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KLRB Receptor Family and Human Early Activation Antigen (CD69)

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Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications

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Abstract

Natural killer cells are important component of the innate immune system, providing protection against intracellular infection particularly viruses and also neoplasia through direct cytotoxic mechanisms and the secretion of cytokines. They mediate their effects through direct cytolysis, release of cytokines and regulation of subsequent adaptive immune responses. They are called ‘natural’ killers because, unlike cytotoxic T cells, they do not require a previous challenge and preactivation to become active. NK cells can be activated by a range of soluble factors, including type I interferons, IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18, but also by direct cell to cell contact between NK cell receptors and target cell ligands. NK cells possess an elaborate array of receptors, which regulate NK cytotoxic and secretory functions upon interaction with target cell MHC class I proteins. Determination of structures of NK cell receptors and their ligand complexes has led to a fast growth in our understanding of the activation and ligand recognition by these receptors as well as their function in innate immunity. B and T cells significantly and differentially influence the homeostasis and the phenotype of NK cells. The function of NK cell is tightly regulated by a fine balance of inhibitory and activating signals that are delivered by a diverse array of cell surface receptors. A prerequisite for a NK cell attack is the presence on target cells of ligands for activating receptors and low level or absence of ligands for inhibitory receptors. It was believed that NK self-tolerance was achieved by expression on each NK cell of at least one self-MHC specific inhibitory receptor. However, this dogma has been challenged after identification of a NK cell population in normal mice that lack inhibitory receptors specific for self-MHC class I molecules (Kumar and McNerney 2005; Fernandez et al. 2005). Therefore, it was made clear that some additional surface receptors contribute to NK self-tolerance and to the modulation of NK cell responses. The characterization and the identification of their physiological ligands allow us a comprehensive understanding of NK cell function.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vaccine Production Division, Panacea Biotec, Lalru (Mohali), Punjab, India

    Rajesh K. Gupta (General Manager)

  2. Department of Biophysics, Punjab University, Chandigarh, India

    G. S. Gupta (Former Professor and Chairman)

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  1. Rajesh K. Gupta
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Gupta, R.K., Gupta, G.S. (2012). KLRB Receptor Family and Human Early Activation Antigen (CD69). In: Animal Lectins: Form, Function and Clinical Applications. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1065-2_29

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