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Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Typanosomosis in Latin America: Secadera/Huequera/Cacho Hueco

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Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis

Abstract

The disease caused by T. vivax is commonly called Nagana in Africa and “secadera/cachera/cacho hueco/huequera” in parts of South America. This chapter will focus on the disease and its causative agent, reviewing new diagnostic methods, economic impact, chemotherapy, phylogenetic analysis of T. vivax isolates from Africa and South America, epidemiological studies in Latin America, and the analysis of recent genomic and transcriptomic data. T. vivax has a significant economic impact on livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is transmitted by the tsetse fly, and elsewhere in the African continent and in Central and South America, where it is transmitted mechanically. T. vivax is enzootic in most Latin American countries, and recurrent epizootic outbreaks causing significant morbidity and mortality have been reported over the past decades. Several significant landmarks in T. vivax research have been achieved in the last 2 years, including the publication of high-quality draft genome sequences and partial RNA-seq data for the Y486 strain, as well as the complete transcriptome of the LIEM-176 strain. Comparative analysis of the T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. congolense genomes revealed important differences in the surface proteins responsible for host immune response evasion in these species, and data from the T. vivax LIEM-76 transcriptome support the participation of other surface proteins, in addition to the VSG, in immune evasion. Proteins of the trans-sialidase family have been identified as important virulence factors that catalyze the desialylation of the host red blood cell, which in turn triggers the erythrophagocytosis that results in anemia. These findings will provide novel tools to tackle the challenge of controlling animal trypanosomosis caused by T. vivax in the developing world.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Secadera” (from seco = dried) refers to the emaciated/dehydrated physical condition of the animals suffering from a T. vivax infection often accompanied by other diseases such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, as well as vitamin and mineral deficiencies that trigger weight loss and skin that appears attached to the underlying muscles and bones.

  2. 2.

    The terms cachera/cacho hueco/huequera (from cacho = horn; hueco = hollow) relates to the paranasal sinuses bone resorption, including the base of the horn, associated with this disease and due to mineral deficiencies and/or bacterial opportunistic infections.

  3. 3.

    On May 26th, 1983 at the OIE Headquarters.

  4. 4.

    T. vivax vivax, corresponds to the previous denomination for the African parasite, whereas, T. (D.) vivax viennei Lavier, 1921 was used for the non-tsetse transmitted closely related parasite in South and Central America.

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Acknowledgments

Our work was supported by DID-USB (GID21); FONACIT project G-98003462, Misión Ciencia project 2007-1425, and INCO project Trypadvac2-003716.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología Celular, Grupo de Bioquímica e Inmunología de Hemoparásitos, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela

    Mary Isabel Gonzatti, Bernardo González-Baradat & Pedro M. Aso

  2. Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios Grupo de Inmunobiología, Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez-IDECYT, Caracas, Venezuela

    Bernardo González-Baradat & Armando Reyna-Bello

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  1. Mary Isabel Gonzatti
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  2. Bernardo González-Baradat
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  3. Pedro M. Aso
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  4. Armando Reyna-Bello
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Correspondence to Mary Isabel Gonzatti .

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  1. Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Imm, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Faculty of Science, Brussels, Belgium

    Stefan Magez

  2. Science Europe, Brussels, Brussels Hoofdst.ge., Belgium

    Magdalena Radwanska

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Gonzatti, M.I., González-Baradat, B., Aso, P.M., Reyna-Bello, A. (2014). Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Typanosomosis in Latin America: Secadera/Huequera/Cacho Hueco. In: Magez, S., Radwanska, M. (eds) Trypanosomes and Trypanosomiasis. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1556-5_11

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