Abstract
The chemistry of substances derived from plants, fungi and bacteria has in past several decades received a great deal of attention. Indeed, many natural products and their synthetic analogs play an important part in several major industries today. However, a brief glance at the literature dealing with marine sources reveals a gross lack of chemical activity. We may describe investigations in marine science as zoological, biological, pharmacological, clinical and chemical—with activity decreasing in that order.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aasen, A. J. and S. L.-Jensen: Carotenoids of Flexibacteria, IV. Carotenoids of Two Further Pigment Types. Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 2322 (1966).
Abraham, E. P.: The Cephalosporins. Pharmac. Rev. 14, 473 (1962).
Abraham, E. P.: The Cephalosporin C Group. Quart. Rev. 21, 231 (1967).
Archer, R., J. Chauvet, M. T. Chauvet, D. Crepy: Characterisation des Hormones Neurophypophysaires, d’un Poisson Osseux d’eau douce, La Capre (Cyprinos Carpio). Comparaison avec les Hormones des Poissons Osseux Marins. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 14, 245 (1965).
Archer, R., J. Chauvet, M. T. Chauvet, D. Crepy: Phylogenie des Peptides Neurophypophysaires. Biochem. Biophys. Acts. 107, 393 (1965).
Ackermann, D. and P. H. Llsr: Spongopurin, eine in der Natur neue Purin-base. Naturwiss. 48, 74 (1961).
Ackermann, D. and S. Skraup: Endgültige Konstitutionsermittlung und Synthese des Spinacins. Ibid, 284, 129 (1949)
Ackermann, D.: Über das Vorkommen von Homarin, Trigonellin und einer neuen Base Anemonin in der Anthozoe Anemonna Sulcata. Ibid. 295, I (5953).
Ackermann, D. and P. H. List: Über das Vorkommen von Trimethylaminoxyd, Homarin, Trigonellin und einer Base C4H902N in der Krabbe Crangon vulgaris. Ibid. 306, 26o (1957).
Io. Ackermann, D. and R. Janka: Erstmalige Beobachtung von Sperrain bei Avertebraten, Cionia intestinalis. Ibid, 296, 279 (1954).
II. Ackermann, D.: Über das Vorkommen von Homarin, Taurocyamin, Cholin, Lysin und anderen Aminosäuren sowie Bernsteinsäure in dem Meereswurm Arenicola marina. Z. Physiol. Chem. 302, 8o (1955).
Ackermann, D.: Asterubin, eine Schwefelhaltige Guanidinverbindung in der belebten Natur. Ibid. 232, 2o6 (1935)-
Ackermann, D.: Synthese des Asterubins. Ibid, 249, 208 (1935).
Ackermann, D. and E. MÜLler: Zweite Synthese des Asterubins. Ibid. 235, 233 (1935)
Ackermann, D. and M. Mona: Über das Vorkommen von Octopin, Agmantin und Arginin in der Octopodenart Eledone moschata. Ibid. 250, 243 (1937).
Ackermann, D. and E. MÜLler: Spinacin, ein Bestandteil der Selachierleber. Ibid. 268, 277 (1941).
Ackermann, D.: Nachweis des lmidazolkernes in Spinacin. Ibid. 276, 268 (1942).
Ackermann, D. and R. Janka: Konstitution und Synthese des Anemonins. Ibid. 294, 93 (1953)-
Ackermann, D. and P. H. List: Konstitutionsermittlung des Herbipolins, einer neuen tierischen Purinbase. Ibid. 309, 286 (1957).
Ackermann, D. and P. H. List: Zur Konstitution des Zooanemonins und des Herbipolins. Ibid. 318. 281 (1960).
Ackermann, D. and H. G. Menssen: N-haltige Inhaltsstoffe des Pferdeschwammes Hippospongia equine,Ibid. 322, 198 (196o).
Ackermann, D. and P. H. List: Über das Vorkommen von Ergothionein und Herzynin in Limulus polyphemus L. Naturwiss. 45, 131 (1958).
Ackermann, D.: Über das Vorkommen von Spinacin in der Krabbe Crango Vulgaris, Z. Physiol. Chem. 328, 275 (1962).
Ackermann, D. and G. Hoppe-Seylers: Vergleich zweier biologischer, von Histidin und Histamin ableitbarer, isomerer, Ringsysteme (Spinacin und Zapotidin). Ibid. 336, 283 (1964).
Ackermann, D. and M. Mohr: Über stickstoffhaltige Bestandteile der Leber des Haifisches (Acanthias vulgaris). Z. Biol. 98, 37 (1937).
Ackermann, D. and R. Janka: Über das Vorkommen von Homarin, Glykokollbetain, Cholin, Arginin, Mytilit und d,l-Milchsäure in der Meeresschnecke Patella sp. Z. Physiol. Chem. 298, 5 (1954).
AitzetmÜLler, K., W. A. Svec, J. J. Katz and M. H. Strain: Structure and Chemical Identity of Diadinoxanthin and the Principal Xanthophyll of Euglena. Chem. Comm., 1968, 32.
Alexander, C. B., G. A. Feigeh and J. T. TovIita: Isolation and Characterization of Sea Urchin Toxin. Toxicon 3, 9 (1965).
Ali, A., D. Sarantakis and B. Weinstein: Synthesis of the Natural Product (—)-Dictyopterene B. Chem. Comm. 940 (1971).
o. Anderson, K. A., J. Smith and R. H. Thomson: Naturally Occurring Quinones. Part VI. Spinochrome D. J. Chem. Soc. 1965, 2141 and references therein.
Anderson, T. G., G. A. 1). HaslewOod, A. D. Cross and L. ‘I’ÖKEs: New Evidence for the Structure of Myxinol, Biochem. J. 104, io6i, (1967).
Anderson, I. G. and G. A. D. Hasler’Ood: Comparative Studies of Bile Salts, i6-Deoxymyxinol, Biochem. J. 112, 763 (1969).
Ashikari, H.: Í?ber die Galle des „Akajei“-Fisches (Dasyatis Akajei) und die Konstitution des Scymnols. Biochem. (Japan) 29, 319 (1939).
Ashikari, H.: Vber die Galle des „Akajei“-Fisches (Dasyatis Akajei) und die Konstitution des Scymnols. Biochem. (Japan) 29, 319 (1939).
Austin, L., R. G. Gillis and G. Youatt: Stonefish Venom, Some Biochemical and Chemical Observations, Austr. J. Exptl. Biol. Med. Sci. 43, 79 (1965).
Banner, A. H., P. Helfrich, P. J. Scheuer and T. Yoshida: Research on Ciguatera in the Tropical Pacific, Proc. Gulf Caribbean Fish Institute, 16th Ann. Session, 1962.
Banner, A. H.: Marine Toxins from the Pacific, I. Advances in the Investigation of Fish Toxins, Proc. of ist Int. Symp. on Animal Toxins, Atlantic City, p. 157, 1966, Ed. by F. E. Russell and P. R. Saunders, Pergamon Press.
Barraclougii-Fell, H.: The Evolution of the Echinoderms, Smithsonian Annual Report, 457–490 (1962).
Baslow, Morris H.: Marine Pharmacology, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1969.
Baxter, J. G., Vitamin A, Ch. 6, p. 169 in Comprehensive Biochemistry, Ed. by M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz, Vol. 9, Elsevier, 1963.
Becher, D., C. Djerassi, R. E. Moore, H. Singh and P. J. Scheuer: Mass Spectrometry in Structural and Stereochemical Problems. Cxi. The Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation of Substituted Naphthoquinones and its Aplication to Structural Elucidation of Echinoderm Pigments, J. Org. Chem. 31, 365o (1966).
