Abstract
Owing to the influence of psychoanalytic concepts upon the psychology of art motivation, previous studies of the roots of artistic activity have stressed the role of unconscious drives and conflicts in precipitating the creation of art. Without questioning the existence of unconscious motives, I have attempted to study motivational forces which are more directly related to conscious behavior. In pursuing this research I interviewed 100 people (50 adults and 50 children) to determine their motives for making art. The adult group included both professional and nonprofessional artist. I chose to define art in the broad sense and interviewed actors, dancers, musicians, poets, visual artists, and writers. Although there are motives which are unique to a particular medium, this study will be more concerned with motivational principles which apply to all of the arts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Allport, Gordon (1955): Becoming, New Haven, Conn.
Allport, Gordon (1968): The person in psychology, Boston.
Arnheim, Rudolf (1954): Art and visual perception, Berkeley/Los Angeles.
Arnheim, Rudolf (1966): Toward a psychology of art, Berkeley/Los Angeles.
Arnheim, Rudolf (1962): Picassó s Guernica: The genesis of a painting, Berkeley/Los Angeles.
Arnheim, Rudolf (1949): The gestalt theory of expression. In: Psych. Review 56, 156–171.
Arnheim, Rudolf (1971): Entropy and art: An essay on disorder and order, Berkeley/Los Angeles.
Barron, Frank (1963): The needs for order and for disorder as motives in creative activity. In: Calvin Taylor and Frank Barron (Eds.), Scientific creativity: It’s recognition and development, New York.
Barron, Frank (1963): Creativity and psychological health, Princeton, N.J.
Berkowitz, Leonhard (1964): The development of motives and values in the child, New York.
Berlyne, D.E. (1963): Conflict, arousal and curiosity, New York.
Bronowski, Jacob (1973): The ascent of man, Boston.
Cannon, Walter (1932): The wisdom of the body, New York.
Cassirer, Ernst (1975): The philosophy of symbolic forms, Vols. 1, 2 and 3, New Haven, Conn.
Child, C.M. (1924): Physiological foundations of behavior, New York.
Cofer, C.N., and M.H. Appley (1964): Movitation: Theory and Research, New York.
Dellas, Marie, and Eugene Gaier (1970): Identification of creativity. In: Psychol. Bull. 73, 55–73.
Enrenzweig, Anton (1965): The psychanalysis of artistic vision and hearing, New York.
Eliade, Mircea (1961): The sacred and the profane, New York.
Ellis, Willis (Ed.) (1939): Source book of gestalt psychology, New York.
Erikson, Erik (1959): Identity and the life cycle, New York
Erikson, Erik (1963): Childhood and society, New York.
Festinger, Leon (1957): A theory of cognitive dissonance, Evanstone, Ill.
Frankl, Victor (1962): Man’s search for meaning, Boston.
Freud, Sigmund (1968): Leonardo Da Vinci. In: The complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. XI, London.
Freud, Sigmund (1968): Five lectures on psychoanalysis. In: The complete works, Vol. XI, London.
Freud, Sigmund (1968): Creative writers and daydreaming. In: The complete works, Vol. IX, London.
Freud, Sigmund (1956): The interpretation of dreams, New York.
Freud, Sigmund (1933): New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, New York.
Goldstein, Kurt (1940): Human nature, Cambridge.
Goldstein, Kurt (1939): The organism, New York.
Gombrich, E.H. (1961): Art and illusion, Princeton, N.J.
Harlow, Harry (1953): Motivation as a factor in the acquisition of new responses. In: Marshall Jones (Ed.), Current theory and research in motivation, Lincoln.
Jacobi, Jolande (1953): The psychology of C.G. Jung, New Haven, Conn.
Jung, C.G. (1968): Man and his symbols, New York.
Jung, C.G, and R. Wilhelm (1932): The secret of the golden flower, New York.
Jung, C.G, and R. Wilhelm (1923): Psychological types, New York.
Jung, C.G, and R. Wilhelm (1963): Memories, dreams, reflections, New York.
Jung, C.G, and R. Wilhelm (1966): The spirit in man, art and literature. In: The collected works, Vol. XV, Princeton, N.J.
Kagan, Jerome (1972): Motives and development. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psych 22/1.
Kagan, Jerome (Ed.) 1967 ): Creativity and learning, Boston.
Kandinsky, Wassily (1947): Concerning the spiritual in art, New York.
Kellogg, Rhoda (1969): Analyzing children’s art, Palo Alto, California.
Kelly, George (1962): Europe’s matrix of decision. In: Marshall Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln.
Koestler, Arthur (1964): The act of creation, New York.
Koffka, Kurt (1935): Principles of gestalt psychology, New York.
Kohler, Wolfgang (1947): Gestalt psychology, New York.
Kreitler, Hans, und Shulamith Kreitler (1972): Psychology of the arts, Durham, N.C.
Kris, Ernst (1952): Psychoanalytic explorations in art, New York.
Kubie, Lawrence (1958): Neurotic distortion of the creative process, Lawrence, Kansas.
Langer, Susanne (1942): Philosophy in a new key, Cambridge.
Lindzey, Gardner (Ed.) (1942): Assessment of human motives, New York.
MacKinnon, D.W. (1965): Personality and the realization of creative potential. In: Amer. Psychologist 20, 273–281.
MacKinnon, D.W. (1962): The personality correlates of creativity: A study of american architects. In: Proceedings of the 14th Congress of Applied Psychology, Vol. 2, Munksgaard, 11–39.
Maslow, Abraham (1954): Motivation and personality, New York.
McClelland, David (1961): The achieving society, New York.
McClelland, David (1964): The roots of consciousness, New York.
McClelland, David (1955): Studies in motivation, New York.
McClelland, David et al. (1953): The achievement motive, New York.
McNiff, Shaun (1974): Art therapy at Danvers, Andover, Mass.
McNiff, Shaun (1974): The myth of schizophrenic art. In: Schizophrenia Bull., Issue No. 9.
McNiff, Shaun (1975): A study of art motivation. In: American Psychological Association Symposium — Psychology and the Artistic Process: Implications for Teaching, APA National Conf., Chicago.
McNiff, Shaun (1975): On art therapy: A conversation with Rudolf Arnheim. In: Art Psychotherapy 2, 195–202.
McNiff, Shaun (1975): A study of parallel artistic and personal development. In: American Journal of Art Therapy 14/4.
McNiff, Shaun (1976): The effects of artistic development on personality. In: Art Psychotherapy 3 /2, 69–75.
McNiff, Shaun, and Karen McNiff (1976): Art therapy in the classroom. In: Art Teacher 6, 10–12.
McNiff, Shaun, and Robert Oelman (1975): Images of fear. In: Art Psychotherapy 2, 267–278.
Piaget, Jean (1970): Structuralism, New York.
Piaget, Jean (1928): Judgment and reasoning in the child, New York.
Rank, Otto (1968): Art and Artist, New York.
Rogers, Carl (1961): Client-centered therapy, Boston.
Rogers, Carl (1961): On becoming a person, Boston.
Rogers, Carl (1963): The actualizing tendency in relation to ‘motives’ and to consciousness. In: Marshall Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln.
Rosner, Stanley, and Lawrence Abt (Eds.) (1970): The creative experience, New York.
Schaefer-Simmern, Henry (1948): The unfolding of artistic activity, Berkeley/Los Angeles.
Skinner, B.F. (1948): Walden II., New York.
Skinner, B.F. (1958): Reinforcement today. In: The Amer. Psychologist 13, 94–99.
Skinner, B.F. (1972): Beyond freedom and dignity, New York.
Skinner, B.F. (1972): On having a poem. In: Saturday Review LV/29.
Tolstoy, Leo (1899): What is art? In: The works of Lyof N. Tolstoi, New York.
Wertheimer, Max (1959): Productive thinking, New York.
White, Robert (1959): Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. In: Psych. Rev. 66, 297–333.
White, Robert (1960): Competence and the psychosexual stages of development. In: Marshall Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln.
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
McNiff, S.A. (1991). Motivation in Art. In: Viehoff, R. (eds) Alternative Traditionen. Konzeption Empirische Literaturwissenschaft, vol 10. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14243-0_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14243-0_23
Publisher Name: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden
Print ISBN: 978-3-528-07330-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-663-14243-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive