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Molecular Parasitology pp 241–284Cite as

Plasmodium

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Abstract

Malaria is the most important parasitic disease worldwide in terms of numbers of affected people and mortality. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which have a complex life cycle including insect vectors that are in the case of human malaria exclusively Anopheles mosquitoes. To date the genomes of several Plasmodium species have been sequenced. The overall genome organization is rather conserved, but highly divers species-specific gene families have been identified as well. The different life cycle stages exhibit a very variable morphology reflecting their respective needs. The change in cell shape during development is genetically inherited, but epigenetic factors also appear to play an important role. In the vertebrate host cell invasion and egress are crucial steps for the survival of the parasite and have evolved to highly orchestrated events, and some molecular details have been deciphered to date. Invasion occurs by invagination of the host cell membrane, and the parasite finally resides in a parasitophorous vacuole. From there it controls the behavior of its host cell by secretion of proteins into the host cell cytoplasm and to its surface. Exposed parasite proteins at the surface of an infected red blood cell allow cytoadherence and are responsible for the pathogenicity of a Plasmodium infection. Egress is a two-step process initiated by the rupture of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and followed by disintegration of the host cell membrane that involves the activation of proteases, kinases, and membrane lytic enzymes. Recent discoveries revealed completely new parasite strategies to switch from asexual to sexual development during the blood stage and to avoid elimination by cytosolic immune responses of host cells during infection of hepatocytes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Klaus Jürries for providing the life cycle graphics in Fig. 9.1. We are also grateful to Annika Rennenberg for providing the graphics in Fig. 9.2 a and Nicole Struck and Marco Schaffner for the images in 9.2. b and c. Rebecca Stanway is thanked for the apicoplast images in Fig. 9.3 Ross Douglas is thanked for critically reading the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Hochschulstrasse 4, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland

    Volker Heussler

  2. Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, D-20359, Hamburg, Germany

    Volker Heussler & Tobias Spielmann

  3. Parasitology-Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Friedrich Frischknecht

  4. Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, MDCL 2306, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, USA

    Tim Gilberger PhD

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  1. Volker Heussler
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  4. Tim Gilberger PhD
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Correspondence to Volker Heussler .

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  1. Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Julia Walochnik

  2. Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria

    Michael Duchêne

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Heussler, V., Spielmann, T., Frischknecht, F., Gilberger, T. (2016). Plasmodium . In: Walochnik, J., Duchêne, M. (eds) Molecular Parasitology. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1416-2_9

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