Abstract
In this chapter we cross-check current concepts by making use of all the available information starting from accidental brain lesions to brain imaging studies, from animals to humans, and from normal manifestations to abnormal forms of aggression. The analysis focuses on four brain regions, namely the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. While the number of brain regions involved in aggression is considerably larger, current views suggest that these four have critical roles and can be considered focal points of aggression control. The ultimate aim is to map the possibility of building a comprehensive neural theory of aggression control and of identifying brain alterations that result in dysfunctional aggression.
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Notes
- 1.
No data in cats are available, because all models of abnormal aggression utilize rodents.
- 2.
C-Fos belongs to a class of genes that are summarized under the generic term “immediate early genes.” Such genes are rapidly activated in neurons that are particularly active (e.g., are activated by a behavioral test). Their end product (e.g., the c-Fos protein) can be labeled immunohistochemically and can serve to identify neurons that were active during the behavioral test. This is the basis of identifying neuronal activation patterns associated with behaviors.
- 3.
Unfortunately, a similar table cannot be compiled for the lateral hypothalamus because of the paucity of data.
- 4.
Lesions were observed in the basal ganglia, corpus callosum, occipital lobe, operculum, orbitofrontal gyrus, parietal lobe, rectal gyrus (part of the orbitofrontal area), temporal lobe, thalamus, as well as prefrontal white matter that likely included the projections of the orbitofrontal area.
- 5.
This active involvement may be direct (stimulatory) or indirect (manifested by the “inhibition of inhibition”) as proposed by Potegal (2012). The latter hypothesis, however, does not annul the “active” and execution-bound nature of the involvement.
- 6.
This was a “regular” resident-intruder test performed in female hamsters; no maternal aggression involved.
- 7.
The “catFISH” technology exploits the spatiotemporal features of C-Fos expression. When two tests are performed in succession with an appropriate delay (e.g., 1 h), and brains are sampled shortly after the second test, the localization of the c-Fos signal differentiates neurons activated by the first test (signal localized to the nucleus) from those activated by the second test (signal dispersed within the cytoplasm).
- 8.
The model was described in Chap. 1.
- 9.
Unlike with other structures, the periaqueductal gray will be abbreviated because of the length of the phrase and because the abbreviation PAG is widely used.
- 10.
The cat was used as an example, because fight cannot be easily evoked from the PAG of the rat, while data in humans are sparse as shown below.
- 11.
This model was described in Chap. 1.
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Haller, J. (2014). Focal Points of Aggression Control. In: Neurobiological Bases of Abnormal Aggression and Violent Behaviour. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1268-7_4
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