Bell, D. J.: Natural Monosaccharides and Oligosaccharides: Their Structure and Occurrence, Ch. 7, p. 287 in Comparative Biochemistry, ed. by M. Florkin and H. S. Mason, Vol. Iii, 1962, Academic Press, New York, London.
Bergmann, W.: Comparative Biochemical Studies on the Lipids of Marine Invertebrates, with Special Refernce to the Sterols, J. Marine Res. 8 (z), 137, 1949. Bergmann, W.: Sterols: Their Structure and Distribution, Ch. 2, p. 103 in Comparative Biochemistry, ed. by M. Florkin and H. S. Mason, Vol. Iii, 1962, Academic Press, New York.
Bergmann, W. and W. T. Pace: Scymnol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 477 (1943).
Bergstrom, S. and A. Norman: Synthesis of Conjugated Bile Acids, Acta Chem. Stand 7, 1126 (1953).
Bergstrom, S. and J. SJ9Vall: Separation of Bile Acids with Reversed Phase Partition Chromatography. Acta Chem. Scand. 5, 1267 (1951).
Berkoff, C. E.: The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Insect Hormones. Quart. Rev. 33 372 (1969).
Bernfeld, P.: Polysaccharides, Ch. 8, p. 355 in Comparative Biochemistry Ed. M. Florkin and H. S. Mason, Vol. Iii. New York: Academic Press. 1962. Chemistry of Natural Products Derived from Marine Sources 475
Borgstrom, G., ed.: Fish and Food. New York: Academic Press. 1961 (and references therein).
Blumer, M.: Organic Pigments: Their Long-Term Fate. Science 149, 722 (1965).
Boylan, D. B. and P. J. Scheuer: Pahutoxin, A Fish Poison. Science 155, 52 (1967).
Proceedings of the First International Seaweed Symposium, Ed. W. A. P. Black and E. T. Dewar, Institute of Seaweed Research, Inveresk, Scotland, 1953
Proceedings of the Second International Seaweed Symposium, Ed. T. Braarud and N. A. Sorensen. New York: Pergamon Press. 1956.
Bridgwater, R. J., T. Briggs and G. A. D. Haselwood: Comparative Studies of “Bile Salts” Part 14 Isolation from Shark Bile and Partial Synthesis of Scymnol. Biochern. J. 82, 285 (1962).
Brotzu, G.: Richerchc su di un nuovo antibiotico. Lay. Ist. Ig. Cagliari, 1948-
Burkholder, P. R. and L. M. Burkholder: Antimicrobial Activity of Horny Corals, Science 127, 1174 (1958).
Burkholder, P. R.,, L. M. Burkholder and L. R. Almodovar: Antibiotic Activity of Some Marine Algae of Puerto Rico. Botanica Marina II, Faso, I/2.
Burkholder, P. R., R. M. Pfister and F. H. Leitz: Production of a Pyrrole Antibiotic by a Marine Bacterium. Applied Microbiology 14, 649 (1966).
Burkholder, Y. R.: Antimicrobial Substances from the Sea, in Transactions of the Drugs from the Sea Symposium, Ed. H. W. Youngken, Jr., Rhode Island, 1967, and Burkholder, P. R., Ibid. p. 255, 1969.
Buchwald, H. D., L. Durham, H. G. Fischer, R. Harada, H. S. Mosher, C. Y. Kao, F. A. Fuhrman: Identity of Tarichatoxin and Tetradotoxin, Science 143, 474 (1964).
Calvin, M.: Chemical Evolution, Oxford University Press, 1969. 6o. Chang, C. W. J., R. E. MooRE and P. J. Scheuer: Spinochromes A (M) and C (F). Tetrahedron Lett. 1964, 3557.
Chanley, J. D., R. Ledeen, J. Wax, R. F. Nigrelli and H. Sobotka: Holothurin I, The Isolation, Properties and Sugar Components of Holothurin A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 518o (5959).
Chanley, J. D., J. Perlstein, R. F. Nigrelli, H. Sobotka:. Further Studies on the Structure of Holothurin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90, Art. 3, 902 (196o).
Chanley, J. D. and C. Rossi: The Holothurinogenins II, Methoxylated NeoHolothrurinogenins. Tetrahedron 25, 1897 (1969).
Chanley, J. D., T. Mezzettt and H. Sobotka: The Holothurinogenins. Tetrahedron 22, 1857 (1966).
Chanley, J. D. and C. Rossi: The Neo-Holothurinogenins Iii. Tetrahedron 25, 1911 (1969).
Chapman, D. J. and D. L. Fox: Bile Pigment Metabolism in the Sea-Hare Aplysia. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 4, 71 (1969).
Chapman, D. J., W. Y. Cole and H. W. Siegelman: The Structure of Phycoerythrobilin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 5976 (1967).
Chapman, D. J.: Three New Carotenoids Isolated from Algae. Phytochem. 5, 1331 (1966).
Chapman, D. J., W. J. Cole and H. W. Siegelman: Cleavage of Phycocyanobilin from C-Phycocyanin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 153, 692 (1968).
Cheesman, D. F., W. L. Lee and P. F. Zagaesky: Carotenoproteins, in Invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 42, 132 (1967).
Chesters, C. G. C. and J. A. Stott: The Production of Antibiotic Substances by Seaweeds, Proc. 2nd International Seaweed Symposium, 1956, pp. 49–54.
Christomanos, A.: Nature of the Pigment of Aplysia depilans. Nature 175, 310 (1955).
Ciereszxo, L. S., D. H. Sifford, A. J. Weiniieimer: Chemistry of Coolenterates I. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. go, Art. 3, Nov. (196o).
Ciereszko, L. S., D. H. Attaway and M. A. Wolf: Hydrocarbons in Coral Reef Organisms. 8th Annual Report on Research’, The Petroleum Research Fund, 1963.
Cole, W. J., D. J. Chapman’, H. W. Siegelman: The Structure of Phycocvanobilin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3643 (1967).
Coox, J. W.: Bile Acids of Elasmobranch Fish. Nature 147, 388 (1941).
CosuLlcH, D. B. and F. M. Lovell: An X-Ray Determination of the Structure of an Antibacterial Compound from the Sponge, lanthella ardis. Chem. Comm. 397 (1971).
Craigie, J. S. and 1). E. Gruenig: Bromophenols from Red Algae. Science 157, 1058 (1967).
Crespi, M. L., L. J. Boucher, G. D. Norman, J. J. Katz and R. C. Dougherty: Structure of Phycocyanobilin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3642 (1967).
Cross, A. D.: Scymnol Sulphate and Anhydroscymnol. J. Chem. Soc. 2817 1961.
Cross, A. D.: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass-Spectral Study of Myxinol Tetra-acetate. Biochem. J. 100, 238 (1966).
Deakins, D. E. and P. R. Saunders: Purification of the Lethal Fraction of the Venom of the Stonefish Synanceja Horrida (L.). Toxicon 4, 257 (1967).
Proceedings of the Fourth International Seaweed Symposium, Ed., Ad. Davy De Virville and J. Feldmann, New York: Pergamon Press and MacMillan Co. 1964.
Duursma, E. K.: The Dissolved Organic Constituents of Sea Water, Ch. p. 433 in Chemical Oceanography, Ed. J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow, Vol. I. New York: Academic Press. 1965.
Elyakov, G. B., T. A. Kuznetsova, A. K. DzizEnko and Yu. N. Elkin: A Chemical Investigation of the Trepang. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 1151.
Erspamer, V. and O. Benati: identification of Murexine as ß)Imidazo(4) j-Acryl Choline. Science 117, 161 (1953).
Erspamer, V., T. Vitali, M. Roseghini and J. M. Cei: Occurrence of New Imidazoiealkylamines (Spinaceamine and 6-Methyl-Spinaceamine), in Skin Extracts of Leptodactylus pentadactylus labyrinthicus. Experientia 19, 346 (1963).
