Zusammenfassung
Wir sind nun an dem Punkt angelangt, die Charakteristika des psychogenen Todes zu spezifizieren. Dazu ziehe ich die zahlreichen, obenzitierten Berichte heran, die aus Beobachtungen von Augenzeugen dieses Phänomens stammen und sich auf die medizinische Fachliteratur beziehen. Als Resultat dieses Studiums habe ich drei Merkmale identifiziert, die zusammen genommen eine hinreichende Definition des psychogenen Todessyndroms ermöglichen. Diese werde ich im Unterkapitel „Definition des psychogenen Mortalitäts-syndroms“ diskutieren — siehe S. 145ff. Zuvor möchte ich zwei semantische Fragen klären: Was verstehen wir unter dem Begriff „Tod“ und was unter dem Begriff „Todesursache“?
„Wenn wir den Lebensvorgang als die Einheit von Werden und Entwerden verstehen, so ist der Tod ein Teil dieses Ganzen. Er ist also Mitgestalter der menschlichen Zeitgestalt: im letzten Schritt des Lebens aufs Ende zu erscheint der Tod als der die Gestalt des Menschen vollendende Schlußakkord, als das Austönen einer Melodie, die er mitgeformt hat, und die ohne ihn ein Torso bliebe, eine unvollendete Symphonie.“ (von Gebsattel 1954, S. 169)
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Anmerkungen
„The cause of death is a statement made by a pathologist to a clinician or a law-enforcement agent which makes the latter say: Well, I’m not surprised that the patient died!“ (Bohrod 1963a). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Nonviolent death occurring unexpectedly within six hours in an apparently healthy subject or in a sick person whose condition was either steady or improving.“ (Kagan und Uerma 1976). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„To cause sickness, a shaman blows one of the spirits he controls into his victim by means of tobacco smoke (Stirling 1938) or, with the aid of his spirits, he sends a magical „thorn“ or „dart“ (Tessmann 1930, Karsten 1935) into him. (The shaman is supposed to keep this thorn or dart inside his body and it is supposed to return to him after his victim dies — author’s comment) ... To cure, a shaman sings, plays his drum, takes Datura, tobacco, and cayapi, and sucks out the „thorn“. Shamans may also reveal the identity of a sorcerer. (The narcotic helps reveal the sorcerer — author’s comment)“ (Steward und Métraux 1945, S. 626). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... psychogenic mortality, a syndrome in which a patient’s psychological condition triggers physical effects of a pathological nature leading ultimately to death“ (Maizier et al. 1983, S. 353). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 40-year-old father slumped dead as he cushioned the head of his son lying injured in the street beside his motorcycle.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 43-year-old man died 4 hours after his 15-year-old son, faking a kidnap call over the phone, said ‚If you want to see your son alive, don’t call the cops.‘“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„An 88-year-old man, without known heart disease, became upset and excited, wringing his hands, upon being told of the sudden death of his daughter. He did not cry but kept asking, ‚Why has this happened to me? ‘ While talking with his son on the phone he developed acute pulmonary edema and died just as the doctor reached the house.“ (Engel 1971, S. 774). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„The wife of the owner of the motel in which Martin Luther King was assassinated collapsed the same day with a cerebral hemorrhage and died the following day.“ (Engel 1971, S. 774). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 31-year-old woman had been having headaches, nausea, and visual difficulties for a brief period when her neighbor and close friend, also 31 years old, died suddenly. Two days later the patient lapsed into a coma and died. Necropsy revealed a glioma of the right frontal lobe.“ (Engel 1971, S. 774). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... the death of the 27-year-old army captain who had commanded the ceremonial troops at the funeral of President Kennedy. He died 10 days after the President of a ‚cardiac irregularity and acute congestion, ‘ according to the newspaper report of the medical findings.“ (Engel 1971, S. 774). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... a 70-year-old man who dropped dead during the opening bars of a concert held to mark the fifth anniversary of his wife’s death. She was a well-known piano teacher, and he had established a music conservatory in her memory. The concert was being given by conservatory pupils.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 17-year-old boy collapsed and died at 6 AM, 4 June 1970; his older brother had died at 5:12 AM, 4 June 1969, of multiple injuries incurred in an auto accident several hours earlier. The cause of the younger boy’s death was massive subarachnoid Hemorrhage caused by a ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 56-year-old man died a week before the closing of a highly successful business he and his brother had founded with a $500 loan 32 years earlier.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 52-year-old college president who prided himself on his support of black students died when a group of black students occupied the administration building.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 57-year-old state legislature died 48 hours after being convicted of bribery and sentenced to prison.“ (Engel 1971, S. 775). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„...a 3-year-old child who died when caught in a severe downpour and a terrified 4-year-old girl who died while having some milk teeth extracted.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 63-year-old security guard died after being bound by robbers.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 35-year-old man accused of robbery told his lawyer, ‚I’m scared to deathly!‘; then collapsed and died.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 45-year-old man died as he stepped to the dais to give a speech at a testimonial dinner.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Four men died within from minutes to a few hours after automobile accidents in which they suffered no or only minor injuries.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„One man died at an evacuation center after being removed from an area of mud slides, and another man, 55 years old, collapsed immediately after he walked uninjured from a railroad car partly overturned in a train wreck.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 52-year-old city official died after giving a speech in a hotel; his predecessor had died under the same circumstances at the same hotel a year and a half earlier.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 60-year-old ex-prisoner collapsed and died when he returned home to his family after serving a 15-year sentence.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 55-year-old man died when he met his 88-year-old father after a 20-year separation; the father then dropped dead.“ (Engel 1971, S. 776). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 70-year-old man died 6 hours after his wife came home from the hospital, presumably recovered from a heart attack. She herself then had another attack and died 13 hours later.“ (Engel 1971, S. 777). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 56-year-old man collapsed and died while receiving congratulations for scoring his first hole-in-one.“ (Engel 1971, S. 777). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 75-year-old man, who hit the twin double for $1,683 on a $2 bet, died as he was about to cash in the winning ticket.“ (Engel 1971, S. 777). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A 63-year-old operatic singer died while acknowledging an ovation.“ (Engel 1971, S. 777). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Emperor Nerva is said to have died of ‚a violent excess of anger‘ against a senator who offended him, as did Valentinian while ‚reproaching with great passion‘ the deputies of a German tribe.“ (Engel 1971, S. 771). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„An analogous situation in our society is hard to imagine. If all a man’s near kin, his father, mother, brothers and sisters, wife, children, business associates, friends and all the other members of the society should suddenly withdraw themselves because of some dramatic circumstance, refusing to take any attitude but one of taboo and looking at the man as one already dead, and then after some little time perform over him a sacred ceremony which is believed with certainty to guide him out of the land of the living into that of the dead, the enormous suggestive power of this two-fold movement of the community, after it has had its attitudes crystallized, can be somewhat understood by ourselves.“ (Cannon 1957, S. 185). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„a mental tendency that is constantly producing and reproducing itself in phantasmal impressions, which, although they are subjective, convey to the mind of natural man an objective reality.“ Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„In 4 patients who complained of regular heart palpitations in connection with severe dreams, a continuous registration of EEG- and ECG-recordings during sleep confirmed subjective reports: almost all (over 30) electrocardiographic registered stenocardic attacks of patients stood in direct relation to corresponding changes in the EEG for which the patients always reported simultaneous, conflict-charged dreams. One of the patients died from a heart attack after both his EEG as well as his ECG had each shown characteristic changes nine times in the previous night.“ (Nowlin 1966, S. 7). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„On the 26th of March at the concert of Mr. Bartholemon (London) there was an Englisch clergyman who while hearing my Andante sank into the deepest melancholy because of the fact that on the previous night he had dreamed of such an Andante which announced his death. He immediately left the company, went to bed and today I heard through Mr. Bartholemon that this clergyman had died.“ (Menninger 1948). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
In der englischen Sprache: „Distant Mentation in Living Systems“ mit dem Kürzel DMILS.
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Schmid, G.B. (2000). Das psychogene Todessyndrom. In: Tod durch Vorstellungskraft. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2272-3_3
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