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Movement Disorders Curricula pp 291–302Cite as

Tics and Tourette Syndrome

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Abstract

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from simple motor and phonic tics to complex movement cascades, and echophenomena and coprophenomena. Moreover, Tourette syndrome is frequently accompanied by obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, often leading to a higher psychosocial impairment than tics. Tics are typically associated with an uncontrollable, uncomfortable, premonitory urge to execute the tic. Although Tourette syndrome is highly heritable, no single gene could be identified as a main risk factor for developing tics, yet. Moreover, the severity of Tourette syndrome can be influenced by environmental factors such as stress or attention. Pathophysiologically, Tourette syndrome has been repeatedly associated with abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loops and the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. In accordance with these observations, successful treatment measures include neuroleptics, behavioural therapy and in severe cases tetra-hydro-cannabinol and deep brain stimulation of some of the structures in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loops.

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Abbreviations

ADHD:

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

BG:

Basal ganglia

CSTC:

Cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical

DA:

Dopamine

DBS:

Deep brain stimulation

ESSTS:

European Society for the Study of Tourette syndrome

GPe:

Globus pallidus externus

GPi:

Globus pallidus internus

GTS:

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

GWAS:

Genome-wide association studies

HRT:

Habit reversal therapy

OCD:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

SNPs:

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms

THC:

Tetra-hydro-cannabinol

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Acknowledgement

A. Münchau was supported by the Possehl-Stiftung, Lübeck. Research support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 936; MU 1692/4-1), and the University of Lübeck is also gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Paediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, Center for Brain Behaviour and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Maria-Curie-Strasse, 23562, Lübeck, Germany

    Valerie Cathérine Brandt & Alexander Münchau

  2. Neurologische Klinik, Universitätskrankenhaus Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, 20246, Germany

    Alexander Münchau

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  1. Valerie Cathérine Brandt
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  2. Alexander Münchau
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Correspondence to Valerie Cathérine Brandt .

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  1. Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania

    Cristian Falup-Pecurariu

  2. Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal

    Joaquim Ferreira

  3. National Center of Epidemiology and CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain

    Pablo Martinez-Martin

  4. Centre of Excellence, King’s College London, National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence King’s College, London, United Kingdom

    Kallol Ray Chaudhuri

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Brandt, V.C., Münchau, A. (2017). Tics and Tourette Syndrome. In: Falup-Pecurariu, C., Ferreira, J., Martinez-Martin, P., Chaudhuri, K. (eds) Movement Disorders Curricula. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1628-9_28

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