Abstract
We report an empirical study on the application of machine learning to the modelling of novice controllers’ skills in balancing a pole (inverted pendulum) on top of a cart. Results are presented on the predictive power of the models, and the extent to which they were tailored to each controller. The behaviour of the participants in the study and the behaviour of an interpreter executing their models are compared with respect to the amount of time they were able to keep the pole and cart under control, the degree of stability achieved, and the conditions of failure. We discuss the results of the study, the limitations of the methodology in relation to learner modelling, and we point out future directions of research.
We thank Tom Conlon, Donald Michie, Kaska Porayska-Pomsta, Michael Ramscar, Shari Trewin, Angel de Vicente, and three anonymous reviewers for comments on this paper. William Cohen deserves special thanks for allowing free use of ripper, and his prompt and kind response to all our questions. Rafael Morales is being supported by CONACYT and the Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Mexico, under scholarship 64999/111091.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bratko, I., Urbančič, T., and Sammut, C. (1997). Behavioural cloning of control skill. In Michalski, R. S., Bratko, I., and Kubat, M., eds., Machine Learning and Data Mining: Methods and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, chapter 14, 335–351.
Bratko, I.(1995). Derivating qualitative control for dynamic systems. In Furukawa, K., Michie, D., and Muggleton, S., eds., Machine Intelligence, volume 14. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 367–386.
Chiu, B. C., Webb, G. I., and Kuzmycz, M. (1997). A comparison of first-order and zeroth-order induction for Input-Output Agent Modelling. In Jameson, A., Paris, C., and Tasso, C., eds., User Modeling: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference, UM97, 347–358. Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy: Springer Wien New York.
Cohen, W. W. (1995). Fast effective rule induction. In Prieditis, A., and Russell, S., eds., Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference. Tahoe City, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
Cotterill, R. (1989). No Ghost in the Machine. London: Heinemann.
Everitt, B. (1993). Cluster Analysis. London: Edward Arnold, 3 edition.
Finton, D. J. (1994). Controller-less driver for the cart-pole problem. Available on the World Wide Web at http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~finton/poledriver.html/~finton/poledriver.html.
Gilmore, D., and Self, J. (1988). The application of machine learning to intelligent tutoring systems. In Self, J., ed., Artificial Intelligence and Human Learning: Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction. London: Chapman and Hall Computing, chapter 1, 179–196.
Jonassen, D. H., and Grabowski, B. L. (1993). Handbook of Individual Differences, Learning, and Instruction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Langley, P., Ohlsson, S., and Sage, S. (1984). A machine learning approach to student modeling. Technical Report CMU-RI-TR-84–7, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Michie, D., and Camacho, R. (1994). Building symbolic representations of intuitive real-time skills from performance data. In Furukawa, K., Michie, D., and Muggleton, S., eds., Machine Intelligence, volume 13. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 385–418.
Michie, D., Bain, M., and Hayes-Michie, J. (1990). Cognitive models from subcognitive skills. In McGhee, J., Grimble, M. J., and Mowforth, P., eds., Knowledge-Based Systems for Industrial Control. London: Peter Peregrinus. chapter 5, 71–99.
Morales, R., Ramscar, M., and Pain, H. (1998). Cognitive effects of participative learner modelling. In Ayala, G., ed., Proceedings of the Current Trends and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Education Workshop, 49–56. Mexico City, Mexico: ITESM.
Quinlan, R. J. (1993). C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. Morgan Kaufmann.
Sison, R., and Shimura, M. (1988). Student modeling and machine learning. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 9:128–158.
Sleeman, D. H. (1982). Inferring (mal) rules from pupil’s protocols. In ECAI-82:1982 European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 160–164.
Urbančič, T., and Bratko, I. (1994). Reconstructing human skill with machine learning. In Conn, A. G., ed., ECAI 94:11th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 498–502. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Wiley & Sons.
Webb, G. I., and Kuzmycz, M. (1996). Feature based modelling: A methodology for producing coherent, consistent, dynamically changing models of agents’ competencies. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 5:117–150.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Morales, R., Pain, H. (1999). Modelling of Novices’ Control Skills With Machine Learning. In: Kay, J. (eds) UM99 User Modeling. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, vol 407. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2490-1_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2490-1_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-83151-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-2490-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive