Abstract
Of all the animals capable of voicing recognisable noises and signals, only man is capable of articulation and communication in words. Too often this ability to vocalise is taken for granted and the vulnerability of the vocal mechanism is ignored until it is spoiled by misuse. It is hoped that the discussion of the structure and function of the larynx which follows will increase the understanding of teachers, therapists and students and will encourage exploration of the options they have in keeping the mechanism healthy.
Keywords
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abo-El-Enene N (1967) Functional anatomy of the larynx. Thesis, University of London.
AcArdle CB, Bailey BJ, Amparo EG (1986) Surface coil magnetic resonance imaging of the normal larynx. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112(6): 616–622.
Adran GM, Kemp FH (1966) The mechanism of the larynx I. The movements of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilage. Br J Radiol 39: 641–654.
Adran GM, Kemp FH (1967) The mechanism of the larynx II. The epiglottis and closure of the larynx. Br J Radiol 40: 372–389.
Aikin WA (1920) The voice: an introduction to practical phonology. London: Longmans, Green.
Alexander AB (1971) Aspects of symmetry in male and female laryngeal function. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 23: 247–251.
Alipour-Haghighi F, Titze IR (1991) Elastic models of vocal fold tissues. J Acoust Soc Am 90(3): 1326–1331.
Appleman R (1973) Radiological findings in the study of vocal registers (Uanua Linguarum, Series Minor 164). The Hague: Mouton.
Arnold GE (1961) Physiology and pathology of the cricothyroid muscle. Laryngoscope 71: 687–753.
Ashby MG (1983) Effects of variation in larynx height. In: Hazan V, Fourcin AL (eds) Speech, hearing and language: work in progress 1983, UCL, no 1, pp 31–39. London: University College.
Backman AL (1963a) Radiographic evaluation of the tissues of the neck. NY J Med 63: 1154–00.
Backman AL (1963b) Methodology in the radiographic examination of the larynx and hypolarynx. NY J Med 63: 1155–1163.
Baer T, Gore JC, Gracco LC, Nye PW (1991) Analysis of vocal tract shape and dimensions using magnetic resonance imaging: vowels. J Acoust Soc Am 90(2, Pt 1): 799–828.
Baer T, Sasaki C, Harris K (1987) Laryngeal function in phonation and respiration. Boston: Little Brown.
Bellussi G, Visendaz A (1959) The problem of vocal registers in the light of the roentgenstratigraphy technique. Arch Ital Otol 60: 130–151.
Bennati F (1832) Recherches sur le mécanisme de la voix humaine. Paris: JB Bailliere.
Berke GS, Hanson DG, Gerratt BR, et al (1990) The effect of air flow and medial adductory compression on vocal efficiency and glottal vibration. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 102(3): 212–218.
Bertolani M, Calandra-Buonaura P, Spina V, et al (1991) Spin-echo anatomy of the larynx with magnetic resonance at 1.5T. Radiol Med 82(3): 218–229.
Bless DM, Hirano M, Feder RJ (1987) Videostroboscopic evaluation of the larynx. Ear Nose Throat J 66(7): 289–296.
Bless D, Abbs JH (1983) Vocal fold physiology: contemporary research and clinical issues. San Diego: College-Hill Press.
Bohme G (1989) Clinical contribution to ultrasound diagnosis of the larynx (echolaryngographie). Laryngorhinootologie 68(9): 510–515.
Bosma JF (1975) Anatomic and physiologic development of the speech aparatus in the nervous system. In: Tower D (ed) Human communication and its disorders, vol 3. New York: Raven Press.
Boushey HA, Richardson PS, Widdicombe JG, Wise IGM (1974) The response of laryngeal afferent fibres to mechanical and chemical stimuli. J Physiol 240: 153–1175.
Bowden REM, Lucas Keene MF, Gooding M, Mahran ZY, Withington JL (1960) The afferent innervation of facial and laryngeal muscles. Anat Rec 136: 168.
Breteque de la BA (1990) Voice breaking in young singers. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol Bord 111(4): 377–378.
Brewer W (1964) Research pontentials in voice physiology. State University of New York: University Publishers.
Broad DJ (1968) Kinematic considerations for evaluating laryngeal cartilage motions. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 269–284.
Bunch M (1976) A cephalometric study of structures of the head and neck during sustained phonation of covered and open qualities. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 28: 321–328.
Canuyt G, Gunsett M (1937) La méthode des coupes radiologiques, tomographic et Planigraphie appliquée a l’étude de la phonation. Rev Fr (Phonetique) 137-152.
Casserais J (1601) The larynx, organ of voice (translated by Hast and Holtsmark, 1969). Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) [Suppl] 26.
Castelijns JA, Doornbos J, Verbeeten B Jr, et al (1985) MR imaging of the normal larynx. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9 (5): 919–925.
Cavagna GA, Margaria A (1965) An analysis of the mechanics of phonation. J Appl Physiol 20: 301–307.
Cavagna GA, Margaria R (1968) Airflow rates and efficiency changes during phonation. Ann NY Acad Sci 155: 152–164.
Charachon D (1971) Current knowledge on physiology of phonation. J Fr Otorhinolaryngol 20: 403–408.
Chouard CH (1969) Recent data on the physiology of phonation. Probl Act Otorhinolaryngol 135-151.
Cleall C (1969) Voice production in choral technique. Kent: Novelle.
Cleveland TF (1977) Acoustic properties of voice timbre types and their influences on voice classification. J Acoust Soc Am 61: 1622–1629.
