenia. Two-year results. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 333–339
Herz IM, Glazer W, Mirza M, Mostert M, Hafez H, Smith P, Trigoboff E, Miles D, Simon J, Finn J, Schohn M (1989) Die Behandlung prodromaler Episoden zur Prävention von Rückfällen in der Schizophrenie. In: Borer W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Schizophrenie als systemische Störung. Die Bedeutung intermediärer Prozesse für Theorie und Therapie. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 270–282
Hogarty GE, Goldberg SC (1973) Drug and socio-therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. I. One-year relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28: 54–64
Hogarty GE, Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Ulrich RF (1974a) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. II. Two-year relapse rates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 603–608
Hogarty, GE, Goldberg SC, Schooler NR (1974b) Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. III. Adjustment of nonrelapsed patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 31: 609–618
Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare F, Ferro P, Herron E (1979) Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Relapse analyses of a two-year controlled study of fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine hydrochloride. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36: 1283–1294
Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Javna CD, Madonia MJ (1986) Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43: 633–642
Hogarty GE, Mcevoy, JP, Munetz M, Dibarry AL, Bartone P, Gather R, Cooley SJ, Ulrich RF, Carter M, Madonia MJ (1988) Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 45: 797–805
Hogarty GE, Anderson CM, Reiss DJ, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald DP, Ulrich RF, Carter M (1991) Family psychoeducation, social skills training and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia II. Two year effects of a controlled study on relapse and adjustment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 340–347
Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Mcrink A, Manchanda R (1989) Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical outcome at one year. Br Med J 298: 985–990
Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Morrison E, Mcrink A, Wilson L (1990) Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients. Br Med J 301: 837–842
Katschnig H, Konieczna T (1986) Die Philosophie und Praxis der Selbsthilfe für Angehörige psychisch Kranker. In: Boker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 200–210
Katschnig H, Konieczna T (1989a) Was ist in der Angehörigenarbeit wirksam? — Eine Hypothese. In: Boker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Schizophrenie als systemische Störung. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 315–328
Katschnig H, Konieczna T (1989b) Neue Formen der Angehörigenarbeit in der Psychiatrie. In: Katschnig H (Hrsg) Die andere Seite der Schizophrenie: Patienten zu Hause, 3. Aufl. Psychologie Verlags Union, München, S 207–228
Katschnig H, Konieczna T, Michelbach H, Sint PP (1989) Intimität auf Distanz — ein familienorientiertes Wohnheim für schizophrene Patienten. In: Katschnig H (Hrsg) Die andere Seite der Schizophrenie: Patienten zu Hause, 3. Aufl. Psychologie Verlags Union, München, S 229–242
Keith SJ, Bellack A, Frances A, Mance R, Matthews S (1989) The influence of diagnosis and family treatment on acute treatment respond and short term outcome in schizophrenia. Treatment strategies in Schizophrenia Collaborative Study Group. Psychopharmacol Bull 25: 336–339
Köttgen C, Sonnichsen I, Mollenhauer K, Jurth R (1984) Group therapy with the families of schizophrenic patients: results of the Hamburg Camberwell family interview study III. Int J Fam Psychiatry 5: 83–94
Leff JP (1989) Die Angehörigen and die Verhütung des Rückfalls. In: Katschnig H (Hrsg) Die andere Seite der Schizophrenie: Patienten zu Hause, 3. Aufl. Psychologie Verlags Union, München, S 167–180
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Eberlein-Vries R, Sturgeon D (1982) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry 141: 121–134
Leff J, Kuipers L, Berkowitz R, Sturgeon D (1985) A controlled trial of social intervention in the families of schizophrenic patients: two year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 146: 594–600
Liberman RP, Massel HK, Mosk MD, Wong SE (1985) Social skills training for chronic mental patients. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 36: 396–403
Liberman RP, Mueser KT, Wallace CJ (1986) Social skills training for schizophrenic individuals at risk for relapse. Am J Psychiatry 143: 523–526
Liberman RP, Mueser KT (1989) Schizophrenia: psychosocial treatment. In: Kaplan H, Sadock B (eds) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 792–806
Mcfarlane WR (1983) Family therapy in schizo- phrenia. Guilford Press, New York London
Mcglashan TH (1986) Schizophrenia: psychosocial treatments and the role of psychosocial factors in its etiology and pathogenesis. In: Frances AJ, Hales RE (eds) Annual review, vol 5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC, pp 96–111
Mosher Lr, Menn A (1975) Soteria: an alternative to hospitalization for schizophrenia. In: Masser-Man JH (ed) Current psychiatric therapies, vol 15. Grune & Stratton, New York, pp 287–296
Newton JEO, Cannon DJ, Couch L, Fody EP, Mcmillan DE, Metzer WS, Paiqe SR, Reid GM, Summers BN (1989) Effects of repeated drug holidays on serum haloperidol concentrations, psychiatric symptoms, and movement disorders in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 50: 132–135
Roder V, Brenner HD, Kienzle N, Hodel B (1988) Integriertes psychologisches Therapieprogramm für schizophrene Patienten (IPT). Psy- chologie Verlags Union, München Weinheim
Schooler NR, Keith SJ (1990) Role of medication in psychosocial treatment. In: Herz MI, Keith Sj, Docherty JP (eds) Handbook of schizophrenia. Elsevier, Amsterdam New York Oxford, PP 45–67
Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Severe JB, Matthews S (1989) Acute treatment of the NIMH treatment strategies in schizophrenia study. Treatment strategies in Schizophrenia Collaborative Study Group. Psychopharmacol Bull 25 (3): 331–335
Stein LI, Test MA (1980) Alternative to mental hospital treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 392–397
Stierlin H, Wynne LC, Wirsching M (1983) Psychosocial intervention in schizophrenia. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Porceddu K, Watts S, Freeman H (1988) The community management of schizophrenia. A controlled trial of a behavioural intervention with families to reduce relapse. Br J Psychiatry 153: 532–542
Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Vaughn C, Bamrah JS, Porceddu K, Watts S, Freeman H (1989) Community management of schizophrenia. A two-year follow-up of a behavioural intervention with families. Br J Psychiatry 154: 625–628
Wing JK (1986) Der Einfluß psychosozialer Faktoren auf den Langzeitverlauf der Schizophrenie. In: Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 11–28
Wing JK, Brown GW (1970) Institutionalism and schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, London
Zubin J (1986) Mögliche Implikationen der Vulnerabilitätshypothese für das psychosoziale Management der Schizophrenie. In: Böker W, Brenner HD (Hrsg) Bewältigung der Schizophrenie. Hans Huber, Bern Stuttgart Toronto, S 29–41
Zubin J, Spring B (1977) Vulnerability–a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 86: 103–126
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
König, P. et al. (1992). Klinik. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Pöldinger, W. (eds) Neuro-Psychopharmaka Ein Therapie-Handbuch. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3282-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3282-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3283-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3282-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive