Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology - the influence of socioeconomic differences

  • Chapter
Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

  • 801 Accesses

Abstract

In the last 150 years infant mortality has decreased continuously. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the infant mortality rate was about 160 per 1,000 live births in England, with remarkable differences between largely agricultural counties (rate of 110 per 1,000) and largely industrial counties (rate 163 per 1,000). This rate declined and by the middle of the twentieth century it was about 20–30/1,000 live births [1]. The same situation was apparent in other European regions and the United States [2, 3]. Leading causes of death were atrophy, debility and marasmus; followed by diarrhoea and enteritis; and in third place bronchitis and pneumonia. The association of infant mortality with poverty and unsuitable housing was clear [1, 3]. This situation has not changed, as evidenced by the 2009 World Health Statistics. Globally, an estimated 37 % of deaths among children younger than 5 years occur in the first month of life, most in the first week. Countries making the least progress in reducing infant mortality rates are generally those experiencing high rates of HIV/AIDS, economic hardship or conflict. Disease incidence could be reduced by improved water and sanitation supply. However, because the availability and use of proven interventions at the community level remain low, pneumonia and diarrhoea kills 3.8 million children younger than 5 years annually [4]. Studies analysing infant mortality in the Americas reveal a continuous reduction of infant mortality from 90.34 per 1,000 live births in 1955 to 31.31 in 1995, that is, a reduction of 65 %. Not all countries of the region realised the same reduction. Paraguay, Guyana, Bolivia and Haiti showed a decrease of 41–60 %, while most countries (among others, the United States) saw a reduction between 61 and 80 %. Ten countries had a decrease of more than 80%, with the highest reductions in Cuba (87.65%), Chile (88.33%) and Barbados (93.18%). One of the findings of this study is that social inequalities and disparity in health — two facts closely connected — persist in countries of the Americas Region (regions are designated by the World Health Organisation [WHO]). Government health expenditures in several countries are usually more beneficial for those better off than for the poor, although political will combined with effective public policies could shift the focus of the expenditures towards the poor (as happened in Cuba, Chile and Barbados), thus reducing infants mortality rate as indicator of the general health condition of a population [5].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aykroyd WR, Kevany JP (1973) Mortality in infancy and early childhood in Ireland, Scotland and England and Wales, 1871–1970. Ecol Food Nutr 2:11–19

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Moring B (1998) Motherhood, mild, and money. Infant mortality in pre-industrial Finland. Soc Hist Med 11(2):177–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lee KS (2007) Infant mortality decline in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Perspect iol Med 50:585–602

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. World Health Statistics (2009) www.who.int/whosis/whostat

  5. Schneider MC, Castillo-Salgado C, Layola-Elizondo E, et al. (2002) Trends in infant mortality inequalities in the Americas: 1955–1995. J Epidemiol Community Health 56:538–541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. McKinnon J (2001) The black population: 2000. Census 2000 Brief. http://ww.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.htlm

  7. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF (2007) Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep 55(14):1–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Goldberg J, Hayes W, Huntley J (2004) Understanding Health disparities. The Health Policy Institute of Ohio, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  9. Singh GK, Yu SM (1996) US childhood mortality, 1950 through 1993: Trends and socioeconomic differentials. Am J Public Health 86:505–512

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Singh GK, Yu SM (1995) Infant mortality in the United States: Trends, differentials, and projections, 1950 through 2010. Am J Public Health 85:957–964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Singh GK, Kogan MD (2007) Widening socioeconomic disparities in US childhood mortality, 1969–2000. Am J Public Health 97:1658–1665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Singh GK, Kogan MD (2007) Persistent socioeconomic disparities in infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates in the United States, 1969–2001. Pediatr 119:e928–e939

    Google Scholar 

  13. Sims M, Sims TL, Bruce MA (2007) Urban poverty and infant mortality rate disparities. J Nat Med Assoc 99(4):349–356

    Google Scholar 

  14. Huynh M, Parker JD, Harper S, Pamuk E, Schoendorf KC (2005) Contextual effect of income inequality on birth outcomes. Int J Epidemiol 34:888–895

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bruckner TA, Saxton KB, Anderson E, Goldman S, Gould JB (2009) Prom paradox to disparity: Trends in neonatal death in very low birth weight non-Hispanic black and white infants, 1989–2004. J Pediatr 155:482–487

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Dominguez TP (2008) Race, racism, and racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes. Clin Obstet Gynecol 51(2):360–370

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schrempf AH, Branum AM, Lukacs SL, Schoendorf KC (2007) The contribution of preterm birth to the black-white infant mortality gap, 1990 and 2000. Am J Public Health 97:1255–1260

    Google Scholar 

  18. Schoendorf KC, Hogue CJR, Kleinman JC, Rowley D (1992) Mortality among infants of black as compared with white college-educated parents. N Engl J Med 326:1522–1526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Wise PH, Pursley DM (1992) Infant mortality as a social mirror. N Engl J Med 326:1558–1560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Howell EA, Hebert P, Chatterjee S, Kleinman LC, Chassin MR (2008) Black/white differences in very low birth weight neonatal mortality rates among New York City hospitals. Pediatr 121:e407–e415

    Google Scholar 

  21. Craig ED, Thompson JMD, Mitchell EA (2002) socioeconomic status and preterm birth: New Zealand trends, 1980 to 1999. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 86:F142–F146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Smith LK, Draper ES, Manktelow BN, Field DJ (2009) Socioeconomic inequalities in survival and provision of neonatal care: population based study of very preterm infants. Br Med J 339:b4702

    Google Scholar 

  23. Barros FC, Victora CG, Barros a. JD, Santos IS, Albernazu E, Matijasevich A, domingues MR, Sclowith IK, Hallal PC, Silveira MF, Vaughan JP (2005) The challenge of reducing neonatal mortality in middle-income countries findings from three Brazilian birth cohorts in 1982, 1993, and 2004. Lancet 365:847–854

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Costello A, Osrin D (2005) Epidemiological transition, medicalisation of childbirth, and neonatal mortality: three Brazilian birth-cohorts. Lancet 365:825–826

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Weller TH (1998) Science, society, and changing viral-host relationships. Hosp Pract 30:113–120

    Google Scholar 

  26. Maulik D (2006) Fetal growth restriction: The etiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49(2):228–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hendrix N, Berghella V (2008) Non-placental causes of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol 32:161–165

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ergaz Z, Avgil M, Ornoy A (2005) Intrauterine growth restriction — etiology and consequences: What do we know about the human situation and experimental animal models? Reprod Toxicol 20:301–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Vidaeff AC, Ramin SM (2006) From concept to practice: the recent history of preterm delivery prevention. Part II: Subclinical infection and hormonal effects. Am J Perinatol 23(2):75–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brabin BJ (1985) Epidemiology of infection in pregnancy. Rev Infect Dis 7(5):579–603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gibson CS, Goldwater PN, MacLennan AH, Haan EA, Priest K, Dekker GA (2008) for the South Australian Cerebral Palsy Research Group. Fetal exposure to herpesviruses may be associated with pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders and preterm birth in a Caucasian population. BJOG 115:492–500

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Barbi M, Binda S, Caroppo S, Calvario A, Germinario C, Bozzi A, Tanzi ML, Veronesi L, Mura I, Piana A, Solinas G, Pugni L, Bevilaqua G, Mosca F (2006) Multicity Italian study of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:156–159

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Nahmias AJ, Josay WE, Naib ZM, Freeman MG, Fernandez RJ, Wheeler JH (1971) Perinatal risk associated with maternal genital herpes simplex virus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 110:825–837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hawkes S (2009) Eliminating congenital syphilis — if not now then when? Sex Transm Dis 36(11):721–723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Woods CR (2009) Congenital syphilis — persisting pestilence. Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:536–537

