Abstract
Psychotherapy research has revealed the centrality of relational factors, such as the alliance, in psychotherapy process. This chapter places these findings in the context of contemporary research in developmental psychology, and in the discipline of pragmatics, the study of human communication in its immediate context. It proposes the adoption of the natural observational methods used in these disciplines for the multidisciplinary study of therapeutic interaction. A review of the relevant background is followed by a demonstration of this analytic approach. The chapter concludes with suggestions for a multimodal programme of research into relational processes in psychotherapy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Angus LE, McLeod J (2004) A handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: practice, theory and research. Sage, London
Austin J (1975) How to do things with words. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Bartsch K, Wellman HJ (1995) Children talk about the mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Benecke C, Peham D, Banninger- Huber E (2005) Nonverbal relationship regulation in psychotherapy. Psychother Res 15(1):81–90. doi:10.1080/10503300512331327065
Bruner J (1990) Acts of meaning. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
Bybee J, Scheibman J (1999) The effect of usage on degrees of constituency. Linguistics 37(4):575–596
Caffi C (1994) Pragmatic presupposition. In: Asher RE, Simpson JMY (eds) Encyclopaedia of language and linguistics, vol 6. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 3320–3327
Caffi C (1999) On mitigation. J Pragmat 31(7):881–909
Caffi C, Janney RW (1994) Toward a pragmatics of emotive communication. J Pragmat 22:325–373
Colli A, Lingiardi V (2009) The collaborative interactions scale: a new transcript-based method for the assessment of therapeutic alliance ruptures and resolutions in psychotherapy. Psychother Res 19(6):718–734. doi:10.1080/10503300903121098
Diessel H, Tomasello M (2001) The acquisition of finite complement clauses in English: a corpus based analysis. Linguistics 12:97–141
Dreher M, Mengele U, Krause R, Kammerer A (2001) Affective indicators of the therapeutic process. Psychother Res 11(1):99–117. doi:10.1080/713663855
Eggins S (2004) An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. Continuum International Publishing Group, London
Enfield NJ, Levinson SC (2006) Roots of human sociality: culture, cognition and interaction. Berg, Oxford
Habermas J (1987) The theory of communicative action, vol 2. Polity Press, Cambridge
Hendriks-Jansen H (1996) Catching ourselves in the act. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Heritage J (2002) The limits of questioning: negative interrogatives and hostile question content. J Pragmat 34:1427–1446. doi:10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00072-3
Horvath A (2005) The therapeutic relationship: research and theory. Psychother Res 15(1–2):3–7. doi:10.1080/10503300512331339143
Horvath A (2006) The alliance in context: accomplishments, challenges, future directions. Psychother Res 43(3):258–263. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.43.3.258
Kato S (2008) Anxiety arousal and it mitigation in psychotherapy interaction from the perspective of territory of information. Presentation to the International Conference of the Society of Psychotherapy Research, Barcelona
Kaye K (1982) Organism, apprentice and person. In: Tronick E (ed) Social interchange in infancy. University Park Press, Baltimore, pp 183–196
Knox J (2010) Self-agency in psychotherapy: attachment, autonomy and intimacy. W.W. Norton, London
Labov W (1997) Some further steps in narrative analysis. J Narrat Life Hist 7:395–415
Labov W, Waletzky J (1967) Narrative structures. In: Helm J (ed) Essays in the verbal and visual arts. University of Washington Press, Seattle, pp 12–44
Lambert M (ed) (2004) Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. Wiley, New York
Lepper G (2000) Categories in text and talk. Sage, London
Lepper G, Mergenthaler E (2005) Exploring group process. Psychother Res 15(4):433–444. doi:10.1080/10503300500091587
Lepper G, Mergenthaler E (2007) Therapeutic collaboration: How does it work? Psychother Res 17(5):576–588. doi:10.1080/10503300601140002
Lepper G, Mergenthaler E (2008) Observing therapeutic interaction in the “Lisa” case”. Psychother Res 18(6):634–645. doi:10.1080/10503300701442001
Levinson S (1983) Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Levinson S (2006) The human “interaction engine”. In: Enfield NJ, Levinson S (eds) Roots of human sociality. Berg, Oxford, pp 39–69
Meltzoff A (2005) Imitation and “other minds”: the “like me” hypothesis. In: Hurley S, Chater N (eds) Perspectives on imitation: from neuroscience to social science, vol 2. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 55–77
Mey J (1999) Pragmatics: an introduction. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford
Muntigl P, Knight N, Horvath A, Watkins A (2012a) Client attitudinal stance and therapist-client affiliation: a view from grammar and social interaction. Res Psychother Psychopathol Process Outcome 15(2):117–130. doi:10.7411/RP.2012.012
Muntigl P, Knight N, Watkins A (2012b) Working to keep aligned in psychotherapy: using nods as a dialogic resource to display affiliation. Language and Dialogue, Dialogue and Representation, pp 9–27 (19). doi:10.1075/ld.2.1.01mun
Muran JC, Safran JD, Gorman BS, Samstag LW, Eubanks-Carter C, Winston A (2009) The relationship of early alliance ruptures and their resolution to process and outcome in 3 time limited psychotherapies for personality disorder. Psychother Res Theory Pract Train 46(2):233–248. doi:10.1037/a0016085
Nitti M, Ciavolino E, Salvatore S, Gennard A (2010) Analyzing psychotherapy process as intersubjective sensemaking: an approach based on discourse analysis and neural networks. Psychother Res 20(5):546–564. doi:10.1080/10503301003641886
Peyers J (2006) Constructing the social mind: language and false-belief understanding. In: Enfield N, Levinson S (eds) Roots of human sociality: culture, cognition and interaction. Berg, Oxford
Pomerantz A (1984) Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In: Atkinson J, Heritage J (eds) Structures of social action: studies in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 57–101
Ramseyer F, Tschacher W (2011) Nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: coordinated body movement reflects relationship quality and outcome. J Consult Clin Psychol 79(3):284–295. doi:10.1037/a0023419
Ruffman T, Slade L, Crowe E (2002) The relation between children’s and mother’s mental state language and theory-of-mind understanding. Child Dev 73(3):734–751. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00435
Sacks H (1992) Lectures in conversation, vol 1, 2. Blackwell, Oxford
Sacks H, Schegloff E, Jefferson G (1974) A simplest systematic for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50:696–735
Salvatore S, Gelo OCG, Gennaro A, Manzo S, Al Radaideh A (2010) Looking at the psychotherapy process as an intersubjective dynamic of meaning making: a study with discourse flow analysis. J Constr Psychol 23(3):195–230. doi:10.1080/10720531003765981
Saussure F (1974) Course in general linguistics. Fontana, London
Schegloff EA (1972a) Notes on a conversational practice: formulating place. In: Sudnow D (ed) Studies in social interaction. Free Press, New York, pp 75–119
Schegloff EA (1972b) Sequencing in conversational openings. In: Gumperz J, Hymes D (eds) Directions in sociolinguistics. Holt Rineheart and Winston, New York, pp 346–380
Schegloff E (1992) Repair after next turn: the last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation. Am J Sociol 98:1295–1345
Schiffrin D (1987) Discourse markers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Searle J (1969) Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Silverman D (2006) Interpreting qualitative data: methods for analyzing talk, text and interaction, 3rd edn. Sage, London
Slobin DI (1996) From “thought and language” to “thinking for speaking”. In: Gumperz J, Levinson S (eds) Rethinking linguistic relativity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 70–96
Stiles WB, Agnew-Davis R, Hardy GE, Barkham M, Shapiro D (1998) Relations of the alliance with psychotherapy outcomes: findings in the second Sheffield psychotherapy project. J Consult Clin Psychol 66(5):791–802
Ten Have P (1999) Doing conversation analysis: a practical guide. Sage, London
Trevarthen C (1977) Descriptive analyses of infant communicative behaviour. In: Schaffer H (ed) Studies in mother-infant interaction: proceedings of Loch |Lomond symposium. Academic, New York, pp 227–270
Tronick E (2007) The neurobiological and social-emotional development of children. Norton, New York
Verhagen A (2005) Constructions of intersubjectivity: discourse, syntax and cognition. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Wampold BE (2001) The great psychotherapy debate: models, methods, findings. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
Wittgenstein L (1968) Philosophical investigations. Basil Blackwell, Oxford
Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge my indebtedness to my colleagues Dr. Jean Knox and Dr. Sumi Kato both of whom have made important contributions both to the analysis and to my thinking in this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lepper, G. (2015). A Pragmatic Approach to the Study of Therapeutic Interaction: Toward an Observational Science of Psychotherapy Process. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_25
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-1381-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-1382-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)