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Closing the Circle: Stem Cell Rejuvenation and Longevity

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Stem Cell Aging: Mechanisms, Consequences, Rejuvenation

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Abstract

Many organs with high cell turnover (e.g., intestine and blood as well as the germ line) are composed of short-lived cells that require continuous replenishment by stem cells (Potten and Morris J Cell Sci Suppl 10:45–62, 1988; Morrison et al. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 11: 35–71, 1995; Fuchs et al. Cell 100(1):143–155, 2000; Tani et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(20):10960–10965, 2000; Stappenbeck et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(3):1004–1009, 2003). Aging results in the inability of these tissues to maintain homeostasis. A number of theories have been proposed regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating aging, and genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors may all be involved. Declines in the functional capacity of both somatic organ cells but also adult stem cells impair tissue maintenance and regeneration during aging, which may limit lifespan and thus longevity. Tissues that depend on stem cell activity for long-term tissues maintenance of course will be most vulnerable to stem cell aging. High incidences of anemia, impaired wound healing, and intestinal dysfunction in geriatric patients indicate that such alteration can affect the health status of aging humans (de Craen et al. BMJ 327(7407):131–132, 2003). In addition, an age-dependent impairment of stem cell function and a reduction in regenerative capacity can limit stress reactions in response to diseases. Along these lines, “old age” represents a major risk factor for the evolution of, for example, liver cirrhosis as a consequence of chronic hepatitis (Poynard et al. J Hepatol 38(3):257–265, 2003) or various forms of leukemia. Vas et al. PLoS One 7(8):e42080, 2012).

Stem cells are defined by their long-term self-renewal as well as multi-lineage differentiation ability, which a priori should lead to “immortal stem cells.” Consequently, stem cells were initially thought to be endowed with unlimited self-renewal capacity and thus exempt from aging. However, as it has also been reported in this book, a measurable and successive age-dependent decline in stem cell activity from adulthood to old age exists, ranging from yeast to worms to flies to mice and human beings and include prominent stem cell populations like germ line stem cells, hematopoietic, intestinal, skin, retinoid, and muscle stem cells. Aging of stem cell thus (1) exists and (2) clearly contributes to tissue aging and (3) limits by this means healthy aging.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are supported by grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 1074 and 1149) and the GRK 1079 CEMMA (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), the BMBF-funded Program SyStaR, and the Exzellenz-Programm of the Baden-Württemberg-Stiftung and from the National Institute of Health, HL076604, DK077762, and AG040118.

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  1. Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, James Franck-Ring 11c, Ulm, 89081, Germany

    Maria Carolina Florian PhD & Hartmut Geiger PhD

  2. Department of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Centre (CCHMC), 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA

    Hartmut Geiger PhD

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  1. Maria Carolina Florian PhD
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Correspondence to Maria Carolina Florian PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

    Hartmut Geiger

  2. Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA

    Heinrich Jasper

  3. Dermatology and Allergic Diseases, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany

    Maria Carolina Florian

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Florian, M.C., Geiger, H. (2015). Closing the Circle: Stem Cell Rejuvenation and Longevity. In: Geiger, H., Jasper, H., Florian, M. (eds) Stem Cell Aging: Mechanisms, Consequences, Rejuvenation. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1232-8_16

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