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bale Jr. JF (2002) Congenital infections. Neurol Clin N Am 20:1039–1060

    Google Scholar 

  37. Haun L, Kwan N, Hollier LM (2007) Viral infections in pregnancy. Minerva Ginecol 59:159–174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Franca CM, Mugayar LRF (2004) Intrauterine infections: A literature review. Spec Care Dentist 24(5):250–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Remington JS, Klein JO (1995) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 4th ed. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  40. Syridou C, Spanakis N, Konstantinidou A, Piperaki ET, Kafetzis D, Patsouris E, Antsaklis A, Tsakris A (2008) Detection of cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and herpes simplex viruses in cases of intrauterine fetal death: association with pathological findings. J Med Virol 80:1776–1782

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Alford CA (1982) An epidemiologic overview of intrauterine and perinatal infections of man. Mead Johnson Symp Perinat Dev Med 21:3–11

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Abdel-Fattah SA, Bhat A, Ilanes S, Bartha JL, Carriongton D (2005) TORCH test for fetal medicine indications: only CMV is necessary in the United Kingdom. Prenat Diagn 25:1028–1031

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Deorari AK, Broor S, Maitreyi RS, Agarwal d., Kumar H, Paul VK, Singh M (2000) Incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of intrauterine infections in neonates. J Trop Pediatr 46:155–159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Spika JS, Wassilak S, Pebody R, Lipskaya G, Deshevoi S, Güris D, Emiroglu N (2003) Measles and rubella in the World Health Organization European region: diversity creates challenges. JID 187(Suppl 1):S191–S125

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Reef SE, Cochi SL (2006) The evidence for the elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the United States: a public health achievement. CID 43(Suppl 3):S123–S125

    Google Scholar 

  46. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) Progress toward elimination of measles and prevention of congenital rubella infection — European region, 1990–2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54(7):175–178

    Google Scholar 

  47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2008) Progress toward elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome — the Americas, 2003–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 57(43):1176–1179

    Google Scholar 

  48. Salafia CM, Charles AK, Maas EM (2006) Placenta and fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49(2):236–256

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ventolini G, Neiger R (2006) Placental dysfunction: Pathophysiology and clinical considerations. J Obstet Gynaecol 26(8):728–730

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Salafia C (1997) Placental pathology of fetal growth restriction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 40(4):740–749

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Scifres CM, Nelson DM (2009) Intrauterine growth restriction, human placental development and trophoblast cell death. J Physiol 587(14):3453–3458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Nordenvall M, Sandstedt B (1990) Placental villitis and intrauterine growth retardation in a Swedish population. APMIS 98:19–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Faye-Petersen OM (2008) The placenta in preterm birth. J Clin Pathol 61:1261–1275

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Garcia AGP (1982) Placental morphology of low-birth-weight infants born at term. Contr. Gynec Obstet 9:100–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Altshuler G, Russel P (1975) The human placental villitides: a review of chronic intrauterine infection. Curr Top Pathol 60:64–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Redline RW (2007) Villitis of unknown etiology: non-infectious chronic villitis in the placenta. Hum Pathol 38:1439–1446

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Altshuler G (1977) Placentitis, with a new light on an old ToRCH. Obstet Gynecol Annu 6:197–221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Thulliez P (1992) Screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis in France. Scand J Infect Dis 84:43–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Berger F, Goulet V, Le STrat Y, Desenclos JC (2009) Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in France: risk factors and change of prevalence between 1995 and 2003. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 57(4):241–248

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hayes K, Gibas H (1971) Placental cytomegalovirus infection without fetal involvement following primary infection in pregnancy. J Pediatr 79:401–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kenneson A, Cannon MJ (2007) Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol 17:253–276

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Halwachs-Baumann G, Genser B (2003) Die konnatale Zytomegalievirusinfektion. Epidemiologie — Diagnose — Therapie. Springer, Wien New York

    Google Scholar 

  63. Halwachs-Baumann G (2006) The congenital cytomegalovirus infection: virus-host interaction for defense and transmission. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 7:303–312

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Gaytant MA, Steegers AP, Semmekrot BA, Merkus HMMW, Galama JMD (2002) Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection: Review of the epidemiology and outcome. Obstet Gynecol Surv 57(4):245–256

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Staras SAS, Dollard SC, Radford KW, Flanders WD, Fass RF, Cannon MJ (2006) Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States, 1988–1994. Clin Infect Dis 43:1143–1151

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Chandler SH, Alexander ER, Holmes KK (1985) Epidemiology of cytomegaloviral infection in a heterogeneous population of pregnant women. J Infect Dis 152(2):249–256

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Boppana SB, Rivera LB, Fowler KB, Mach M, Britt WJ (2001) Intrauterine transmission of cytomegalovirus to infants of women with preconceptional immunity. N Engl J Med 344(18):1366–1371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Novak Z, Ross SA, Patro RK, Pati SK, Kumbla RA, Brice S, Boppana SB (2008) Cytomegalovirus strain diversity in seropositive women. J Clin Microbiol 46(3):882–886

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Stagno s., Reynolds DW, Lakeman A, Charamella LJ, Alford CA (1973) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: consecutive occurrence due to viruses with similar antigenic compositions. Pediatr 52(6):788–794

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Huang ES, Alford CA, Reynolds DW, Stagno S, Pass RF (1980) Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections in women and their infants. N Engl J Med 303(17):958–962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Istas AS, Demmler GJ, Dobbins JG, Stewart JA (1995) Surveillance for congenital cytomegalovirus disease: a report from the National Congenital Cytomegalovirus Disease Registry. Clin Infect Dis 20(3):665–670

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF (1993) Maternal age and congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Screening of two diverse newborn populations, 1980–1990. J Infect Dis 168:552–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Preece PM, Tookey P, Ades A, Peckham CS (1986) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: predisposing maternal factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 40:205–209

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pannuti CS, Vilas-Boas LS, Angelo MJO, Carvalho RPS, Segre CM (1985) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Occurrence in two socioeconomically distinct populations of a developing country. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 27(2):105–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Murph JR, Souza IE, Dawson JD, Benson P, Petheram SJ, Pfab D, Gregg A, O’Neill ME, Zimmerman B, Bale JF (1998) Epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Maternal risk factors and molecular analysis of cytomegalovirus strains. Am J Epidemiol 147:940–947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Stagno S, Dworsky ME, Torres J, Mesa T, Hirsh T (1982) Prevalence and importance of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in three different populations. J Pediatr 101(6):897–900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Larke RPB, Wheatley W, Saigal S, Cheresky MA (1980) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in an urban Canadian community. J Infect Dis 142(5):647–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Onorato IM, Morens DM, Marone WJ, Stansfield SK (1985) Epidemiology of cytomegaloviral infections: Recommendations for prevention and control. Rev Infect Dis 7(4):479–497

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Ross ES, Dollard SC, Victor M, Sumartojo E, Cannon MJ (2006) The epidemiology and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection and disease: Activities of the Centers For Disease Cotnrol and Prevention Workgroup. J Womens Health 15(3):224–229

    Google Scholar 

  80. Shen CY, Chang SF, Yen MS, Ng HT, Huang ES, Wu CW (1993) Cytomegalovirus excretion in pregnant and nonpregnant women. J Clin Microbiol 31(6):1635–1636

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Shen CY, Chang SF, Chao MF, Yang SL, Lin GM, Chang WW, Wu CW, Yen MS, Ng HT, Thomas JC, Huang ES (1993) Cytomegalovirus recurrence in seropositive pregnant women attending obstetric clinics. J Med Virol 41:24–29

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stagno S, Pass RF, Dworsky ME, Henderson RE, Moore EG, Walton PD, Alford CA (1982) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The relative importance of primary and recurrent maternal infection. N Engl J Med 306:945–949

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF (2003) Maternal immunity and prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Am Med Assoc 289(8):1008–1011

    Google Scholar 

  84. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF, Britt WJ, Boll TJ, Alford CA (1992) The outcome of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal antibody status. N Engl J Med 326:663–667

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gaytant MA, Rours IIJG, Steegers EAP, Galama JMD, Semmekrot BA (2003) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection after recurrent infection. case reports and reviews of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 162:248–253

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Boppana SB, Fowler KB, Britt WJ, Stagno S, Pass RF (1999) Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection in infants born to mothers with pre-existing immunity to cytomegalovirus. Pediatr 104(1):55–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Harris S (1999) Report on a long-term study of maternal and congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sweden. Review of prospective studies available in the literature. Scand J Infect Dis 31:443–457

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Morris DJ, Sims D, Chiswick M, Das VK, Newton VE (1994) Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection after maternal recurrent infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13:61–64

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tanaka K, Yamada H, Minami M, Kataoka S, Numazaki K, Minakami H, Tsutusumi H (2006) Screening for vaginal shedding of cytomegalovirus in healthy pregnant women using real-time PCR: Correlation of CMV in the vagina and adverse outcome of pregnancy. J Med Virol 78:757–759

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Stagno S, Pass RF, Cloud G, Britt WJ, Henderson RE, Walton PD, Veren DA, Page F, Alford CA (1986) Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to fetus, and clinical outcome. J Am Med Assoc 256(14):1904–1908

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Stagno S, Pass RF, Dworsky ME, Alford CA (1982) Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and perinatal transmission. Clin Obstet Gynecol 25(3):563–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Johnsson T, Svanberg L (1982) Primary and secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and their relation to congenital infection. Acta Paediatr Scand 71:109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ahlfors K, Ivarsson SA, Johnsson T, Svanberg L (1982) Primary and secondary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and their relation to congenital infection. Analysis of maternal sera. Acta Paediatr Scand 71(1):109–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Nankervis GA, Kumar ML, Cox FE, Gold E (1984) A prospective study of maternal cytomegalovirus infection and its effect on the fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 149:435–440

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Kumar ML, Gold E, Jacobs IB, Ernhart CB, Nankervis GA (1984) Primary cytomegalovirus infection in adolescent pregnancy. Pediatr 74(4):493–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Stern H, Tucker SM (1973) Prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Br Med J 5:268–270

    Google Scholar 

  97. Griffiths PD, Campbell-Benie A, Heath RB (1980) A prospective study of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnant women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87:308–314

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Grant S, Edmond E, Syme J (1981) A prospective study of cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. J Infect 3:24–31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Stagno S, Pass RF, Dworsky ME, Alford CA (1982) Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and perinatal transmission. Clin Obstet Gynecol 25(3):563–576

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Stagno S, Pass RF, Cloud G, Britt WJ, Henderson RE, Walton PD, Veren DA, Page F, Alford CA (1986) Primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Incidence, transmission to the fetus, and clinical outcome. J Am Med Assoc 256(14):1904–1908

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Yow MD, Williamson DW, Leeds LJ, Thompson P, Woodward RM, Walmus BF, Lester JW, Six HR, Griffiths PD (1988) Epidemiologic characteristics of cytomegalovirus infection in mothers and their infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1189–1195

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Huang ES, Thames SD, Smith RJ, Alford CA (1977) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Occurrence in an immune population. N Engl J Med 296:1254–1258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Griffiths PD, Baboonian C, Rutter D, Peckham C (1991) Congenital and maternal cytomegalovirus infections in a London population. Br J Obstetr Gynaecol 98:135–140

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Schopfer K, Lauber E, Krech U (1978) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborn infants of mothers infected before pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 53:536–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Yamamoto AY, Mussi-Pinhata MM, Cristina P, Pinto G, Figueiredo LT, Jorge SM (2001) Congenital cytomegalovirus infection in preterm and full-term newborn infants from a population with a high seroprevalence rate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20(2):188–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kamada M, Komori A, Chiba S, Nakao T (1983) A prospective study of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Japan. Scand J Infect Dis 15(3):227–232

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Monif GR, Egan EA, Held B, Eitzman DV (1972) The correlation of maternal cytomegalovirus infection during varying stages in gestation with neonatal involvement. J Pediatr 80(1):17–20

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bodéus M, Hubinont C, Bernard P, Bouckaert A, Thomas K, Goubau P (1999) Prenatal diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus by culture and polymerase chain reaction. 98 pregnancies leading to congenital infection. Prenat Diagn 19:314–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Preece PM, Blount JM, Glover J, Fletcher GM, Peckham CS, Griffiths PD (1983) the consequences of primary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Arch Dis Child 58:970–975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Murph JR, Souza IE, Dawson JD, Enson P, Petheram SJ, Pfab D, Gregg A, O’Neill ME, Zimmerman B, Bale JF (1998) Epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Maternal risk factors and molecular analysis of cytomegalovirus strains. Am J Epidemiol 147:940–947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Souza IE, Gregg A, Pfab D, Dawson JD, Benson P, O’Neill ME, Murph JR, Petheram SJ, Bale JF (1997) Cytomegalovirus infection in newborns and their family members: Polymerase chain reaction analysis of isolates. Infect 25:144–149

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Dal Monte P, Pignatelli S, Rossini G, Landini MP (2004) Genomic variants among human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) clinical isolates: The glycoprotein N (gN) paradigm. Hum Immunol 65:387–394

    Google Scholar 

  113. Chou SW, Dennison KM (1991) Analysis of interstrain variation in cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B sequences encoding neutralization-related epitopes. J Infect Dis 163(6): 1229–1234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Bale JF, Murph JR, Demmler GJ, Dawson J, Miller JE, Petheram SJ (2000) Intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection and glycoprotein B genotypes. J Infect Dis 182:933–936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Lukácsi A, Taródi B, Endreffy E, Bábinszki A, Pál A, Pusztai R (2001) Human cytomegalovirus gB genotype 1 is dominant in congenital infections in South Hungary. J Med Virol 65:537–542

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Barbi M, Binda S, Caroppo S, Primache V, Didò P, Guidotti P, Corbetta C, Melotti D (2001) CMV gB genotypes and outcome of vertical transmission: study on dried blood spots of congenitally infected babies. J Clin Virol 21:75–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Trincado DE, Scott GM, White PA, Hunt C, Rasmussen L, Rawlinson WD (2000) Human cytomegalovirus strains associated with congenital and perinatal infections. J Med Virol 61:481–487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Meyer-König U, Vogelberg C, Bongarts A, Kampa D, Delbrück R, Wolff-Vorbeck G, Kirste G, Haberland M, Hufert FT, von Laer D (1998) Glycoprotein B genotype correlates with cell tropism in vivo of human cytomegalovirus infection. J Med Virol 55:75–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P, Rossini G, Landini MP (2004) Genetic polymorphisms among human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) wild-type strains. Rev Med Virol 14:383–410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Pignatelli S, Dal Monte P, Rossini G, Lazzarotto T, Gatto MR, Landini MP (2003) Intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection and glycoprotein N (gN) genotypes. J Clin Virol 28(1):38–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Pignatelli S, Lazzarotto T, Gatto MR, Dal Monte P, Landini MP, Faldella G, Lanari M (2010) Cytomegalovirus gN genotypes distribution among congenitally infected newborns and their relationship with symptoms at birth and sequelae. J Infect Dis 51:33–41

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Laboratory Medicine, Regional Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria

    Prim. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann MSc, MBA

Authors
  1. Prim. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann MSc, MBA
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department for Laboratory Medicine, Regional Hospital Steyr, Steyr, Austria

    Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann MSc, MBA

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Halwachs-Baumann, G. (2011). Epidemiology - the influence of socioeconomic differences. In: Halwachs-Baumann, G. (eds) Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0208-4_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0208-4_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0207-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-0208-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation