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Cancer Immunoediting: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Immune Escape in Solid Tumors

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Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells

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Abstract

Emphasizing the dynamic processes between cancer and host immune system, the initially discovered concept of cancer immunosurveillance has been replaced by the current concept of cancer immunoediting consisting of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Solid tumors composed of both cancer and host stromal cells are an example of how the three phases of cancer immunoediting functionally evolve, and how a tumor shaped by the host immune system gets a finally resistant phenotype. Elimination, equilibrium, and escape are described in this chapter in detail, including the role of immune surveillance, cancer dormancy, disruption of the antigen-presenting machinery, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and resistance to apoptosis, as well as the function of tumor stroma, microvesicles, exosomes and inflammation.

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Abbreviations

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

APM:

Antigen-processing machinery

CAFs:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

CCR7:

C–C chemokine receptor type 7

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic antigen

COX:

Cyclooxygenase

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

CSF-1:

Colony-stimulating factor-1

CTLA-4:

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4

CTLs:

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

CXCR1:

Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha

DCs:

Dendritic cells

DTCs:

Disseminated solitary tumor cells

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition or transformation

EOC:

Epithelial ovarian cancer

FasL:

Fas ligand

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

GITR:

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor

GLI:

Glioma-associated oncogene homolog

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Hh:

Hedgehog signaling

HIF-1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

Hsp:

Heat-shock protein

IAPs:

Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IDO:

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

IFN:

Interferon

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IL:

Interleukin

ILT:

Immunoglobulin-like transcript

JAK:

Janus kinase

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinases

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

M-CSF:

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

MMPs:

Metalloproteinases

MVD:

Microvessel density

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κB

NK:

Natural killer cells

NKG2D:

Activating receptor of NK cells

NKT:

Natural killer T cells

NO:

nitric oxide

PBLs:

Peripheral blood lymphocytes

PD-1:

Programmed death-1 and its ligand PD-L1 (also called B7-H1)

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

RANTES:

Regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (CCL5)

RCAS1:

Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROI:

Reactive oxygen intermediates

STAT:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription

TAA:

Tumor-associated antigen

TAMs:

Tumor-associated macrophages

TANs:

Tumor-associated neutrophils

TAP:

Antigen peptide transporter

TCR:

T cell receptor

TEMs:

Tie-2-expressing monocytes/macrophages

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

TILs:

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

Tr1 cells:

Type 1 regulatory T cells

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Tregs:

T regulatory cells

TSA:

Tumor specific antigen

uPAR:

Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Gynecology, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital – Research Institute, Lodz, Poland

    Jacek R. Wilczynski

  2. Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

    Jacek R. Wilczynski & Marek Nowak

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  1. Jacek R. Wilczynski
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  2. Marek Nowak
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Correspondence to Jacek R. Wilczynski .

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  1. Institute of Medical Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland

    Magdalena Klink

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Wilczynski, J.R., Nowak, M. (2014). Cancer Immunoediting: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Immune Escape in Solid Tumors. In: Klink, M. (eds) Interaction of Immune and Cancer Cells. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1300-4_8

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