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Tertiary Plastid Endosymbioses in Dinoflagellates

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Endosymbiosis

Abstract

Dinoflagellates are a peculiar group of protists with a surprising and varied history of plastid acquisition. They employ a variety of trophic strategies including photoautotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy, with multiple modes of food ingestion identified. This collection of features apparently preadapted dinoflagellates for acquisition of a bewildering array of photosynthetic bodies ranging from “stolen” plastids (or kleptoplastids) through permanent endosymbionts to true plastids, acquired in various primary, secondary, and tertiary endosymbioses. In this chapter, we focus on tertiary plastid endosymbioses (that is, uptake of an alga with a complex, secondary plastid), and especially on three that show distinct levels of host–endosymbiont integration. These endosymbiotic consortia are represented by (1) cryptophyte-derived kleptoplastids in Dinophysis species, (2) diatom endosymbionts in genera known as “dinotoms” (e.g., Kryptoperidinium and Durinskia), and (3) haptophyte-derived plastids in Karenia, Karlodinium, and Takayama. We discuss details of the structures, evolutionary origins, and processes involved in these varied endosymbioses, including feeding mechanisms, endosymbiotic gene transfer, and how nucleus-encoded proteins are targeted to each of these photosynthetic entities. Available data support previous predictions that all these photosynthetic bodies evolved via replacements of the peridinin plastid found in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. P.J. Hansen for helpful comments. We also would like to thank Prof. W. Löffelhardt for inviting us to write this chapter and for his patience during its preparation. This work was supported by grant UMO-2011/01/N/NZ8/00150 to P. Gagat and P. Mackiewicz and Wrocław University grant 1069/S/KBEE/2012 to A. Bodył.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland

    Przemysław Gagat & Paweł Mackiewicz

  2. Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Wrocław, ul. Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148, Wrocław, Poland

    Andrzej Bodył

  3. Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Howell Science, N108, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA

    John W. Stiller

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  1. Przemysław Gagat
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  2. Andrzej Bodył
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  3. Paweł Mackiewicz
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  4. John W. Stiller
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Correspondence to Paweł Mackiewicz .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Wolfgang Löffelhardt

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Gagat, P., Bodył, A., Mackiewicz, P., Stiller, J.W. (2014). Tertiary Plastid Endosymbioses in Dinoflagellates. In: Löffelhardt, W. (eds) Endosymbiosis. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1303-5_13

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