Summary
The standard Friedman world models are based on General Relativity. The models are developed for the cases in which the cosmological constant Λ is zero and non-zero. A helpful Newtonian analogue is discussed. There follows a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the Friedman models and of the relation between intrinsic properties and observables. Density parameters for baryonic, dark matter and the dark energy are introduced. The relations between observables and intrinsic properties include the deceleration parameter, cosmic time–redshift relations, distance measures as a function of redshift, angular diameter-redshift relations, flux density-redshift relations and the comoving volume within redshift z. Angular diameter distances between any two redshifts are developed for models with Λ = 0 and with Λ ≠ 0. The flatness problem is introduced as are the changes to the predictions for inhomogeneous world models.
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Longair, M.S. (2023). The Friedman World Models. In: Galaxy Formation. Astronomy and Astrophysics Library. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65891-8_7
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