Clippinger DA (1917) The head voice and other problems; practical talks on singing. Boston: Oliver Ditson.
Collier R (1975) Physiological correlates of intonation patterns. J Acoust Soc Am 58: 249–255.
Colton R (1988) Physiological mechanisms of vocal frequency control: the role of tension. J Voice 2(3): 208–220.
Colton RH (1972) Spectral characteristics of the modal and falsetto registers. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 24: 337–344.
Colton RH (1973a) Vocal intensity in the modal and falsetto registers. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 25: 62–70.
Colton RH (1973b) Physiology of vocal registers in singers and nonsingers. In: Vocal registers in singing. Janua Linguarum, Series Minor 164. The Hague: Mouton.
Conrad WA, McQueen DM (1988) Two-mass model of the vocal folds: negative differential resistance oscillation. J Acoust Soc Am 83(6): 2453–2458.
Cooper DS (1988) The laryngeal mucosa in voice production. Ear Nose Throat J 67(5): 322, 337-338, 340 passim.
Cooper DS, Titze IR (1985) Generation and dissipation of heat in vocal fold tissue. J Speech Hear Res 28(2): 207–215.
Cornut G (1971a) Normal and pathological vibrations of the vocal cords studied by use of the sonagraph. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 23: 234–238.
Crelin E (1987) The human vocal tract: anatomy, function, development and evolution. New York: Vantage Press.
von Cuno F (1954) Manuel Garcia’s “marotte scientific”. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 6: 129–166.
Curtin HD (1989) Imaging of the larynx: current concepts. Radiology 173(1): 1–11.
Damsté PH (1968a) X-ray study of phonation. Folia Phoniat (Basel) 20: 65–88.
Damsté PH, Hollien H, Moore P, Murry F (1968b) An x-ray study of the vocal fold length. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 349–359.
Dedo HH, Dunker E (1967) Husson’s theory. An experimental analysis of his research data and conclusions. Arch Otolaryngol (Chicago) 85: 303–313.
Dejonckere P, Lebacq J (1980) Phase relationship between dynamics of the subglottic pressure and oscillatory movement of the vocal folds I. Sustained phonation. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 88(4): 333–341.
Dejonckere P, Lebacq J (1980) Phase relationship between dynamics of the subglottic pressure and oscillatory movement of the vocal folds II. Vocalic attack and end of emission. Arch Int Physiol Biochim 88(4): 343–55.
Dejonckere PH (1987) Phonatory physiology of the larynx: the oscillo-impedance concept. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 108: 365–368.
Denes P, Pinson E (1963) The speech chain: the physics and biology of spoken language. Baltimore: Waverley Press.
Dickson DR, Dickson WM (1972) Functional anatomy of the human larynx. Trans Pa Acad Opthalmol Otolaryngol 29-38.
Donovan R (1967) Variables of laryngeal tone. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 281–296.
Elbaz P, Fresnel-Elbaz E, Valtat M (1987) Computer-assisted analysis of the voice: the voicescope. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 108: 383–385.
Espir MLE, Rose CF (1976) The basic neurology of speech, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.
Faaborg-Andersen K (1957) Electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 41 [Suppl]: 40–00.
Faaborg-Andersen K, Sonninen A (1959) The function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles at different pitch. Acta Otolaryngol 51: 89–93.
Faaborg-Andersen K, Vennard W (1964) Electromyography of extrinsic laryngeal muscles during phonation of different vowels. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 73: 248–252.
Faaborg-Andersen K, Yanagihara N, von Leden H (1967) Vocal pitch and intensity regulation. A comparative study of electrical activity in the cricothyroid muscle and the airflow rate. Arch Otolaryngol (Chicago) 85: 448–454.
Flach M, Schwickardi H (1968a) Die Recessus piriformes unter phoniatrischer Sicht. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 18: 153–167.
Flach M, Schwickardi H, Steinert R (1968b) Zur Frage des Einflusses erblicher Faktoren auf den Stimmklang (Zwillingsuntersuchungen). Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 379–386.
Frank F (1972) Neue klanganalytische Erkenntnisse über das Jodeln aus phoniatrisch-gesangspädagogischer Sicht. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 24: 161–168.
Frank F, Sparber M (1970) Stimmumfange bei Kindern aus neuer Sicht. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 22: 397–402.
Fritzell B, Sundberg J, Strange-Ebbesen A (1982) Pitch change after stripping oedematous vocal folds. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 34(1): 29–32.
Froeschels E (1967) Influence of mouth movements on the larynx. Logoped Phoniat 6: 93–94.
Froeschels E (1969) Medium pitch in young and old people. HNO 17: 14.
Frommhold W (1966b) Tomographische Studien zur Funktion des menschlichen Kehlkopfes. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 18: 81–90.
Frommhold W, Hoppe G (1965a) Tomographische Studien zur Funktion des menschlichen Kehlkopfes I. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 17: 83–91.
Frommhold W, Hoppe G (1965b) Tomographische Studien zur Funktion des menschlichen Kehlkopfes IL. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 17: 161–171.
Frommhold W, Hoppe G (1966a) Tomographische Studien zur Funktion des menschlichen Kehlkopfes III. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 17: 81–90.
Fujimura D (1977) Control of the larynx in speech. Phonetica 34: 280–288.
Fujimara O (1980) Modern methods of investigation in speech production. Phonetica 37(1-2): 38–54.
Fujimura O (ed) (1988) Vocal physiology: voice production, mechanisms and functions. New York: Raven Press.
Fukuda H (1984) Phonation and lubrication of the vocal cord. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 87(1): 126–129.
Garcia M (1971) A complete treatise on the art of singing (Excerpts translated by Paschke D). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado.
Garde EJ (1951) Observation stroboscopique de la vibration des cordes vocales de la “petit registre” (ou registre “de sifflet”) des soprani suraigus. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 3: 248–253.
Gauffin J, Sundberg J (1989) Spectral correlates of glottal voice source waveform characteristics. J Speech Hear Res 32(3): 556–565.
Gauffin J, Hammacberg B (ed) (1991) Vocal fold physiology: acoustic, perceptual and physiological aspects of voice mechanisms. London: Whurr Publishers.
Geifer MP (1989) Stability in phonational frequency. J Commun Disord 22(3): 181–192.
Gerratt BR, Hanson DG, Berke GS (1988) Laryngeal configuration associated with glottography. Am J Otolaryngol 9(4): 173–179.
Gilbert HR, Potter CR, Hoodin R (1984) Laryngograph as a measure of vocal fold contact area. J Speech Hear Res 27(2): 178–82.
Gould WJ (1981) The pulmonary-laryngeal system. In: Stevens KN, Hirano M (eds) Vocal fold physiology, pp 23–29. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Govoni AF (1988) MRI of the neck and larynx. Radiol Diagn (Berlin) 29: (5) 657–667.
Gramming P, Sundberg J, Akerlund L (1991) Variability of phonetograms. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 43(2): 79–92.
Gramming P, Sundberg J, Ternstrom S, et al (1988) Relationship between changes in voice pitch and loudness. J Voice 2: 118–26.
Gray S, Titze I (1988) Histologic investigation of hyperphonated canine vocal cords. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97(4, Pt 1): 381–388.
Grevers G, Steger W, Vogl T (1990) Modern imaging of the larynx. Laryngorhinootologie 69(9): 486–490.
Griesman BL (1943) Mechanism of phonation demonstrated by plahegraphy of the larynx. Arch Otolaryngol 38: 17–26.
Haji T, Isshiki N, Mori K, et al (1991) Experimental study of the mobility of the vocal fold mucosa. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 3(1): 21–28.
Hakes J, Shipp T, et al (1987) Acoustic properties of straight tone, vibrato, trill and trillo. J Voice 1: 148–157.
Hamlet SL (1980) Ultrasonic measurement of larynx height and vocal fold vibratory pattern. J Acoust Soc Am 68(1): 121–124.
Han ZM, Yang SL (1990) Analysis of voice of healthy aged persons with narrow band spectrum analyzer. Auris Nasus Larynx 17(1): 45–48.
Hartlieb K (1953) Schädigungen der äußeren Kehlkopfmuskeln als Ursache für Störungen der Sängerstimme. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 5: 146–166.
Hartlieb K (1969) Naturkonstanten in Struktur und Funktion der menschlichen Stimme und Sprache. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 21: 211–238.
Heinemann M (1969) Ossification of the human larynx from the phoniatric point of view. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 68: 543–550.
Henderson WJ (1920) The art of the singer. New York: C Scribner’s Sons.
Higgins MB, Saxman JH (1991) A comparison of selected phonatory behaviors of healthy aged and young. J Speech Hear Res Oct 34(5): 1000–1010.
Hirano M, Blesa D (1992) Videostroboscope. Evaluation of the larynx. London: Whurr Publishers.
Hirano M, Kurita S, Sakaguchi S (1989) Ageing of the vibratory tissue of human vocal folds. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 107(5-6): 428–433.
Hirano M, Gould WJ, Lambiase A, Kakita Y (1981) Vibratory behavior of the vocal folds in a case with a unilateral polyp. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 33(5): 275–284.
Hirano M, Kakita Y, Kawasaki H, Matsuo K (1982) Stereoscropic ultra high speed photography of the larynx (Author’s translation). Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 85(3): 260–264.
Hirano M, Kurita S (1982) Location of the posterior end of the vocal folds: an unrecognised controversy. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 85(4): 432–435.
Hirano M, Kurita S, Matsuoka H (1987) Vocal function following hemilaryngectomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 96(5): 586–589.
Hirano M, Kurita WS, Kiyokawa K, Sato K (1986) Posterior glottis. Morphological study in excised human larynges. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 95 (6, Pt 1): 576–581.
Hirano M, Yoshida T, Tanaka S, Hibi S (1990) Sulcus vocalis: functional aspects. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99 (9, Pt 1): 679–683.
Hirano M, Yoshida Y, Yoshida T, Tateishi O (1985) Strobofiberscopic video recording of vocal fold vibration. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94 (6, Pt 1): 588–590.
Hirano M (1968) Maximum phonation time and air usage during phonation. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 185–201.
Hirano M (1971b) Electromyographic studies on laryngeal adjustment at vocalization. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 74: 1572–1579.
Hirano M (1974) Morphological structure of the vocal cords as a vibrator and its variations. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 26: 89–94.
Hirano M (1977) Structure and vibratory behavior of the vocal folds. In: Sawashimu T, Cooper F (eds) Dynamic aspects of speech production, pp 13–27. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Hirano M (1981) Clinical examination of the voice. New York: Springer.
Hirano M (1988) Vocal mechanisms in singing: laryngological and phoniatric aspects. J Voice 2(1): 51–69.
Hirano M, Koike Y, Joyner J (1969a) Style of phonation. An electromyographic investigation of some laryngeal muscles. Arch Otolaryngol (Chicago) 89: 902–907.
Hirano M, Koike Y, von Leden H (1967) The sternohyoid muscle during phonation. Electromyographic studies. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 64: 500–507.
Hirano M, Kurita S, Kakashima T (1981) The structure of the vocal folds. In: Stevens KN, Hirans M (eds) Vocal fold physiology, pp 33–45. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Hirano M, Miyahara T, Miyagi T (1971a) Vocal regulation in singing — an experimental study on a vocalist. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 74: 1189–1201.
Hirano M, Ohala J, Vennard W (1969b) The function of laryngeal muscles in regulating fundamental frequency and intensity of phonation. J Speech Hear Res 12: 616–628.
Hirano M, Vennard W, Ohala J (1970b) Regulation of register, pitch and intensity of voice. An electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 22: 1–20.
Hirano M (1970a) Regulatory mechanism of the singing voice. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 73 [Suppl]: 1190–1191.
Hirose H (1988) High-speed digital imaging of vocal fold vibration. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl (Stockh) 458: 151–153.
Hirose H (1977) Laryngeal adjustments in consonant production. Phonetica 34: 289–294.
Hirose H, Gay T (1973) Laryngeal control in vocal attack. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 25: 203–213.
Hiroto I, Hirano M, Toyozumi Y (1967) Electromyographic investigation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles related to speech sounds. Ann Otol 76: 861–872.
Hollien H, Brown WS jr, Hollien K (1971) Vocal fold length associated with modal, falsetto and varying intensity phonations. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 23: 66–78.
Hollien H, Coleman R, Moore P (1968) Stroboscopic laminagraphy of the larynx during phonation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 65: 209–215.
Hollien H, Colton RH (1969a) Four laminagraphic studies of vocal fold thickness. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 21: 179–198.
Hollien H, Curtis J (1960) A laminagraphic study of vocal pitch. J Speech Res 3: 361–371.
Hollien H, Damsté H, Murry T (1969b) Vocal fold length during vocal phonation. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 21: 257–265.
Hoover LA, Wortham DG, Lufkin RB, Hanafee WN (1987) Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx and tongue base: clinical applications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 97(3): 245–256.
Hoppe G (1965) Tomographische Studien zur Funktion des menschlichen Kehlkopfes IL Mitteilung: Bewegungen des Zungenbeines. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 17: 161–171.
Husson MR (1957) Conduction recurrentille polyphasée pendant la phonation. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 3: 240–243.
Imagawa H, Kiritani S, Hirose H (1987) High-speed digital image recording system for observing vocal fold vibration using an image sensor. Iyodenshi To Scitai Kogaku 25(4): 284–290.
Inbar GF, Eden G (1983) Physiological evidence for central modulation of voice tremor. Biol Cybern 47(1): 1–12.
International Voice Conference Abstracts, May 20–22, 1957. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Ishii T, Horiguchi S, Kato T, et al (1991) If the fetus can vocalise, how can we detect it? Biol Neonate 60 [Suppl] 1: 52–61.
Isshiki N (1959) Regulatory mechanism of the pitch and volume of voice. Otorhinolaryngol Clin Kyoto 52: 1065–1094.
Isshiki N (1965) Vocal intensity and air flow rate. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 17: 92–104.
Iwamura S (1967) An experimental study of control of vocal intensity. J Otorhinolaryngol Soc Jap 70: 728–744.
Jabour BA, Lufkin RB, Hanafee WN (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2(4): 60–68.
Jafari M, Wong KH, Behbehani K, Kondraske GV (1989) Performance characterization of human pitch control system: an acoustic approach. J Acoust Soc Am 85(3): 1322–1328.
Josephson EM (1927) The physiology of the “false” vocal cords and the anatomy of the thyroarytenoid muscle and of the thyro-epiglottic ligament. Arch Otolaryngol 6: 139–152.
Kakita Y, Inoue Y, Hirano M (1984) An acoustic microscope designed for observing the vocal fold tissue. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 87(12): 1702–1706.
Kanetake H, Yamaguchi T, Takeda N, Koike Y (1990) Measurement of human laryngeal mucosal blood volume. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 93(2): 183–189.
Kawaida M, Fukuda H, Kano S, et al (1990) Dynamic movement of air tract fluid in lubrication of the larynx during phonation: a basic study using excised canine laryngés and experimental air tract fluid by means of x-ray stroboscope system. Auris Nasus Larynx 16(4): 237–243.
Khambata AS (1977) Anatomy and physiology of voice production: the phenomenal voice in music and the brain. Critchley M, Henson RA (eds). London: Heinemann Medical Books.
Kikinis R, Wolfensberger M, Boesch C, Martin E (1989) Larynx: MR imaging at 2.35T. Radiology 171(1): 165–169.
Kirchner JA (1989) Fifteenth Daniel C Baker jr memorial lecture. What have whole organ sections contributed to the treatment of laryngeal cancer? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98(9): 661–667.
Kirchner JA (1970) Pressman and Kelemen’s physiology of the larynx. Rochester: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.
Kitajima K Fujita F (1990) Estimation of subglottal pressure with intraoral pressure. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 109(5-6): 473–478.
Kitzing P (1985) Stroboscopy — a pertinent laryngological examination. J Otolaryngol 14(3): 151–157.
Kitzing P (1986) Glottography, the electrophysiological investigation of phonatory biomechanics. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 40(6): 863–878.
Klingholz F (1989) The voice of the singer in the phonetogram. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 68(4): 62–66.
Koike Y, Hirano M, von Leden H (1967) Vocal initiation-acoustic and aerodynamic investigations of normal subjects. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 173–182.
Koizumi T, Taniguchi S, Hiromitsu S (1985) Glottal source-vocal tract interaction. J Acoust Soc Am 78(5): 1541–1547.
Koizumi T, Taniguchi S, Hiromitsu S (1987) Two-mass models of the vocal cords for natural sounding voice synthesis. J Acoust Soc Am 82(4): 1179–1192.
Konrad HR, Rattenborg CC, Kain ML, et al (1984) Opening and closing mechanisms of the larynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 92(4): 402–405.
Kovacs A (1967) Roentgenologic study of the laryngeal function in singers. Acta Radiol (Diagn) (Stockh) 6: 548–560.
Kovacs K (1961) Physiology of the Larynx. Acta Radiol 56: 433–438.
Koyama T, Harley JE, Ogura JH (1971) Mechanics of voice production II. Regulation of pitch. Laryngoscope 81: 45–65.
Koyama T, Kawasaki M, Ogura J (1969) Mechanics of voice production I. Regulation of vocal intensity. Laryngoscope 79: 337–354.
Ladefoged P (1962a) Sub-glottal activity during speech. Proc of the 4th Int Cong of Phonetica, pp 73–91. The Hague: Mouton.
Ladefoged P, McKinney NP (1963) Loudness, sound pressure and sub-glottal pressure in speech. J Acoust Soc Am 35: 454–460.
Lafon JC (1987) Physiology of phonation has already been discussed. Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 108: 389–390.
Landeau M (1950) Etude physiologique des passages dans la voix chantée. Paris: Compte rendu, 10 Congres Société francaise de Phoniatrie
Landeau M (1953) Les dysodies. In: La Voix, pp 291–316. Paris: Maloine.
Landeau M, Zuili H (1963) Vocal emision and tomograms of the larynx. NATS Bull February.
Large J (1973a) Vocal registers in singing. Proceedings of a symposium (Janua Linguarum, Series Minor, 164). The Hague: Mouton.
Large J (1973b) Acoustic study of register equilization in singing. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 25: 39–61.
Large J, Iwata S (1971) Aerodynamic study of vibrato and voluntary “straight tone” pairs in singing. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 23: 50–65.
Large J, Iwata S, von Leden H (1970) The primary female register transition in singing. Aerodynamic study. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 22: 385–396.
Large J, Iwata S, von Leden H (1972) The male, operatic head register vs falsetto. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 24: 19–29.
Leanderson R (1972) On the functional organization of facial muscles in speech. From the Departments of Otolaryngology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
Leonard RJ, Ringel R, Horri Y, Daniloff R (1988) Vocal shadowing in singers and non-singers. J Speech Hear Res 31(1): 54–61.
Lieberman P, Knudsen R, Mead H (1969) Determination of the rate of change of fundamental frequency with respect to subglottal air pressure during sustained phonation. J Acoust Soc Am 45: 1537–1543.
Lindestad PA, Fritzell B, Persson A (1991) Quantitative analysis of laryngeal EMG in normal subjects. Acta Otolaryngol Stockh 111(6): 1146–1152.
Lofqvist A, Baer T, McGarr NS, Story RS (1989) The cricothyroid muscle in voicing control. J Acoust Soc Am 85(3): 1314–1321.
Luchsinger R (1950) New researches in the field of the physiology of voice and voice construction. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 2: 61–66.
Luchsinger R (1951) Schalldruck und Geschwindigkeitsregistrierung der Atemluft beim Singen. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 3: 25–51.
Luchsinger R (1953) Physiologie der Stimme. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 5: 58–123.
Luchsinger R (1975) Zeitdehneraufnahmen der Stimmlippenbewegungen beim offenen und gedeckten Singen. Folia Phoniatr 27: 88–92.
Luchsinger R (1954) Der zeitliche Ablauf der Stimmritzenveränderung bei Zeitlupenaufnahmen der Stimmlippenbewegung. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 6: 14–19.
Luchsinger R, Dubois C (1956) Phonetische und stroboskopische Untersuchungen an einem Stimmphänomen. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 8: 201–210.
Luchsinger R, Dubois C (1968) Phonetic contribution of the van den Berg experiment. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 405–408.
Marchai M, Vallancian B (1968) Cinedensigraphy of speech and voice organs. J Fr Otorhinolaryngol 17: 265–267.
Marino G, Ferro A, Chessa G (1989) Anatomical signs of the phonation system. Attual Dent 5(17): 10–12.
Marmelstein P (1967) On the piriform recesses and their acoustic effects. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 388–389.
Marshall JC (1989) The descent of the larynx? Nature 27: 702.
Maue WM, Dickson DR (1971) Cartilages and ligaments of the adult human larynx. Arch Otolaryngol 94: 432–439.
McGlone RE, Brown WS jr (1981) Vocal register “shift” identification in a modified breathing atmosphere. J Acoust Soc Am 69(2): 597–600.
Mercier J, Largav J (1977) Current trends in our studies on the physiology and physio-pathology of voice starting with the works of Raoul Husson. Ann Otolaryngol Chi Cerviolac 94: 534–610.
Merkel, CL (1863) Anatomie und Physiologie des menschlichen Stimm-und Sprachprogramms. In: Antropophonik. Leipzig: Abel.
Meyer B, Candau P, Alcaras N, MacLeod P (1984) Study of the mechanism of vocal fold vibration during phonation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 97(5-6): 407–414.
Michel R (1954) Die Bedeutung des Musculus sternothyreoideus für die Rahmenmodulation der menschlichen Stimme. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 6: 65–99.
Minnigerode B (1966) Current views on the structure and function of the sinus of morgagni in relation to human voice production. Arch Klin Exp Ohr Nas Kehlkopfheilk 187: 845–851.
Mira E, Vidi I (1966) Structure of the human vocal muscle and neurochronaxial theory of phonation. Arch Ital Otol 77: 531–545.
Moll KL (1960) Cinefluographic techniques in speech research. J Speech Hear Res 3: 227–241.
Monoson P, Zemlin WR (1984) Quantitative study of whisper. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 36(2): 53–65.
Monsen R, Engbretson AM (1977) Study of variation in the male and female glottal wave. J Acoust Soc Am 62: 981–993.
Moore DM, Berke GS (1988) The effect of laryngeal nerve stimulation on phonation: a glottographic study using an in vivo canine model. J Acoust Soc Am 83(2): 705–715.
Morgon A (1988) Anatomical parameters of the voice. Acta Otolaryngol Stockh 105(5-6): 420–424.
Myerson MC (1964) The human larynx. Springfield: CC Thomas.
Nadoleczny M, Zimmerman R (1937) Categories et registres de la voix. Rev Fr Phonetique 23: 21–31.
Negus VE (1931) The mechanism of the larynx. St Louis: CV Mosby.
Negus VE (1962) The comparative anatomy and physiology of the larynx. New York: Hafner.
Nishizawa N (1989) Stereoendoscopic observation of the larynx-vocal fold length in respiration and in phonation with vocal pitch change. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 92(8): 1239–1252.
Noscoe NJ, Fourcin AJ, Brown NJ, Berry RJ (1983) Examination of vocal fold movement by ultra-short pulse x-radiography. Br J Radiol 56(669): 641–645.
Nudelman HB, Hoyt BD (1989) Comments on “Two-mass models of the vocal cords for natural sounding voice synthesis”. J Acoust Soc Am 85(5): 2220–2223.
Ondrackova J (1972) Vocal-cord activity: its dynamics and role in speech production. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 24: 405–119.
Orlikof RF (1991) Assessment of the dynamics of vocal fold contact from the electroglottogram: data from normal male subjects. J Speech Hear Res 34(5): 1066–1072.
Orlikoff RF (1990) Vowel amplitude variation associated with the heart cycle. J Acoust Soc Am 88(5): 2091–2098.
Paget R (1930) Human speech, some observations, experiments and conclusions as to the nature, origin, purpose and possible improvement of human speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Perkell JS (1969) Physiology of speech production: results and implications of a quantitative cineradiographic study. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Perkins WH, Koike Y (1969) Patterns of subglottal pressure variations during phonation. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 21: 1–18.
Perkins WH, Yanagihara N (1968) Parameters of voice production I. Some mechanisms for the regulation of pitch. J Speech Hear Res 11: 246–267.
Perlman AL, Titze IR (1988) Development of an in vitro technique for measuring elastic properties of vocal fold tissue. J Speech Hear Res 31(2): 288–298.
Pesak J (1990) Complex mechanism of laryngeal phonation. A. Description of activity. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 42(4): 201–207.
Pesak J (1990) Complex mechanism of laryngeal phonation. B. Analogue pattern of the larynx. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 42(4): 208–212.
Pesak J (1990) Voice production is the result of a reflex process. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 42(2): 60–63.
Pesak J, Mayer M, Urbanek K (1990) Laryngeal voice production: neurological aspects. Possibilities of laryngeal voice production analysis. Cesk Neurol Neurochir 53(5): 345–351.
Pesale J (1990) Complex mechanism of laryngeal phonation. A. Description of activity. B. Analogue pattern of the larynx. Folia Phoniatria 42: 201–212.
Pruszewicz A, Sonninen A, Taivonen R, Hurme P (1988) Computer-assisted examination of the vocal field during speech in physiological and various pathological conditions. Otolaryngol Pol 42(3): 193–200.
Reiman V, Klingholz F, Holtmann S, Vogl T (1990) Use of nuclear magnetic resonance tomography for non-invasive measurement of laryngeal temperature during phonation. Biomed Tech (Berlin) 35 [Suppl] 3: 242–244.
Rohrs M, Pascher W, Ocker C (1985) Studies on the vibratory pattern of vocal cords in different registers using different stroboscopic technics. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 37(3): 113–118.
Rothenberg M, Mashie JJ (1988) Monitoring vocal fold abduction through vocal fold contact area. J Speech Hear Res 31(3): 388–451.
Rothenberg M, Miller D, Molitor R (1988) Aerodynamic investigation of sources of vibrato. Folia Phoniatria 40: 244–260.
Roubeau B, Chevrie-Muller C, Arabia-Guidet C (1987) Electroglottographic study of the changes of voice registers. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 39(6): 280–289.
Rubin HJ, Hirt CC (1960) The falsetto. A high speed cinematographic study. Laryngoscope 70: 1305–1324.
Rubin HJ, Lecover M, Vennard W (1967) Vocal intensity subglottic pressure and air flow relationships in singers. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 393–413
Sainz-Quevedo M (1985) The innervation of the vocal muscles. An Otorhinolaringol Ibero Am 12(4): 327–39.
Sakai F, Gamsu G, Dillon WP, et al (1990) MR imaging of the larynx at 1.5T. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14(1): 60–71.
Sanders WH (1964) The larynx (CIBA Clinical Symposia, vol 16, no 3) Summit: Ciba Pharmaceutical.
Sato K, Kurita S, Hirano M, Kiyokawa K (1990) Distribution of elastic cartilage in the arytenoids and its physiologic significance. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 99 (5, Pt 1): 363–368.
Sawashima M, Cooper FS (eds) (1977) Dynamic aspects of speech production. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Scherer KR (1986) Vocal affect expression: a review and a model for future research. Psychol Bull Mar 99(2): 143–165.
Schindler O, Gonella ML, Pisani R (1990) Doppler ultrasound examination of the vibration speed of vocal folds. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 42(5): 265–272.
Schonle PW, Grabe K, Wenig P, et al (1987) Electromagnetic articulatography: use of alternating magnetic fields for tracking movements of multiple points inside and outside the vocal tract. Brain Lang 31(1): 26–35.
Schultz-Coulon HJ (1978) The neuromuscular phonatory control system and vocal function. Acta Otolaryngol 86: 142–153.
Schutte H, Miller R (1984) Breath management in repeated vocal onset. Folia Phoniatria 36: 225–232.
Schutte HK (1986) Aerodynamics of phonation. Acta Otorhinolaryngol (Belg) 40(2): 344–357.
Seashore CE (1932) Psychology of the vibrato in voice and instrument. In: Studies in the psychology of music, vol 1. Iowa: The University Press.
Seashore H (1936) An objective analysis of artistic singing. In: Studies in the psychology of music, vol 4. Iowa: The University Press.
Shimada A (1987) Mechanical properties of the human vocal fold elicited by a single rectangular pulse-damping ratio. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 90(12): 1992–2003.
Shipp T (1987) Vertical laryngeal position: research findings and application for singers. J Voice 1(3): 217–219.
Shipp T, Deatsch W, Robertson K (1968) A technique for electromyographic assessment of deep neck muscle activity. Laryngoscope 78: 418–432.
Shipp T, Leanderson R, Sundberg J (1980) Some acoustic characteristics of vocal vibrato. J Res Sing 4: 18–25.
Shipp T, Hakes J (1985) Voice frequency oscillations during vibrato, trill, and trillo. In: Lawrence V (ed) Transcripts of the fourteenth symposium: care of the professional voice, pp 12–15. New York: The Voice Foundation.
Smith ME, Berke GS (1990) The effects of phonosurgery on laryngeal vibration, part 1: theoretic considerations. Otolaryngl Head Neck Surg 103(3): 380–390.
Smith S (1957) Chest register versus head register in the membrane cushion model of the vocal cords. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 9: 32–36.
Smith S (1970) Laryngographic studies on the vocal cords. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 22: 169–175.
Sodersten M, Lindestad PA (1990) Glottal closure and perceived breathiness during phonation in normally speaking subjects. J Speech Hear Res 33(3): 601–611.
Sonninen, A (1956) The role of the external laryngeal muscles in length-adjustment of the vocal cords in singing. Acta Otolaryngol [Suppl] 130.
Sonninen A (1958) Über die Beteiligung der äußeren Kehlkopfmuskeln an der Längeneinstellung der Stimmlippen beim Singen. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 10: 5–29.
Sonninen A (1962) Paratisis-gram of the vocal folds and the dimensions of the voice. Proc of the IVth Int Cong of Phonetic Science, pp 250–258. The Hague: Mouton.
Sonninen A (1968) The external frame function in the control of pitch in the human voice. In: Bouhuys A (ed) Sound production in man. New York: Ann NY Acad Sci.
Sonninen A, Damsté PH, et al (1974) Microdynamics in vocal fold vibration. Acta Otolaryngol 78: 129–134.
Stathopoulos ET, Hoit JD, Hixon TJ, et al (1991) Respiratory and laryngeal function during whispering. J Speech Hear Res 5: 761.
Stone M (1991) Imaging the tongue and vocal tract. Br J Disord Commun 26(1): 11–23.
Stransky A, Szerda-Przectaszewska M, Widdicombe JG (1973) The effects of lung reflexes on laryngeal resistance and motoneurone discharge. J Physiol 231: 417–438.
Subotic R, Vecerina S, Krajina Z, et al (1984) Histological structure of vocal fold lamina propria in foetal larynx. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 97(5-6): 403–406.
Subtelny JD, Subtelny JD (1962) Roentgenographic techniques and phonetic research. Proc of the IVth Int Cong of Phonetics, pp 129-146.
Sundberg J (1991) Subglottal pressure control during singing. J Voice 5(4): 283–291.
Tanaka S, Hirano M (1990) Fiberscopic estimation of vocal fold stiffness in vivo using the sucking method. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 116(6): 721–724.
Tarneaud J (1941b) Du role fondamental du larynx dans la differentiation du timbres des voyelles. CR Acad Sci 212: 286–301.
Tatsumi M, Sawashima M (1973) Fiberoptic observations of the larynx in singing (annual bulletin no 7) Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, University of Tokyo.
Teresi LM, Lufkin RB, Hanafee WN (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx. Radiol Clin North Am 27(2): 393–406.
The Lancet (ed) (1989) Stroboscopic examination of the. larynx 27: 1175.
Thumfart WF (1988) From larynx to vocal ability. New electro-physiological data. Acta Otolaryngol Stockh 105(5-6): 425–431.
Titze IR (1980) Comments on the myoeleastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation. J Speech Hear Res 23(3): 495–510.
Titze IR (1988) The physics of small-amplitude osciallaion of the vocal folds. J Acoust Soc Am 83(4): 1536–1552.
Titze IR (1989) On the relation between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in phonation. J Acoust Soc Am 85(2): 901–906.
Titze IR (1991) A model for neurologic sources of aperiodicity in vocal fold vibration. J Speech Hear Res 34(3): 460–472.
Titze I (1989) On the relation between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in phonation. J Acoust Soc Am 85: 901–906.
Titze IR (1979) The concept of muscular isometrics for optimizing vocal intensity and efficiency. In: Lawrence V, Weinberg B (eds) Care of the professional voice, part 1: physical factors in voice, vibrato, registers. New York: The Voice Foundation.
Towler CR, Young SW (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx. Magn Reson Q 5(3): 228–241.
Tsuchiya H (1991) Simultaneous recording of vocal cord vibrations by ultrasound laryngography and photoelectroglottography. Nipon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 94(7): 895–905.
Uchida K (1982) Mechanical properties of the normal vocal fold in vivo (author’s transi). Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 85(2): 161–174.
Van Deinse JB (1980) The instrument of singers and actors. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 124(28): 1159–1162.
Van Deinse JB (1981) Registers. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 33: 37–50.
Van den Berg JW (1955a) Über die Koppelung der Stimmbildung. Zschr Phonet über allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 8: 281–293.
Van den Berg JW (1955b) On the role of the laryngeal ventricle in voice production. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 7: 57–69.
Van den Berg JW (1956a) Direct and indirect determination of mean subglottic pressure. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 8: 1–24.
Van den Berg JW (1956b) Physiology on physics of voice production. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Neerlandica 5: 40–55.
Van den Berg JW (1957) Subglottic pressure and vibrations of the vocal folds. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 9: 65–71.
Van den Berg JW (1968a) Register problems. Ann NY Acad Sci 155: 129–134.
Van den Berg JW (1968b) Sound production in isolated human laryngés. Ann NY Acad Sci 155: 18–27.
Van den Berg J, Vennard W, et al (1960) Voice production. The vibrating larynx. Medical research film, produced and distributed by Stichting Film en Watenschap, Utrecht.
Van Lieshout JJ, Imholz BP, Wesseling KH, et al (1991) Singing-induced hypotension: a complication of a high spinal cord lesion. Neth J Med 38(1-2): 75–79.
Vennard W, Hirano M (1971) The varieties of voice production. The NATS Bull 27: 26–30.
Vennard W, Hirano M, Fritzell B (1971) The extrinsic laryngeal muscles. The NATS Bull 27, 4: 22–30.
Vennard W, Hirano M, Ohala J (1971) Laryngeal synergy in singing chest, head, and falsetto. The NATS Bull 27, 1: 16–21.
Vennard W, Hirano M, Ohala J (1970) Regulation of register, pitch and intensity of voice: an electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 22: 1–20.
Vennard W, Isshiki N (1964) Coup de glotte, a misunderstood expression. The NATS Bull 20, 3: 15–18.
Vennard W, von Leden H (1967) The importance of intensity modulation in the perception of a trill. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 19–26.
Vilkman E, Karma P (1989) Vertical hyoid bone displacement and fundamental frequency of phonation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 108(1-2): 142–151.
Von Leden, H, Werner-Kubuk E (1970) Vocal initiation: high speed cinematographic studies on normal subjects. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 20: 107.
Von Leden PM (1961) The mechanics of the cricoarytenoid joint. Arch Otolaryngol 73: 541–550.
Von Vogelsanger GT (1954) Experimentelle Prüfung der Stimmleistung beim Singen. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 6: 193–227.
Weiss DA (1950) The pubertal change of the human voice. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 2: 126–158.
Winckel F (1957) Über die psychophysiologische Wirkung des Vibratos. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 9: 81–87.
Winstanley S, Wright H (1991) Vocal fold contact area patterns in normal speakers: an investigation using the electrolaryngograph interface system. Br J Disord Commun 26(1): 25–39.
Woodson GE (1989) Effects of recurrent laryngeal nerve transection and vagotomy on respiratory contraction of the cricothyroid muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 98 (5, Pt 1): 373–378.
Wortham DG, Hoover LA, Lufkin RB, Fu YS (1986) Magnetic resonance imaging of the larynx: a correlation with histologic sections. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 94(1): 123–133.
Wyke BD (1974a) Laryngeal neuromuscular control systems in singing. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 26: 295–306.
Wyke BD (1976) Laryngeal reflex mechanisms in phonation. XVIth Int Congr of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, pp 528-537.
Yamguchi M, Koike Y (1990) Mucosal blood volume and oxygen saturation in the human vocal fold. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 110(3-4): 300–308.
Yanagihara N, Koike Y (1967) The regulation of sustained phonation. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 19: 1–18.
Yanagisawa E, Estill J, Mambrina L, Talkin D (1991) Supraglottic contributions to pitch raising. Videoendoscopic study with spectroanalysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 100(1): 19–30.
Yoshida Y, Hirano M, Yoshida T, Tateishi O (1985) Strobofiberscopic colour video recording of vocal fold vibration. J Laryngol Otol 99(8): 795–800.
Yoshida Y (1969) Study on vibration of the vocal cord during phonation using high-speed motion pictures. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 72: 1232–1250.
Yoshida Y, Saito T, et al (1989) Laryngeal sensory innervation: origins of sensory nerve fibers in the nodose ganglion of the cat. J Voice 3(4): 314–320.
Zemlin W, Davis P, Gaze C (1984) Fine morphology of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. Folia Phoniatria 36: 233–240.
Zenker W, Zenker A (1960) Über die Regelung der Stimmlippenspannung durch von außen eingreifende Mechanismen. Folia Phoniatr (Basel) 12: 1–36.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bunch, M.A. (1995). Phonation. In: Dynamics of the Singing Voice. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2065-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-2065-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-82623-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-2065-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive