Zusammenfassung
Herr Oluf widersteht dem Tanzangebot des Erlkönigs Tochter, da sein Hochzeitstag bevorsteht, und muss seine Verweigerung in Johann Gottfried HERDERS (25.8.1744–18.12.1803) „Erlkönigs Tochter“ teuer bezahlen. Als die Braut am anderen Morgen kommt, „da lag Herr Oluf und er war tot“.
„Und willt, Herr Oluf, nicht tanzen mit mir,
Soll Seuch und Krankheit folgen dir.“
Sie tät einen Schlag ihm auf sein Herz,
Noch nimmer fühlt’ er solchen Schmerz.
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Anmerkungen
„It has been Autoritatively related that on one of the South Sea Islands where voodooism is practiced, strong, healthy young natives died a few weeks after they had been told that a gum-tree image of themselves had been fashioned by a voodoo priest, thrust through with a sharpened twig and melted in a flame.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 876, Zitat nach Strecker und Appel). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„The witch doctor is the arbiter of life or death, for not only is the victim he selects led away to drink the ordeal, but so implicitly do the people believe in him that, when he says his patient will die, this invariably happens, as his friends at once begin to prepare his funeral, and instead of feeding the patient, they dig his grave and send to call his relatives to the obsequies. The medicine man has said he will die, so what is the use of wasting time and food on him.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 876, Zitat nach Weeks). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„In Lasinsky’s voyage around the world, there is an account of a religious sect in the Sandwich Islands, who abrogate to themselves the power of praying people to death. Whoever incurs their displeasure receives a notice that the homicidal litany is about to begin; and such is the effect of the imagination that the very notice is frequently sufficient, with these people, to produce the effect.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 876, Zitat nach Reid). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Years ago, a medical periodical in India published an article entitled ‚Killed by the Imagination‘. In substance it stated: A celebrated physician, author of a work on the effects of the imagination, was permitted to try an astonishing experiment on a criminal who had been condemned to death. The prisoner, an assassin of distinguished rank, was advised that, in order that his family might be spared the further disgrace of a public hanging, permission had been obtained to bleed him to death within the prison walls. After being told ‚Your dissolution will be gradual and free from pain‘, he willingly acquiesced to the plan. Full preparations having been made, he was blindfolded, led to a room and strapped onto a table near each corner of which was a vessel containing water, so contrived that it could drip gently into basins. The skin overlying the blood vessels of the four extremeties was then scratched, and the contents of the vessels were released. Hearing the flow of water, the prisoner believed that his blood was escaping; by degrees he became weaker and weaker, which, seemingly, was confirmed by the conversation of the physicians carried on in lower and lower tones. Finally, the silence was absolute except for the sound of the dripping water, and that too died out gradually. ‚Although possessed of a strong constitution (the prisoner) fainted and died, without the loss of a drop of blood.‘“ (Yawger 1936, S. 875). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Dr. S.M. Lambert of the Western Pacific Health Service of the Rockefeller Foundation wrote to me that on several occasions he had seen evidence of death from fear. In one case there was a startling recovery. At a Mission at Mona Mona in North Queensland were many native converts, but on the outskirts of the Mission was a group of non-converts including one Nebo, a famous witch doctor. The chief helper of the missionary was Rob, a native who had been converted. When Dr. Lambert arrived at the Mission he learned that Rob was in distress and that the missionary wanted him examined. Dr. Lambert made the examination, and found no fever, no complaints of pain, no symptoms or signs of disease. He was impressed, however, by the obvious indications that Rob was seriously ill and extremely weak. From the missionary he learned that Rob had had a bone pointed at him by Nebo and was convinced that in consequence he must die. Thereupon Dr. Lambert and the missionary went for Nebo, threatened him sharply that his supply of food would be shut off if anything happened to Rob and that he and his people would be driven away from the Mission. At once Nebo agreed to go with them to see Rob. He leaned over Rob’s bed and told the sick man that it was all a mistake, a mere joke — indeed, that he had not pointed a bone at him at all. The relief, Dr. Lambert testifies, was almost instantaneous; that evening Rob was back at work, quite happy again, and in full possession of his physical strength.“ (Cannon 1957, S. 183). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„This persistent direction of the attention has a much greater potency when combined with the expectation of a particular result...“ (Yawger 1936, Zitat nach Carpenter). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„The importance of self-confidence for him who strives after the realization of supernatural acts has been duly stressed by Jhavery (p. 12f). This Autor distinguishes the following principal conditions as a „triple key“ for „Attainment“ (doubtless his translation of the word siddhi); 1. An intense desire for the goal strived after; 2. An earnest and confident expectation that it will come to pass; 3. The persistent concentration of the will towards it. On p. 16 he considers Desire and Will as the two poles in the performer’s mind which cause his „mentative energy“ to succeed. They enable him to execute acts of magic which are white as well as black. Webster (p. 79ff.) discusses the importance of „imperative willing“ as a condition for success in magic in primitive societies. Such will-power, when combined with an intense concentration of the mind upon the result wished for, creates „the faith that moves mountains“ (Webster). The mere act of such „thinking“ can sometimes suffice to create all kinds of afflictions for a victim, even his death.“ (Goudriaan 1978, S. 247–248). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Three of the first four Presidents of the United States to die, died on the 4th of July. Two who signed the Declaration of Independence died on its fiftieth anniversary.“ (Fischer und Dlin 1972, S. 170). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A former heavy-weight champion of the world, Primo Camera, had been in failing health for three years. As he wasted away from cirrhosis of the liver, he returned to the Italian mountain town of his birth. Three weeks later he was in coma. A week later on the 34th anniversary of his sixth round knockout of Jach Sharkey when he won the championship, he died. When he had left California for the visit to his Italian homeland, he had vowed to return to the land where he and his family had become citizens.“ (Fischer und Dlin 1972, S. 170). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„,Papa Doc’ Duvalier, the late ruler of Haiti, was announced dead on April 22 1971, suffering from diabetes and several strokes. Duvalier considered the 22nd day of the month his lucky day. He assumed the Presidency on September 22 1957. It is said he often made important decisions on that day.“ (Fischer und Dlin 1972, S. 170). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Carl Sandberg, the poet and Lincoln biographer, predicted he would die at an age divisible by 11. ‚It’s inevitable, it’s inexorable, it’s written in the book of fate,‘ he told newsmen when he turned 80. ‚I had two great-grandfathers and a grandfather who died in years divisible by 11. If I dont’ die at 88, I’ll go on to 99.‘ He died at 89.“ (Fischer und Dlin 1972, S. 170). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... the case of the man reprieved, after his head had been laid upon the block, and the fatal ax was about to fall. The reprieve came too late. The anticipation had arrested the action of the heart.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 875, Zitat nach Tuke). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Many cases have been reported where patients in good health died on the operating table before the anesthetic was administered.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 875, Zitat nach Dunbar). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„there is adequate ground for the assertion, that even amongst the better instructed classes of our own country, a fixed belief that a mortal disease had seized upon the frame, or that a particular operation or system of treatment would prove unsuccessful, had been in most instances the real cause of a fatal result“. (Yawger 1936, S. 876, Zitat Carpenter). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„a mental tendency that is constantly producing and reproducing itself in phantasmal impressions, which, although they are subjective, convey to the mind of natural man an objective reality.“ Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A man was in the hospital with an undiagnosed illness. His physicians felt certain he would not recover and gently, over a period of time, let his wife know that this was so. It is the wife who is our case. She was in her late thirties or early forties. She was in constant attendance on her husband, leaving him only for sleep. For weeks she did not go anywhere except to the hospital. On one occasion the nurses convinced her that she ought to go for a walk. Her husband’s condition had not changed and it was thought unlikely to change. After considerable persuasion she did go out and was gone for an hour or two. On her return she was met in the corridor by a nurse and prevented from going into her husband’s room. She had to be told that while she was gone he had died. Her eyes opened wide and she fell to the floor. She was taken into a nearby room, but she was already dead. Necropsy on her husband showed polyartritis nodosa. Necropsy on her showed -nothing. The splanchnic veins were somewhat dilated. Exhaustive microscopic study showed nothing remarkable.“ (Bohrod 1963b, S. 27). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... under the emotional pressure of horror, the hair is frequently reported to have whitened rapidly, as in the case of Marie Antoinette, guillotined in 1793, and in that of Henry M. Stanley, who himself said that his hair turned white in that distracting historic night when, without their existence having been previously known, pygmies suddenly attacked him in northeastern Africa.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 878). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Rush cited many instances of death from joy and among others mentioned that of the son of Leibnitz, who, on opening an old chest and unexpectedly finding in it a large quantity of gold, suddenly expired.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A woman aged 43 heard the alarming report that many persons had been injured in an accident to a train on which her daughter was a passenger. The mother, arriving at the station in time to see her daughter emerge unharmed, threw her arms about her, fell into a fit and expired a few hours later.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Sir Thomas Urquhart is said to have died of laughter on learning that Charles the Second had regained the throne.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
Meine Übersetzung vom Deutschen ins Englischen: „Those murdered by the dagger of devotion/Perpetually receive new life from the Beyond.“ (Schimmel 1985, S. 488)
„In referring to persons who die of grief, Carpenter cited a case, though not one of his own, in which two sisters were deeply attached. One acquired tuberculosis and died; she had been tenderly cared for by the other, who, seemingly, had suppressed her sorrow. About a fortnight later the surviving sister was found dead in bed. There had been no symptoms during life, and at autopsy there was no evidence of disease. Death was attributed to the depressing influence of pent-up grief.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„They are those old workers who, through long habit have grown to be brothers, as they are called in my country, and who, when one loses the other, refuses to work with a new comrade, and pines away with grief. People who are unfamiliar with the country call the love of the ox for his yoke-fellow a fable. Let him come and stand in the corner with one of these poor beasts, thin and wasted, restlessly lashing his thin flanks with his tail, violently breathing with mingled terror and disdain on the food offered him, his eyes always turned toward the door, scratching with his hoof the empty space at his side, sniffing the yoke and chains which his fellow used to wear, and incessantly calling him with melancholy lowings.“ (Zitat nach Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A Negro people on the west coast of Africa were thus described by Schofield: ‚I have been told by a naval surgeon from an African squadron that Kroomen, if badly treated or angry, will threaten to die; and will go away and finally expire in thirty hours without any injury or disease. ‘ Among other African tribes similar effects are described.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 876). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„In referring to persons who die of grief, Carpenter cited a case, though not one of his own, in which two sisters were deeply attached. One acquired tuberculosis and died; she had been tenderly cared for by the other, who, seemingly, had suppressed her sorrow. About a fortnight later the surviving sister was found dead in bed. There had been no symptoms during life, and at autopsy there was no evidence of disease. Death was attributed to the depressing influence of pent-up grief.“ (Yawger 1936, S. 877). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„There does undoubtedly appear to be an association between neurosis and an increased mortality from natural cause.“ (Sims 1984, S. 361). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„At the Denver State Hospital, in 1910, a man was admitted in a panic, of three days’ duration. He paid little attention to the hospital but kept staring out of the window at people, who, he said, were coming to lynch him. Finally, with the words, „They are coming now,“ he fell over dead. Autopsy showed that the organs were in amazingly good condition; no lesions were observed anywhere.“ (Walters 1944, S. 84, contribution from Dr. Earl D. Bond to discussion). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A Negro aged 41, a laborer, was brought to the hospital because recently „voices“ had told him to go forth into the world to preach and found a new religion and because he had made extravagant claims to the effect that he was related to King Solomon, after whom he intended to shape his life. „There was no significant family history, no account of serious illnesses and no record of misdemeanors. There was a history of fairly heavy indulgence in alcohol, but this had not produced any acute mental disturbances. The first deviation from his usual good health and normal behavior was noticed about two months before his hospitalisation, when he began to attend church a great deal and to pray more than usual. To his companions he stated the belief that he was consecrated to the Holy Ghost and could „speak in tongues.“ While this was not interpreted by his Negro associates as being anything abnormal, they conceded that it was a definite change in behavior. When admitted to the hospital he was disoriented as to time and place and was childish in his reactions; he said that he was in constant auditory touch with the Lord. He had no insight into his mental disorder but thought he had been sent to the hospital to be treated for a severe cold. „Physical examination revealed hard and tortuous radial vessels; vigorous arterial pulsations on the left side of the neck; a diffuse apex beat of the heart, perceptible over a considerable area of the chest; diminished muscle tone; a loud systolic murmur over the apex, and accentuation of the second aortic sound. The blood pressure was 220 systolic and 165 diastolic, and the pulse rate was 120 per minute. Serologic tests gave negative results and there were no neurologic findings. „The patient suffered from dyspnea and tired easily on exertion. He was given the treatment routine for such a condition and with the general toning up of the cardiac condition the hallucinations ceased, as did the extravagant delusions. At the end of three months the patient was sent home free from the psychosis and with improvement of the cardiac condition. After being at home for a few months he suffered acute cardiac decompensation with rapidly developing general anasarca, and died of pulmonary edema.“ (Nolan und Lewis 1937, S. 789–790). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„A young individual, in the second or third decade of life, suddenly becomes restless and excited. This psychomotor activity increases and is accompanied by hilarity or fearful anxiety in response to extrospective or introspective pressure of ideas. Work and duties are neglected. Sleep becomes difficult and often impossible. Impulsive or responsive aggressiveness increases. The individual breaks equipment or furniture or assaults his neighbor, apparently without reason. He is then admitted to the hospital. The excitement and restlessness continue day and night with only momentary respite. Excitement increases until it becomes a continual maniacal furor, in which the individual will tear off his clothes, tear the clothes to strips, take the bed apart, rip the mattress to pieces, bang, and pound almost rhythmically on the walls and windows, dash wildy from the room, assault anyone in reach, and run aimlessly, and without apparant objective, from one end of the room to the other. „The pulse becomes rapid even in periods of momentary rest. Food and fluids are refused and weight loss becomes apparent. Perspiration is profuse and continual. The blood pressure falls and the pulse becomes thready. Fever is then noted. Early in the furor it ranges around 100° F. rectally. When confined to a room, the patient will thrash against the wall or butt his head against it. If placed in restraints, either in a continuous tepid tub or bed, (in pack or sheet) the patient will strain ceaselessly against the restraints in an atttempt to tear out and maintain his externally objectiveless activity. „Fever increases, the pulse becomes more thready and rapid, blood pressure falls further, perspiration drips continually, the tongue becomes dry and furred. The skin becomes flushed and feels hot to the touch. After varying periods of excitement of from hours to days, the temperature may rise to 105° F. rectally or 107° F. rectally or even 110° F. rectally. The skin may become pale or cyanotic and suddenly all activity ceases, respiration and cardiac activity stop and the patient is dead. This end may come so suddenly that the attending psychiatrist is left with a chagrined surprise and the puzzlement is intensified after the postmortem examination because the autopsy generally fails to disclose any findings which could explain the death. Therefore, the usual final diagnosis is (1) an unclassified psychosis (2) exhaustion from overexertion in a state of acute mania.“ (Wendkos 1979, S. 165–166). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„About half the cases of death referred to the medical examiner come to him because the cause of death is unknown, rather than because there is positive evidence of foul play. They include not only deaths in which the fatal seizure is sudden and unexpected, but also those in which the cause of death is obscure because no physician was in attendance during the terminal illness.“ (Moritz 1940, S. 798). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Without warning Neng Yang lost consciousness on December 21 1987... . He died on Christmas Eve, the third victim in his clan, and 115th in the U.S., of Sudden Unexplained Death Syndrome (SUDS), a mysterious malady that strikes young, apparently healthy Southeast Asian men — especially Hmong. Neng Yang’s family believes an autopsy performed on a clan member, another SUDS casualty, caused the 23-year-old student’s death. Hmong religion holds that the spirit cannot leave a mutilated body to join its ancestors before rebirth and may claim the life of a relative in a cry for release. ... Reported in Japanese and Philippine medical literature in the 1950s and ‘60s, SUDS began to appear in the U.S. after the influx of Southeast Asian refugees in the mid-1970’s. Forty-nine cases occurred in the peak years of 1981 and 1982, but only a handful show up annually now. The phenomenon still baffles U.S. doctors. Typically, victims lead ordinary lives and have no apparent illnesses. They die in their sleep, with perhaps a telltale gurgling or laboured breathing, and no traces of drugs or abnormal organs are found. Chaotic cardiac impulses make the heart beat erratically, interrupting the blood supply and depriving the brain of oxygen, but the underlying cause remains a mystery. Researchers speculate that the stress of culture shock may be a contributing factor. Statistics indicate that the longer an immigrant lives in this country, the less risk he runs of dying from the disorder.“ (Hmong 1988, S. 607). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Following Neng Yang’s wishes and their own convictions, his parents, You Vang Yang and Ia Kue Yang, did not want an autopsy. The attending physician assured them they would be notified if the hospital wanted one. When they arrived at the funeral home to prepare the body for burial, horrified relatives learned that the state medical examiner’s office had done an autopsy without family consent.“ (Hmong 1988, S. 607). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„SIDS is a mysterious and unresolved problem affecting children between the ages of 1 week and 4 months old and is responsible for more than one-third of all postnatal deaths occurring in the first year of life in the United Kingdom. There is evidence in a minority of these patients of some viral infection, but the microscopic changes in the lungs vary between normality and well-established zones of interstitial pneumonitis. This may be associated with areolar wall thickening; however, the changes rarely appear sufficiently severe to have caused death, and it has been postulated that viral infection may trigger apnoe or an anaphylactic reaction. It seems likely that this disease is multifactorial and that viral infection is just one of a group of disorders that may cause it.“ (Schofield und Krausz 1992, S. 966). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Sudden, unexplained infant deaths (SUIDs) are those for which no cause of death was obvious when the infant died. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (also known as crib death) is the most frequently determined cause of SUIDs. SIDS is „the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age which remains unexplained after a thorough case investigation, including performance of a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and a review of the clinical history“ (Willinger et al. 1991). SIDS should not be diagnosed if these criteria are not met.“ (Centers 1996, S. 1). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„The patient was a 71-year-old immigrant Greek farmer who had had a duodenal ulcer for 15 years. Operation had been recommended on two previous occasions, because he had been unable to follow a medical regimen. Each time he had refused, saying that he preferred suicide to surgery. Intractable pain brought him again to the hospital and made surgical treatment mandatory. A psychiatric consultation was requested because the patient was said to be „depressed.“ Only in the course of being interviewed did the conviction of death emerge as a significant clinical finding. „The patient was a pleasant and cordial man who was concerned about his pain, but displayed none of the signs or symptoms of depression. In a matter-of-fact way, he simply stated that he would die following subtotal gastrectomy. He could not accout for this conviction, which he seemed to accept with complete equanimity. „His recent exacerbation of ulcer pain had been precipitated by a crop failure, which he interpreted as an act of God against him. Twenty years before, he had had his jaw broken in a fist fight at the market place where he sold vegetables. He lost a great deal of money in the law suit which followed, and received no satisfaction from his assailant. In describing the events, his manner abruptly changed and he acted as if he were at the moment reliving the experience. „The joy went out of living,“ he asserted, and everyone turned against him. He no longer went to the market place. Instead, he lived his life in bitter solitude, noting with grim satisfaction the successive deaths of those who had acted against him at the trail. It was shortly after his last enemy had been buried that his crops were destroyed by drought and his ulcer pain returned. This was God’s vengeance for his having willed the death of his enemies. „The surgeons made every effort to reassure the patient, and the psychiatrist tried to review and reinterpret his reality situation. The patient remained friendly, courteous, and unshakable in his premonition of death. The subtotal gastrectomy was performed without complication. Three days later, however, in the course of an uneventful recovery, he suddenly became dyspneic, developed atrial flutter, and died within a few hours. Autopsy disclosed a large mural thrombus which occluded the pulmonary valve.“ (Hackett und Weisman 1960, S. 279). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„When he (the headshrinker, author’s comment) is an old man and nobody has shrunk his head he simply lies down and refuses to drink and eat. He dies of dehydration in a few days. Whether this is due to psychological stress of giving up to physical circumstances, or an objective and final philosophical decision, we leave to the reader.“ (Schmidt und Schmidt, 1964, S. 511). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„Belgrad, Oct. 5 1928 — In the village Koprivnica, a farmer named Ujsek said several months ago that he would die October 4th 1928. On the appointed day he called his family, ordered his coffin, bade farewell to his friends and at noon, as he was seating himself at the the table, died of apoplexy. The populace believing that it was a miracle was much excited (Neues Wiener Tagblatt, October 6 1928).“ (Menninger 1948, S. 35). Meine Übertragung aus dem Englischen.
„From the sketch of pathological-anatomical features, I would like to emphasize that they are in no way satisfactory from the standpoint of a dynamic-biological holistic approach to the death process, and that they are indeed only the last, visibly remaining link of a chain available as they are to us only from the static approach of the autopsy table.“ (Arnold 1949, S. 389–390). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„... that ‚voodoo‘ death may be real, and that it may be explained as due to shocking emotional stress to obvious or repressed terror“. (Cannon 1957, S. 189). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„The pulse towards the end would be rapid and ‚thready‘. The skin would be cool and moist. A count of the red blood corpuscles, or even simpler, a determination by means of a hematocrit of the ratio of corpuscles to plasma in a small sample of blood from skin vessels would help to tell whether shock is present; for the ‚red count‘ would be high and the hematocrit also would reveal ‚hemoconcentration‘. The blood pressure would be low. The blood sugar would be increased, but the measure of it might be too difficult in the field.“ (Cannon 1957, S. 189–190). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„may have died a so-called vagus death, which is the result of overstimulation of the parasympathetic rather than of the sympathicoadrenal system.“ (Richter 1957, S. 196). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
„death may result from the effects of a combination of reactions, all of which may operate in the same direction, and increase the vagal tone.“ (Richter 1957, S. 197). Meine Übertragung aus dem englischen Originaltext.
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Schmid, G.B. (2000). Phänomene des psychogenen Todes. In: Tod durch Vorstellungskraft. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2272-3_2
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