Fattorusso, E., L. Minale and G. Sodano: Aeroplysinin-I, a New Bromo-Compound from Aplysina aerophoba. Chem. Comm. 197o, 751.
Aerothionin, a Tetrabromo Compound from Aplysina aerophoba and Verongia thiona. Chem. Comm. 197o, 752.
Faux, A., D. H. S. Horn and E. J. Middleton: Molting Hormones of a Crab During Ecdysis. Chem. Comm. 1969, 175.
Fiesen, L. F. and M. Fieser: Natural Products Related to Phenanthrene, 3rd Ed., pp. 112–113. New York: Reinhold. 1949.
Fieser, L. F. and M. Fieser: Steroids, pp. 55–56. New York: Reinhold. 1967.
Fiesen, L. F. and M. Fieser: Steroids, p. 787. New York: Reinhold. 1967. 9z. Fraenke, G.: A Hormone Causing Pupation in the Blowfly Calliphora crythrocephala. Royal Soc. London, Proc. Series B 118 (1935).
Friess, S. L., F. G. Standaert, E. R. Whitcomb, R. F. Nigrelli, J. D. Chanley, H. SoB0Tka: Some Pharmacological Properties of Holothurin A, A Glycosidic Mixture From the Sea Cucumber, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., go, Art. 3, 893 (196o) (and references therein).
Furlenmeier, A., A. Furst, A. Langemann and G. Waldvogel: Die Synthese des Ecdysons. Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 1387.
FoRrest, H. S.: Pteridins: Structure and Metabolism, Ch. 13, p. 615 in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed. M. Florkin and H. S. Mason, Vol. IV. New York: Academic Press. 1962.
Fox, D. L.: in “The Physiology of Fishes” (M. E. Brown, Ed.) Vol. 2, p. 375. New York: Academic Press. 1957.
Fox, D. L. and G. F. Crozier: Absence or Singular Specificity of Carotenoids in Some Lower Fishes. Science 550, 771 (1965).
Fox, D. L. and R. A. Lewin: A Preliminary Study of the Carotenoids of Some Flexibacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 9, 753 (1963).
’. Galbraith, M. N., D. H. S. Horn, E. J. Middleton and R. J. Hackney: Structure of Deoxycrustecdysone. Chem. Comm. 1968, 83.
Galbraith, M. N., D. H. S. Horn and E. J. Middleton, H. J. Hackney: The Structure of Podecdysone B. Chein. Comm. 5969, 402 (and references therein).
Galbraith, M. N., H. S. Horn, E. J. Middleton and R. J. Hackney: Molting Hormones of Insects and Crustaceans: The Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-3-epicrustecdvsone. Aust. J. Chem. 22, 1059 (1969).
Galbraith, M. N., H. S. Horn, E. J. Middleton and R. J. Hackney: Molting Hormones of Insects and Crustaceans: The Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-3-epicrustecdvsone. Aust. J. Chem. 22, 1059 (1969).
Galbraith, M. N. and D. H. S. Horn: Insect Molting Hormones, Crustecdysone from Podocovpus Elatus. Aust. J. Chem. 22, 1045 (1969).
Gianotti, C., B. C. Das and E. Lederer: Sur la constitution chimique du Kitol, dimire de la Vitamine A. Bull. Soc. Chins. 9, 3299 (1966).
Glaser, R. and E. Lederer: Échinochrome et spinochrome; dérivés méthylés; distribution; pigments associés. Compt. Rend. 208, 1939 (1939).
Goodwix, T. W. and S. Srisukh: A Study of the Pigments of the Seaurchins, Echines esculentus L. and Paracentvotus lividus Lainavck,Biochem. J. 47, 69 (195o) (and references therein).
Goorovix, T. W.: Carotenoids: Structure, Distribution, and Function, Ch. 14 in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed. M. Florkin and H. S. Mason, Vol. IV., p. 643. New Fork: Academic Press. 1962.
Gupta, K. C. and P. J. Scheuer: Echinoderm Sterols. Tetrahedron 24, 5831 (1968).
Gupta, L. C. and P. J. Scheuer: Zoanthid Sterols. Steroids 13, 343 (1969).
Meunier, H., S. Zele\Ski and L. Worthen: Comparison of the Sterol Content of Certain Rhodophyta, Proceedings of the Conference on Food-Drugs from the Sea, p. 319. Rhode Island, 1969.
Gupta Sen, A. K.: Presence of Coprostanol in Whale Oil. Z. Physiol. Chem. 348, 1688 (1967).
Habermehl, G., and G. tiOlkwein: Über Gifte der Mittelmeerischen HolOthurien. Naturwiss. 55, (2), 83 (1968).
a. Habermehl, G., and G. Volkwejn: Die Aglyka der Toxine von Holothuria polü. Ann. Chem. 731, 53 (1970).
Hale, R. L., J, Leclerq, B. Turch, C. Djerassi, R. A. Gross, Jr., A. J. Weinheimer, K. Gupta and P. J. Scheuer: Demonstration of a Biogenetically Unprecedented Side Chain in the Marine Sterol, Gorgosterol. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
Hale, R. L., N. C. Ling and C. Djerassi: The Structure and Absolute Configuration of the Marine Sterol Gorgosterol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92, 5281 (197o).
Halsall, T. G. and I. R. Hills: Isolation of Heneicosa-r,6,9,12,15,18hexaene and -1,6,9,12,15-pentaene from the Alga Fucus vesiculosus, Chem. Comm. 448 (1971).
Halstead, B. W., D. A. Col’Rville: Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, Vol. I-Iii. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1965.
Hammarsten, O.: L ber eine neue Gruppe gepaarter Gallensäuren. Z. Physiol. Chen. 24, 322 (1898).
Hampshire, F. and D. H. S. Horn: Structure of Crustecdysone, A Crustacean _Molting Hormone, Chem. Comm. 1966, 37.
Hanessian, S., I. S. Kaltenbronn: Synthesis of a Bromine-Rich Marine Antibiotic. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 4509 (1966).
Harris, R. S.: Vitamins E., Ch. 7, p. 187 in Comprehensive Biochemistry, Ed. M. Florkin, E. H. Stotz, Vol. IX. Elsevier, 1963.
L.-Jensen, S., A. Jensen: Recent Progress in Carotenoid Chemistry, Vol. 8, Part 2, p. 133 in Progress in Chemistry of Fats and Lipids. Pergamon Press, 1965.
Hartmann, M., O. Sciiartal’, R. Hohn and U. Wallenfels: fiber die Sexualstoffe der Seeigel. Naturwiss. 27, 433 (1939).
Hashimoto and T. OxAichi: Some Chemical Properties of Nereistoxin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90, 667 (196o).
Haslewood, G. A. D. Bile Salts of Fish. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 6, 83 (1951).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Recent Developments in Our Knowledge of Bile Salts. Physiol. Rev. 35, 178 (1955) (and references therein).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Bile Salts. London: Methuen. 1967.
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Comparative Studies of Bile Salts, Part 13. Biochem. J. 78, 352 (1961).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Bile Salts: Structure, Distribution, and Possible Biological Significance as a Species Character, Comparative Biochemistry, Vol. Iii, Ch. 2, p. 205. New York-London: Academic Press. 1962.
Haslewood, G. A. D.: A Bile:Alcohol Sulphate from the Hagfish, Eptatretus Stoutii. Biochem. J. 78, 30 (1961).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Comparative Studies of Bile Salts, Myxinol Disulfate. Biochem. J. 100, 233 (1966).
Haslewood, G. A. D.: Bile Salts, Ch. 4, p. 205 in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed: M. Florkin, H. S. Mason. NC AV York: Academic Press. 1962.
Healey, F. l’.: The Carotenoids of Four Blue-Green Algae. J. Phycol. 41
).
Hertzberg, S. and S. L.-Jensen: The Carotenoids of Blue-Green Algae-I., The Carotenoids of Oscillatoria rubescene and an Arthrospvia sp. Ann. Chem. 696, 1187 (1966).
Hertzberg, S. and S. L.-Jensen: The Carotenoids of Blue-Green Algae-II. The Carotenoids of Aphanizomenore flosaquea. Phytochem. 5, 557 (1966).
Hiking, H. and Y. HikÌNO: Athropod Molting Hormones. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 29, 256 (197o).
Hilditch, T. P.: The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats, 3rd New York: Wiley. 1956.
IIecRs, P. and R. Wiechert: zo-Hvdroxy-Ecdyson, isoliert aus Insekten. Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 2989.
Horn, D. H. S., E. J. Middleton and J. A. Wunderlich: Identity of the Molting Hormones of Insects and Crustaceans. Chem. Comm. 1966, 339.
Horn, D. H. S., S. Fabbri, F. Hampshire and M. E. LowE: Isolation of Crustecdysone (zoR-Hydroxyecdysone) from a Crayfish. Biochem. J. 109, 399 (1968).
Hoshita, T. and T. Kazuno: Chemistry and Metabolism of Bile Alcohols and Higher Bile Acids, Adv. in Lipid Res. 6, 207 ( 1968 ). New York and London: Academic Press. 1968.
Hoshita, T., T. Sasaki, Y. Tanaka, S. Betsuki and T. Kazuno: Stern-bile Acids and Bile Sterols, Lxxiv. Biochem. (Japan), 57, 751 (1965).
Hoshito, T., S. Hirofuji, T. Nakagawa and T. Kazuno: Stero-bile Acids and Bile Alcohols Xcvi. Ibid. 62, 6z (1967).
Hoshita, T., K. Amimoto, T. Nakagawa and T. Kazuno Stero-bile Acids and Bile Alcohols, XC1V. Ibid. 6i, 750 (1967).
HossAin, M, B. and D. Van Der Helm: The Crystal Stn cture of (3-Gorgonene Silver Nitrate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90, 6607 (1968).
Hossain, M. B., A. F. Nicholas and D. Van Der Helm: The Molecular Structure of Eunicin Iodoacetate. Chem. Comm. 1968, 385.
HüPpi, G. and J. B. Siddall: Synthetic Studies on Insect Hormones, Part VI, The Synthesis of Ponasterone A and its Stereochemical Identity with Crustecdysone. Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 1113.
HüPpi, G. and I. B. Siddall: Synthetic Studies on Insect Hormones V. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 6790 (1967).
Idler, D. R., A. Saito and P. Weisman: Sterols in Red Algae (Rhodophyceae). Steroids II, 465 (1968).
Iguchi, M., A. Nishiyania, S. Yamamura and Y. Hiraca: Conversion of Flemene-type Sesquiterpenes into Cadinene-type Compou: ids and Formation of Ten-membered Germacrone type Intermediates. Tetrah dron Lett. 1969, 4295.
Ikekawa, N., N. Morisaki, K. Tsuda and T. Yashid: Sterol Compositions in Some Green Algae and Brown Algae. Steroids 12, 41 (1968) (and references therein).
Irie, T., M. IzAwa and E. Kurosawa: Laureatin, A Constituent from Laurencia Nipponica Yamada, Tetrahedron 1968, 2091.
Irie, T., M. Suzuki and T. Masamune: Laurencin, A Constituent from Laurencia Species, Ibid. 1965, 1091.
Irie, T., M. Suzuki and T. Masamune: Laurencin, A Constituent of Laurencia Glandulifera Kützing, Tetrahedron 24, 4193 (1968).
Irie, T., M. IzAwa and E. Kurosawa: Isolaureatin, A Constituent from Laurencia Nipponica Yamada, Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 2735.
Irie, T., M. IzAwa and D. KuRosawA: Laureatin and lsolaureatin, Constituents of Laurencia Nipponica Yamada. Tetrahedron 26, 851 (1970).
Ferguson, G., Structure and Absolute Configuration of Laurencin. J. C. S. (B), 559 (1969).
Irie, T., T. Suzuki, Y. Yasunari, E. Kurosawa and T. Masamune: Laurene, A Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbon from Laurencia Species. Ibid. 25, 459 (1969).
Yamamoto and T. Masamune: Sesquiterpenes from Dictyopteris Divaricata I. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 37, 1053 (1964).
Isler, O. and P. Zeller: Total Synthesis of Carotenoids, Vitamins and Hormones 15, 33. Newyork: Academic Press. 1957.
Jacquot, R., Organic Constituents of Fish and Other Aquatic Animal Foods, Ch. 6, 1453, in G. Borgstrom, Ed., Fish as Food. New York: Academic Press. 1961.
Karlson, P.: Chemische Untersuchungen über die Metamorphosehormone der Insecten, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, Zoologie et biologie animale i8, 125 (1956).
Karlson, P.: Chemie und Wirkungsweise der Insektenhormone, Max Planck Inst. Biochem. Proc. (Munich) 4th Intern. Congress of Biochem. (Vienna) 12, 1959.
Karlsos, P., H. Hoffmeister, H. Hummel, P. Hocks, F. Kerb, G. Spiteller and R. Wiechert: Reaktionen des Ecdysonmoleküls. Chem. Ber. 98, 2394 (1965).
Katayama, ‘l’.: Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae, p. 467, R. A. Lewin, Ed. Newyork: Academic Press. 1962.
Katavama, T.: Chemical Studies on Volatile Constituents of Seaweeds, Antibacterial Action of Enterornorpha sp. Bull. of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 22, 248 (1956).
Katayama, T.: Chemical Studies on Volatile Constituents of Seaweeds, X, Antibacterial Action of Enterooaorpha sp. Ibid. 22, 248 (1956).
K_AzuNO, T. and T. HosIta: Stero-Bile Acids and Bile Alcohols, Lvii, Chromatography of Bile Alcohols. Steroids 3 55 (1964).
Kennard, O., D. G. Avatson, L. R. Disanseverino, B. Tursch, R. Bosmans and C. Dierassi: Chemical Studies of Marine Invertebrates IV. Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 2879.
Bers, I.., R. Wiechert, A. Furlenmeier and A. First: Über eine Synthese des Crustecdysones. Ibid. 1968, 4277.
Kleinig, H. and K. Egger: Zur Struktur von Siphonaxanthin und Siphonein, den Hauptcarotinoiden Siphonaler Grünalgen. Phytochemistry 6, 1681 (1967).
Kleinig, H., H. Nitsche and E. Egger: The Structure of Siphonaxanthin. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 4139.
Kleinig, H.: Carotenoids of Siphonous Green Algae: A Chemotaxonomical Study. J. Phycol. 5, 281–284 (1969).
Kochetkov, N. K. and A. F. Bocaxov: The Synthesis of a (i s 3) Glucan Related to Laminaran. Carbohydrate Res. 9, 61 (1969).
KoNIsHI, K.: Studies on Organic Insecticides, Synthesis of Nereistoxin and Related Compounds, Ill. Age. Biol. Chem. 32, 1199 (1968).
Rosari, T. 1. and H. H. Anderson: Marine Toxins from the Pacific, IV, Pharmacology-of Ciguatoxins. Toxicon 6 55–58 (1968).
Kuhn ,R. and K. Wallenfels: Echinochrome als prosthetische Gruppen hochmolekularer Symplexe in den Eiern von Arbacia Pustulosa. Chem. Ber. 73, 458 (1940).
Kuhn, R. and K. Wallenfels: Über die chemische Natur des Stoffes, den die Eier Iles Seeigels (Arbacia Pustulosa) absondern, um die Spermatozoen anzulocken. Chem. Ber. 72, 1407 (1939).
Kuhn, R. and K. Wallenfels: Über den Stachelfarbstoff von Arbacia. Chem. Ber. 74 1594 (r941).
Lederer, E.: Sur les Pigments Naphtoquinonique des Epines et du Test des Oursins Paracentrotus Livides et Arbacia Pustulosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 9, 92 (1952).
Lovell, F. M., The Structure of a Bromine-Rich Marine Antibiotic. J. Am, Chem. Soc. 88, 4510 (1966).
Low, T. F., R. J. Park, M. D. Sutherland and I. Vessey: Pigments of Marine Animals, Iii, The Synthesis of Some Substituted Polyhydroxyanthraquinones. Aust. J. Chem. 18, 182 (1965) (and references therein).
Mackinney, G.: Carotenoids and Vitamin A, Ch. 13, 221 in D. M. Greenberg (Ed.) Metabolic Pathways 3rd Ed. 2. New York and London: Academic Press. 1968.
Macmunn C. A.: Quart. J. Mier. Sci. 25, 469 (1885).
Mallory, F. B., J. T. Gordon, R. L. Conner: The Isolation of a Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Alcohol from a Protozoan. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 1362 (1963).
Mandelli, E. F.: Carotenoicl Pigments of the I)inoflagellate Glenodinium Foliaceurn Stein. J. Phycol. 4, 347–348 (1968).
Marderosian, A. D.: Marine Pharmaceuticals. J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 58, 1 (1969).
Maretzki, A. and J. Del Castillo: A Toxin Secreted by the Soapfish Rypticus Saponaceus. Toxicon 4, 245 (1967).
Markham, K. R. and L. J. Porter: Flavonoids in the Green Algae (Chlorophyta). Phytochem. 8, 1777 (1969).
Martin, D. F. and A. B. Chatterjee: Isolation and Characterization of a Toxin from the Florida Red Tide Organism. Nature 221, 59 (1969).
Mathias, A. P., D. 3d. Ross and M. Schachter: Distribution of Histamine, 5-Hydroxytryptamine, Tetramethylammonium, and Other Substances in Coelenterates Possessing Nematocysts, Proceedings of the Physiological Society. J. Physiol. 142, 561 (1958).
Mathias, A. P., D. M. Ross, M. Schachter: Identification and Distribution of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in a Sea Anemone. Nature 180, 658 (1957).
Matsuda, H. and Y. Toron: The Structure of Aplysin-2o. Chem. Comm. 1967, 898.
Matsuno, T. and T. Yamanouchi: A New Triterpenoid Sapogenin of Animal Origin (Sea Cucumber). Nature 191, 75 (1961).
Matsuno, T. and I. Iba: Studies on the Saponins of the Sea Cucumber, Yakugaku Zasshi. 86, 637–638 (1966).
Mautner, H. G., G. Al. Gardner and R. Pratt: Antibiotic Activity of Sea- weed Extracts II. Rhodornela Larix. J. A. Pharm. Assoc. 42, 294 (1953).
McDowEll, R. H.: Properties of Alginates, Alginate Industries Ltd., Publication London, 1968.
Mcfarren, E. F., E. J. Schantz, J. E. Campbell and H. K. Lewis: Chemical Determination of Paralytic Shellfish Poison in Clams. J. of the A. O. A. C. 41, 168 (1958).
Mcfarren, E. F., E. J. Schantz, J. E. Campbell and H. K. Lewis: Ibid. 42, 399 (1959).
Mcfarren, E. F., H. Tanabe, F. J. Silva, W. B. Wilson, J. E. Campbell and N. H. LEwis: The Occurence of a Ciguatera-like Poison in Oysters, Clams, and Gynanodinium breve Cultures. Toxicon 3, Iii (1965).
Miller, J. D. A.: Physiology and Biochemistry of Algae, P. 357, Ed. R. A. LEwiN. New York: Academic Press. 1962 (and references therein).
Miyasexi, M.: Studies on the Components of Digenea Simplex Ag. IV. Studies on the Structure of Kainic Acid. Yakugaki Zasshi 75, 692 (1955).
Modre, R. E., H. Singh, C. W. J. Chang and P. J. Scheuer: Polyhydroxynaphthoquinones. Preparation and Hydrolysis of Methoxyl. Derivatives. Tetrahedron 23, 3271 (1967) (and references therein).
Moore, R. E., H. Singh and P. J. Scheuer: Isolation of Eleven New Spiro-chromes from Echinoids of the Genus Echinotrix. J. Org. Chem. 31, 3645 (1966).
Moore, R. E. and P. J. Scheuer: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Substituted Naphthosquinones. Influence of Substituents on Tautomerism, Anisotropy and Stereochemistry in the Naphthazarin System. J. Org.Chem. 3, 3272 (1966).
Moore, R. E., H. Singh, C. W. J. Chang and P. J. Scheuer: Sodium Born-hydride Reduction of Spinochrome A. Romoval of Phenolic Hydroxyls in the Naphthazarin System. J. Org. Chem. 31, 3638 (1966).
Moore, R. E., J. A. Pettus, Jr., M. S. DoTY: Dictyopterine A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 4787. K. C. DAs and B. Weinstein: The Synthesis of () Dictyopterene A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 3459.
Moore, R. E., H. Singh, P. J. Scheuer: A Pyranonaphthazarin Pigment from the Sea Urchin ( Echinothrix Diadema ). Tetrahedron Lett. 1968, 4581.
Morimoto, H. and R. Nakamori: Studies on the Active Components of Digenea Simplex Ag. Xxxvi. Isomerization and Isomers of Kainic Acid. Yakugaki Zasshi 76, 294 (1956) (and references therein).
Orimoto, H. and R. Naramori: Stereochemical Structures of Kainic Acid and its Isomers. Proc. Jap. Acad. Sci. 32, 41 (1956).
MoRin, R. B. and B. G. Jackson: Chemistry of Cephalosporin Antibiotics Progress in the Chemistry of Organic natural Products 29, 343 (1970).
MoRin, R. B., B. G. Jackson, E. H. Flynn and R. W. Roeske: Chemistry of Cephalosporin Antibiotics, I. 7-aminocephalosporanic Acid from Cephalosporin C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 84, 3400 (1962).
Morton, R. A.: Quinones, Ch. 9, in Comprehensive Biochemistry, Ed. M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz, p. 110–210. Elsevier, 1963.
Morton, R. A.: Biochemistry of Quinones. New York: Academic Press. 1965.
Mosher, H. S., F. A. Fuhrman, H. D. Buchwald, H. G. Fischer: Tarichatoxin-tetrodotoxin, A Potent Neurotoxin. Science 144, 1100 (1964).
Mlrakawi, S., T. Takemoto and Z. Shimizu: Studies on the Effective Principles of Dig ma Simplex Ag. I. Yakugaki Zasshi 73, 1026 (1953)
Mu5Ajo, L. and M. Minchilli: Lo Spinocromo P. Gazz. Chim. Ital. 7o, 287 (1940).
Nadal, N. G. M., L. V. Rodriguez and C. Casillas: Isolation and Characterization of Sarganin Complex, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, P• 131, 1964.
Nadal, N. G. M., L. V. Rodriguez and C. Casillas: Sarganin and Chronalgin, New Antibiotic Substances from Marine Algae from Puerto Rico, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, p. 68, 1963.
Nichols, D.: Echinoderms. London: Hutchinson University Library. 1966.
Nigrelli, R. F., J. D. Chanley, S. K. Rohn, H. S000Tka: The Chemical Nature of Holothurin, A Toxic Principle from the Sea-Cucumber. Zoologica 40, 47 (1955).
Nigrelli, R. F., M. F. Stempien, Jr., G. D. Ruggieri, V. R. Liguori and J. T. Cecil: Substances of Potential Biomedical Importance from Marine Organisms. Federation Proc. 26, 1197 (1967).
Nigrelli, R. F., S. JakowSka and Y. Calventi: Ectvonin, An Antimicrobial Agent from the Sponge Jiiicrociona prolifera Verrill. Zoologica (N. Y. Zool. Soc.) 44, 173 (1959).
Norman, A.: Separation of Conjugated Acids by Partition Chromatography Bile Acids and Steroids. 6. Acta Chem. Scand. 7, 1413 (1953).
Nugteren, D. H., D. A. Van Dorp, S. Bergstrom, M. Hamberg and B. Samuelsson: Absolute Configuration of the Prostaglandins. Nature 212, 38 (1966).
O’Carra, P. and C. O’HLocxÂ: Structure of Phycoerythrobilin and Phycocyanobilin. Nature215, 1477 (1967).
O’Heocha, C.: Spectral Properties of the Phycobilins, I. Phycocyanobilin. Biochem.2, 375 (1963).
O’Heocha, C.: Comparative Biochemical Studies of the Phycobilins, Arch. Biochem. Biophys.73, 207 (1958).
Ohloff, G. and W. Pickenhagen: Synthese von ()-Dictyopteren A. Heiv. Chim. Acta5z, 88o (1969).
Okaichi, T. and Y. Hashimoto• The Structure of Nereistoxin, Agr. and Biol. Chem. (Tokyo)26, 224 (1962).
Olesen, P. E., A. Maretzki, L. A. Almodovar: An Investigation of Antimicrobial Substances from Marine Algae, Botanica Marina6, 224 (1964).
Olson, J. A.: The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinol (Vitamin A), J. Lipid Res.5, 281 (1964).
Pasini, C., A. Vercellone and V. Erspamer: Synthesis of Murexine, Ann. Chem.578, 6 (1952).
Peat, S. and J. R. Turvey: Polysaccharides of Marine Algae, p. 1 in Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, L. Zechmeister, Vol. 23. Wien-New York: Springer. 1965.
PÉRguy, M.: Phenolic Compounds in Rhodomelacae. Compt. Rend. IV Congress Intern. des Algues Marines, 1964, 366.
Percival, E. and R. H. McDowEll: Chemistry and Enzymology of Marine Algae Polysaccharides. London: Academic Press. 1967.
Perks, A. M.: Pharmacological and Chromatographic Studies of the Neurohypophysical Activities of the Pituitary of Further Elasmobranch Species. Gen. and Comp. Endocrinology 6, 428 (1966).
Pettus, J. A. Jun and R. E. Moore: Isolation and Structure Determination of an Undeca-I,3,5,8-tetraene and Dictyopterene B from Algae of the genus Dictyopteris. Chem. Comm. 1093 (197o).
Ramasarma, T.: Lipid Quinones. Adv. Lipid Res. 6, 107–180, New York: Academic Press. 1968.
Rapoport, H., M. S. Brown, R. Oesterlin and W. Schuett: Saxitoxin, Abstracts 147th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc., 3N, 1964.
Rees, D. A. and G. P. Mueller: Current Structural Views of Red Seaweed Polysaccharide Transactions of the Drugs from the Sea Symposium University of Rhode Island, 27–29, August 1967, p. 241 (and references therein).
Rees, D. A. and E. Conway: The Structure and Biosynthesis of Porphyran: A Comparison of Some Samples. Biochem. J.84, 411 (1962).
Rees, D. A.: Carbohydrate Sulfates. Ann. Reviews Chem. Soc.62, 469 (1965) (and references therein).
Rees, D. A. and R. J. Skerett: Conformational Analysis of Cellobiose, Cellulose and Nylan. Carbohydrate Res.7, 334 (1968).
Rees, D. A.: Conformational Analysis of Polysaccharides. Part II. Alternating Copolymers of the Agar-Carrageenan-Chondroitin type by Model Building in the Computer with Calculation of Helical Parameters. J. Chem. Soc. B, 1969, 217.
Rees, D. A.: Structure, Conformation and Mechanism in the Formation of Polysaccharide Gels and Networks. Adv. Carbohydrate Chem. 24, 267 (1969).
Reii), K. B. M., P. T. Grant and A. Youngson: The Sequence of Amino Acids in Insulin Isolated from Islet Tussue of the Cod(Cades callarias).Biochem. J. iio, 289 (1968) (and references therein).
Revised Tentative Rules for Nomenclature of Steroids. Biochem. Biophvs. Acta 164,453 (1968).
Rimington, C. and G. Y. Kennedy: Porphyrine: Structure, Distribution, and Metabolism, ch. 12, p. 557 inComparative Biochemistry, M. Florkin and M. S. Mason, Vol. IV. 1962. New York: Academic Press. 1962.
Rio, G. J., M. F. Stempien, Jr., R. F. Nigrelli and G. D. RugoiER1: Echinoderm Toxins I, Some Biochemical and Physiological Properties of Toxins from Several Species of Asteroidea. Toxicon3, 147 (1965).
Roche, J., M. Fontaine and J. Leloup: Halides, Ch. 6, p. 493 inComparative Biochemistry, Ed., M. Florkin and M. S. MAsoN, Vol. V, Academic Press. New. York: 1963.
Roller, P., C. Djerassi, R. Cloeteus and B. Tursch: Terpenoids, Lxiv, Chemical Studies of Marine Invertebrates V, The isolation of Three New Holothurinogenins and Their Chemical Correlation with Lanosterol. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91, 4918 (1969).
Rcdiger, AV.: Aplysioviolin, vin neuartiger Gallenfarbstoff. Naturwiss.53, 613 (1966).
Ruggieri, G. D.: Echinoderm Toxins II, Animalizing Action in Sea Urchin Development. Toxicon3, 157 (1965).
Russell, F. H.: Marine Toxins and Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Adv. Mar. Biol.3, 255 (1965).
Russell, F. H.: Comparative Pharmacology of Sonic Animal Toxins. Fed. froc.26, 1206 (1967).
Saito, Kaname and Muneo SamesiiI11A: Studies on the Antibiotic Action of Algae Extracts, 111. J. Agr. Cheni. Soc. Japan 29, 427 (1955).
Salaque, A., A. Barrier and E. Lederer: Sur La Biosynthese de L’Echino-chrome A par L’Oursin Avbacia pastulosa.Bull. Soc. Chem. Biol. 49,277 (1967).
Sanders, G. 1I., J. Pot and E. Havinga: Sonic Recent Results in the Chemistry and Stereochemistry of Vitamin D and its Isomers, p. 131, Vol. 27, Progress in the Chemistry Organic Natural Products, \Vien-New York: Springer. 1969.
Saunders, P. R.: Pharmacological and Chemical Studies of the Venom of the Standish(Genus Syiianceja)and other Scorpion fishes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 90, Art. 3, 798 (196o).
Scheuer, P. J.: The Chemistry of “Toxins Isolated from Some Marine Organisms, Vol. 22, p. 265. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Wien-New York: Springer. 1964.
Scheuer, P. L., W. Takahashi, J. TsursUmi, B. T. YcsiliDA: Ciguatoxin: Isolation and Chemical Nature. Science 155, 1267 (1967).
SciIEnER, P. J., The Chemistry of Some Toxins Isolated from Marine Organisms, Vol. 27, p. 322. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Wien-New York: Springer. 1969.
Schmeer, M. RosARII: Growth-Inhibiting Agents fromJlcrccuaria Extracts: Chemical and Biological Properties. Science1 44, 413 (1964).
Schmeer, M. Rosarii: Mercenene, Growth Inhibiting Agent. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 136, 213 (1966).
Schmeer, M. Rosarti, Derek Horton and Akio ‘l’AnimuRA: Mercenene, A Tumor Inhibitor fromMercenaria,Purification and Characterization Studies. Life Sciences5, 1169 (1966).
Schilitz, F. J., E. K. Lorance and L. S. Ciereszxo: Chemistry of Coelenterates, Xii Hydroxyancepsenolide, A Dilactone from Octocoral, Pterogorgia anceps. J. Org. Chem.34. 1989 (1969).
Schmitz, F. J., K. W. Kraus, L. S. Ciereszko, D. H. Sifeord and A. J. Weinheimer: Ancepsenolide: A Novel Bisbutenolide of Marine Origin, Tetrahedron Lett. 1966, 97.
Schmitz, F. J. and T. Pattabhiraman: New Marine Sterol Possessing a Side Chain Cyclopropyl Group: 23-Demethyl gorgosterol. J. Am. Chen. Soc.92, 6073 (5970).
Schuett, W. and H. Rapoport: Saxitoxin, The Paralytic Shellfish Poison. J. Am. Chem. Soc.84, 2266 (1962).
Schwimmer, D. and M. SchwImmer: Algae in Medicine, in Algae and Man. Ed. D. F. Jackson, p. 368. Plenum Press. 1964.
Sestak, Z. and M. Baslerova: in Studies on Microalgae and Photosynthetic Bacteria, P. 423, Pub. by the Japanese Society of Plant Physiology, U. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan, 1963.
Sharma, G. M. and P. R. BuRxnoLder: Studies on Antimicrobial Substances of Sponges I. J. Antibiotics, Series A zo, 2eo (1967).
Sharma, G. M. and P. R. BuRkholder: Studies on the Antimicrobial Substances of Sponges II, Structure and Synthesis of a Bromine Containing Antibacterial Compound from a Marine Sponge. Tetrahedron Lett.1967, 4147.
265a.Sharma, G. M., B. Vue and P. R. Burkholder: Studies on the Antimicrobial Substances of Sponges. IV. Structure of a Bromine-Containing Compound from a Marine Sponge. J. Org. Chem.35, 2823 (1970).
Sharma, G. M., B. Via and P. R. Burkholder: Antimicrobial Substances of Marine Sponges 1V. Proceedings of the Conference on Food-Drugs from the Sea, p. 307. New York. 1969.
Shorland, F. B.: The Comparative Aspects of Fatty Acid Occurrence and Distribution, Ch. r, p. 1 in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed., M. FlorxIN and H. S. Mason, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. 1962.
Siddall, J. B., D. H. S. Hors and E. J. Middleton: Synthetic Studies on Fused Hormones, The Synthesis of a Possible Metabolite of Crustedvsone, Chem. Comm. 1967, 899.
Siddall, J. B., A. D. Cross, J. H. Fried: Synthetic Studies on Insect Hormones II. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 862 (1966) (and ref. therein).
Sieburth, J. McN.: Antibacterial Substances Produced by Marine Algae, Developments in Industrial Microbiol. 5, 124 (1964) (and ref. therein).
Simidu, W.: Non-Protein Nitrogenous Compounds, Ch. ri, p. 353 in Fish as Food, G. BoRgstrÖM Ed. New York: Academic Press. 1961.
Singh, H., R. E. Moore and P. J. Scheuer: The Distribution of Quinone Pigments in Echinoderms. Experientia 23, 624 (1967) and references therein.
Singh, I., R. E. Moore, C. W. J. Chang, R. T. Ogata and P. J. Scheuer: Spinochrome Synthesis. Tetrahedron 24, 2969 (1968).
SJövAll, Jan: Separation of Conjugated and Free Bile Acids by Paper Chromatography. Acta Chem. Scand. 8, 339 (1954)
SJövAll, Jan: Separation of Bile Acids by Paper Chromatography, Acta Chem. Scand. 6, 1552 (5952).
SJövAll, Jan: On the Separation of Bile Acids by Partition Chromatography. Acta Physiol. Scared. 29,232 (5953).
Smith, J. and R. H. Thomson: Spinochrome E. Tetrahedron Lett. 196o, io.
Smith, J. and R. H. ‘l’Homson: Naturally Occurring Quinones. J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 1008, and references therein.
Steiner, A. B. and W. H.Mcneely: Algin in Review. Adv. in Chem.7, 68 (1954)
The Structure of Red Seaweed Polysaccharides, Technical Bulletin 3, 1967, Marine Colloids, Inc., Springfield, N.J.
Sutherland, 3I. D. and J. W. Wells: Anthraquinone Pigments from theCrinoid ComatulaPectinate, Chem. and Industry1959, 231.
Takemoto, T. and K. 1)Aigo: Ober die Inhaltsstoffe vonChondria armata und ihre pharmakologische Wirkung. Arch. Pharmazie 293, 627 (1960).
Takemoto, T., T. Nakajima and K. Daigo: Die fliegentötenden Bestandteile vonChondria armata. Jap. J. of Pharm. and Chem. 34, 21 (1963).
Takemoto, T., K. Daigo, Y. Kovno and K. KoNdo: Studies on the Constituents ofChondria Armata Viii, On the Structure of Domoic Acid. Yakugaki Zasshi 86, 874 (1966) (and references therein).
Takemoto, T., K. Daigo and N. Takagi: Studies on the Hypotensive Constituents of Marine Algae I. A New Basic Amino Acid, “Laminine” and other Basic Constituents Isolated fromLaminaria Augustata. Ibid. 84, 1176 (1964).
Takemoto, ‘f., K. Daigo and N. Takagi: Studies on the Hypotensive Constituents of Marine Algae II. Yakugaku Zasshi 84, I [80 (1964).
Takemoto, T., K. Daigo and N. Takagi: Ibid.85, 37 (1965).
Taylor: Crystalline Echinochrome and Spinochrome: Their Failure to Stimulate the Respiration of Eggs and of Sperm of Strongylocentrotus. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 25, 523 (1939).
Thomas,D.M. and T. W. GoonwIN: Nature and Distrubution of Carotenoids in the Xanthophyta (Heterovontae). J. Phycol. 1, I18 (1965).
Thomson, H. H.: Quinones: Structure and Distribution, Ch. 12, pp. 686–696, in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed. M. Florkin and H. S. MAsoN, Vol. Ihl, Neon’ York: Academic Press. 1962.
Thomson: Quinones: Structure and Distribution, Ch. 12, pp. 631–725, in Comparative Biochemistry, Ed. 31. FLoRkin and H. S. MAsoN, Vol. Iii. New York: Academic Press. 1962.
Tressler, D. K. and Jav. Lemon: Marine Products of Commerce, 2nd Ed. New York: Reinhold. 1951.
Tsuda, K., S. Ikuma, M. Kawamura, R. Tachikawa, K. Sakai, C. Tamura and O. AwAkasu: Tetrodotoxin Vii, On the Structures of Tetrodotoxin and its Derivatives. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 12, 1357 (1964) (and references therein).
Tsukuda, N. and K..Amand: Studies on the Discoloration of Red Fishes. I. Content of Carotenoid Pigments in Eighteen Species of Red Fishes. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fisheries 32, 334 (1966).
TöKEs, L.: N. M. R. and Mass Spectral Study of i6-Deoxymvxinol, Biochem. J. 112, 765 (1969).
TuRsch, B., R. Cloetens and C. Djerassi: Chemical Studies of Marine Invertebrates, VI. ‘l’erpenoids Lxv. Praslinogenin, A New Holothurinogenin from the Indian Ocean Sea CucumberBohadschia koellikeri.Tetrahedron Lett.1970, 467.
Tursch, B., I. S. DesoUza Guimaraes, B. Gilbert, R. T. Aplin, A. M. Duffield and C. Djerassi: Chemical Studies of Marine Invertebrates Il, Griseogenin. Tetrahedron23, 761 (1967).
Tjeno, Y., K. Tanaka, J. Ijeyanagi, H. Nawa, Y. Sanno, M. Honjo, R. Nakamori, T. Sijgawa, M. I Chibayashi, K. OsuGI and S. Tatsuoka: Studies on the Active Components ofDigenea Simplex Ag.,and Related Compounds V. Synthesis of n-Kainie Acid. Proc. Jap. Acad. Sci. 33, 53 (1957).
Yakugaki Zasshi 77, 618 (1957).
Wallexfels, K. and A. Gauhe: Synthese von Echinochrom A. Chem, Ber. 76, 325 (5943).
Wallenfels, K.: Der Farbstoff der roten Blutzellen des Seeigels Arbacia pustulosa Ber. 76, 323 (1943).
Weedon, B. C. L.: Spectroscopic Methods for Elucidating the Structures of Carotenoids, Vol. 27, p. 81. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Wien-New York: Springer. 1969.
Weinheimer, A. J., P. H. Washecheck, D. Van Der Helm and M. Bilayet HossAin: The Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons of the GorgonianPseudopterogorgia Americana. Chem. Comm. 1968, 1070.
Weinheimer, A. J., F. J. Schmitz and L. S. Ciereszko: Transactions of the Drugs from the Sea Symposium, University of Rhode Island, 27–29 August, 1967, p. 135. Weinheimer, A. J. and P. H. Washencheck, The Structure of the Marine Benzofuran, Furoventalene, A Non-Farnesyl Sesquiterpene. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 3315.
Einheimer, A. J., R. E. Middlebrook, J. O. Bledsoe, Jr., W. E. Marsico and T. K. B. Karns: Eunicin, An Oxa-bridged Cembranolide of Marine Origin. Chem. Comm. 1968, 384.
Weinheimer, A. J., W. W. Youngblood, P. H. Washecheck, T. K. B. Karns and L. S. Ciereszko: Isolation of the Elusive (—)-germacrene-A from the Gorgonian,Eunicea A7ammosa, Chemistry of Coelenterates Xviii. Tetrahedron Lett. 1970, 497.
Weinheimer, A. J. and R. L. Spraggins: The Occurrence of Two New Prostaglandins, Derivatives (15-epi-Pga2 and its Acetate, Methyl Ester) in the GorgonianPlexaura Homomalia, Chemistry of Coelenterates XV. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 5185. See also: Weinheimer, A. J. and R. L. Spraggins: Two New Prostaglandins Isolated from The Gorgonian Plexaura Homomalia. Proceeding of the Conference on Food-Drugs from the Sea, p. 311, Oklahoma, 1969.
Welsh, J. H., Composition and Mode of Action of Some Invertebrate Venoms. Ann. Rev. of Pharmacol. 4, 293 (1964)•
Welsh, J. H.: 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Coelenterates. Nature 186, 811 (5960).
Welsh, J. H.: Compounds of Pharmacological Insterest in Coelenterates in the Biology of Hydra and of Some Other Coelenterates, H. Lenhoff and W. F. Looms. U. of Miami Press, 1961.
Wilson, S. and S. Falkmer: Starfish Insulin. Can. J. Biochem. 43, 1615 (1965).
Windaus, A., W. Bergmann and G. KöNig: Über einige Versuche mit Scymnol. Z. Physiol. Chem. 189, 148 (193o).
Wolters, B.: Antibiotic and Toxic Agents from Algae and Mosses. Planta Medica 12, 85 (1964).
Woodward, R. B.: The Structure of Tetrodotoxin, Pure Appl. Chem.9, 49 (1964).
Yamada, K., H. Yazawa, M. Toda, Y. Hirata: The Synthesis of () Aplysin and () Debromoaplysin. Chem. Comm. 1968, 1432.
Yamada, K., H. Yazawa, D. Uemura, M. Toda and Y. Hirata: Total Synthesis of (+) Aplysin and (+) Debromoaplysin. Tetrahedron Lett. 1969, 3509.
Yamaguchi, M.: Carotenoids of the SpongeReiniera japonica. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.30, I II (1957).
Yamaguchi, M.: Chemical Constitution of Renieratene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.30, 979 (1957).
Yamaguchi, M.: Chemical Constitution of Isorenieratene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.31, 51 (1958).
Yamaguchi, M., Y. Iwakari and S. Toxincni: Pigments of Pearl-oyster Shells, Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ. Ser. C. Chem. 3, 161 (196o).
Yamaguchi, M., Y. Iwakari and S. Toxincni: Renieratenc, A New Carotenoid Containing Benzene Rings, Isolated from a Sea Sponge. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 31, 739 (1958).
Yamaguchi, M., Y. Iwakari and S. ToxiNcni: Pigments of Marine Animals Viii. Total Synthesis of lsorenieratene. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.32, 1171 (1959).
Yamaguchi, M., Y. IwAkari and S. Toxincni:Total Synthesis of Renieratene and Reniera Purpurin. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap.33, 1560 (1960).
Yamanot Chi, T.: On the Poisonous Substance Contained in Holothurians, Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. IV (2–3) 25 (1955).
Yamamura, S. and Y. Hirata Structures of Aplysin and Aplysinol, Naturally Occurring Bromo -compounds. Tetrahedron 19, 1485 (1963).
Yasumoto, T. and Y. Hashimoto: Properties and Sugar Components of Asterosaponin A Isolated from Starfish. Agr. Biol. Chem. (Japan),29804 (1965)
Yasumoto, T., M. Tanaka and Y. Iiasuiioro: Distribution of Saponin in Echinoderms. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fisheries32, 673 (1966).
Yoshida, M.: Naphthoquinone Pigments inPsaniniechinus millieris (Gmelin).J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 38, 455 (1959).
Proceedings of the Fifth International Seaweed Symposium, Ed. E. G. Young and J. L. McLachlan. New York: Pergamon Press. 1965.
Fryberg, M., A. C. Oehlschlager and A. M. Unrau: Synthesis of a Novel CZ6 Marine Sterol. Chem. Comm. 1971, 1194.
Moore, R. E.: Bis-(3-oxoundecyl) Polysulphides inDictyoptevis. Chem. Comm. 1971,1168.
Gonzalez, A. G., J. Darias and J. D. Martin: Taondiol. A New Component fromTaonia Atomaria. Tetrahedron Lett. 1971, 2729.
Habermehl, G. and Gert Volkwein: Aglycons of the Toxins from the Cuvierian organs ofHolothurie 1Porskdli and a New Nomenclature for the Aglycons fromHolothurioideae. Toxicon 9, 319–326, 1971.
Sims, J. J., W. Fenical, R. M. Wing and P. RADLICx: Marine Natural Products. I. Pacifenol, a Rare sesquiterpene Containing Bromine and Chlorine from the Red Alga,Laurencia pacifica.J. Am. Chem. Soc.93 , 3774 (1971).
Forf,N7.A, S., L. Minale, R. Riccio and E. Fattorusso: New Bromo-pyrrole Derivatives from the SpongeAngeles oroides. Chem. Comm. 1971, 1129.
Wong, J. L., M. S. Brow, K. Matsumoto, R. Oesterlin and H. Rapoport: Degradation of Saxitoxin to a Pyrimido [2, I-b] purine. J. Am. Chem. Soc.93, 4633 (1971).
Wong, J. L., R. Oesterlin and H. Rapoport: The Structure of Saxitoxin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 93, 7344 (1971).
Fattorusso, E., L. Minale, G. Sodano and E. Trivellone: Isolation and Structure of Nitenin and Dihydronitenin, New Furanoterpenes fromSpongia Nitens. Tetrahedron27, 3909 (1971)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1971 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Premuzic, E. (1971). Chemistry of Natural Products Derived from Marine Sources. In: Herƶ, W., Grisebach, H., Kirby, G.W. (eds) Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 29. Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe / Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, vol 29. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3259-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-3259-3_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-3261-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-3259-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive