Zusammenfassung
Funktionelle Bewegungsstörungen umfassen persistierende und paroxysmale, hyper- und hypokinetische Funktionsstörungen der Willkürmotorik. Häufige Ausprägungsformen sind Tremor, Dystonien, Myoklonien und Gangstörungen. Seltener kommt es zu Parkinson- und Tic-artigen Störungen. In diesem Kapitel werden spezielle Untersuchungstechniken und charakteristische Zeichen besprochen, anhand deren die Diagnose klinisch gestellt werden kann. Wichtige Differenzialdiagnosen werden erläutert. Zusätzlich werden Hinweise zur Diagnosevermittlung sowie konkrete physio- und psychotherapeutische Ansätze besprochen. Neurowissenschaftliche Erklärungsmodelle werden vorgestellt.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Literatur
Apartis E (2014) Clinical neurophysiology of psychogenic movement disorders: how to diagnose psychogenic tremor and myoclonus. Neurophysiol Clin 44(4):417–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2013.08.014
Aybek S, Nicholson TR, Zelaya F, O’Daly OG, Craig TJ, David AS, Kanaan RA (2014) Neural correlates of recall of life events in conversion disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 71(1):52–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2842
Aybek S, Nicholson TR, O’Daly O, Zelaya F, Kanaan RA, David AS (2015) Emotion-motion interactions in conversion disorder: an FMRI study. PLoS One 10(4):e0123273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123273
Aybek S, Lidstone SC, Nielsen G, MacGillivray L, Bassetti CL, Lang AE, Edwards MJ (2019) What is the role of a specialist assessment clinic for FND? Lessons from three national referral centers. J Neuropsychiatr Clin. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19040083
Baek K, Donamayor N, Morris LS, Strelchuk D, Mitchell S, Mikheenko Y, Yeoh SY, Phillips W, Zandi M, Jenaway A, Walsh C, Voon V (2017) Impaired awareness of motor intention in functional neurological disorder: implications for voluntary and functional movement. Psychol Med 47(9):1624–1636. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000071
Baik JS, Lang AE (2007) Gait abnormalities in psychogenic movement disorders. Mov Disord 22(3):395–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21283
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2014) The clinical features of psychogenic movement disorders resembling tics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(5):573–575. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-305594
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Hallett M, Jankovic J (2019) Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurobiol Dis 127:32–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.013
Bansil S, Prakash N, Kaye J, Wrigley S, Manata C, Stevens-Haas C, Kurlan R (2012) Movement disorders after stroke in adults: a review. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2. https://doi.org/10.7916/d86w98tb
Bhatia KP, Bain P, Bajaj N, Elble RJ, Hallett M, Louis ED, Raethjen J, Stamelou M, Testa CM, Deuschl G, Tremor Task Force of the International P, Movement Disorder S (2018) Consensus statement on the classification of tremors. From the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord 33(1):75–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27121
Bocci T, Ardolino G, Parenti L, Barloscio D, De Rosa A, Priori A, Sartucci F (2018) Holmes’ or functional tremor? Clin Neurophysiol Pract 3:104–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2018.03.006
Charlesworth JEG, Petkovic G, Kelley JM, Hunter M, Onakpoya I, Roberts N, Miller FG, Howick J (2017) Effects of placebos without deception compared with no treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med 10(2):97–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12251
Colosimo C (2015) Psychogenic tremor in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurol Belg 115(4):829–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-015-0464-6
Cordivari C, Misra VP, Catania S, Lees AJ (2001) Treatment of dystonic clenched fist with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 16(5):907–913
Dafotakis M, Paus S (2017) Psychogene neurologische Störungen: Klinik und elektrophysiologische Diagnostik (Psychogenic neurological disorders: clinical tests and electrophysiology). Klin Neurophysiol 48(04):187–197. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119042
Dafotakis M, Ameli M, Vitinius F, Weber R, Albus C, Fink GR, Nowak DA (2011) Der Einsatz der transkraniellen Magnetstimulation beim psychogenen Tremor – eine Pilotstudie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 79(4):226–233. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1246094
Dallocchio C, Tinazzi M, Bombieri F, Arno N, Erro R (2016) Cognitive behavioural therapy and adjunctive physical activity for functional movement disorders (conversion disorder): a pilot, single-blinded, randomized study. Psychother Psychosom 85(6):381–383. https://doi.org/10.1159/000446660
Demartini B, Ricciardi L, Parees I, Ganos C, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2015) A positive diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) tics. Eur J Neurol 22(3):e527–e536. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12609
Demartini B, Volpe R, Mattavelli G, Goeta D, D’Agostino A, Gambini O (2019) The neuromodulatory effect of tDCS in patients affected by functional motor symptoms: an exploratory study. Neurol Sci 40(9):1821–1827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-019-03912-5
Deuschl G, Koster B, Lucking CH, Scheidt C (1998) Diagnostic and pathophysiological aspects of psychogenic tremors. Mov Disord 13(2):294–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870130216
Dreissen YEM, Cath DC, Tijssen MAJ (2016) Functional jerks, tics, and paroxysmal movement disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 139:247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801772-2.00021-7
Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP (2012) Functional (psychogenic) movement disorders: merging mind and brain. Lancet Neurol 11(3):250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70310-6
Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP, Cordivari C (2011) Immediate response to botulinum toxin injections in patients with fixed dystonia. Mov Disord 26(5):917–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23562
Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, Parees I, Friston KJ (2012) A Bayesian account of ‚hysteria‘. Brain 135(Pt 11):3495–3512. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws129
Elmali AD, Gunduz A, Poyraz BC, Kiziltan ME, Ertan S (2017) A case illustrating how tremor of Wilson’s disease may mimic functional tremor. Acta Neurol Belg 117(1):351–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-016-0674-6
Ertan S, Uluduz D, Ozekmekci S, Kiziltan G, Ertan T, Yalcinkaya C, Ozkara C (2009) Clinical characteristics of 49 patients with psychogenic movement disorders in a tertiary clinic in Turkey. Mov Disord: Off J Mov Disord Soc 24(5):759–762. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22114
Espay AJ, Lang AE (2015) Phenotype-specific diagnosis of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 15(6):32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-015-0556-y
Espay AJ, Ries S, Maloney T, Vannest J, Neefus E, Dwivedi AK, Allendorfer JB, Wulsin LR, LaFrance WC, Lang AE, Szaflarski JP (2019) Clinical and neural responses to cognitive behavioral therapy for functional tremor. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008442
Fasano A, Valadas A, Bhatia KP, Prashanth LK, Lang AE, Munhoz RP, Morgante F, Tarsy D, Duker AP, Girlanda P, Bentivoglio AR, Espay AJ (2012) Psychogenic facial movement disorders: clinical features and associated conditions. Mov Disord Off J Mov Disord Soc 27(12):1544–1551. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25190
Ferrara J, Stamey W, Strutt AM, Adam OR, Jankovic J (2011) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) for psychogenic movement disorders. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 23(2):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.23.2.jnp141
Ganos C, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP (2014) The phenomenology of functional (psychogenic) dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 1(1):36–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12013
Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2019) Tics and functional tic-like movements: can we tell them apart? Neurology 93:750–758. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008372
Garcin B, Mesrati F, Hubsch C, Mauras T, Iliescu I, Naccache L, Vidailhet M, Roze E, Degos B (2017) Impact of transcranial magnetic stimulation on functional movement disorders: cortical modulation or a behavioral effect? Front Neurol 8:338. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00338
Gelauff J, Stone J, Edwards M, Carson A (2014a) The prognosis of functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(2):220–226. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-305321
Gelauff JM, Dreissen YE, Tijssen MA, Stone J (2014b) Treatment of functional motor disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol 16(4):286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-014-0286-5
Gelauff JM, Kingma EM, Kalkman JS, Bezemer R, van Engelen BGM, Stone J, Tijssen MAJ, Rosmalen JGM (2018) Fatigue, not self-rated motor symptom severity, affects quality of life in functional motor disorders. J Neurol 265(8):1803–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8915-7
Gironell A (2016) Routine neurophysiology testing and functional tremor: toward the establishment of diagnostic criteria. Mov Disord 31(11):1763–1764. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26831
Hayes MW, Graham S, Heldorf P, de Moore G, Morris JG (1999) A video review of the diagnosis of psychogenic gait: appendix and commentary. Mov Disord 14(6):914–921
Hess CW, Hsu AW, Yu Q, Ortega R, Pullman SL (2014) Increased variability in spiral drawing in patients with functional (psychogenic) tremor. Hum Mov Sci 38:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.08.007
Hinson VK, Weinstein S, Bernard B, Leurgans SE, Goetz CG (2006) Single-blind clinical trial of psychotherapy for treatment of psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12(3):177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.006
Jahn K, Freiberger E, Eskofier BM, Bollheimer C, Klucken J (2019) Balance and mobility in geriatric patients: assessment and treatment of neurological aspects. Z Gerontol Geriatr 52(4):316–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-019-01561-z
Jankovic J, Vuong KD, Thomas M (2006) Psychogenic tremor: long-term outcome. CNS Spectr 11(7):501–508
Jhunjhunwala K, Lenka A, Pal PK (2015) A clinical profile of 125 patients with writer’s cramp. Eur Neurol 73(5–6):316–320. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381949
Jordbru AA, Smedstad LM, Moen VP, Martinsen EW (2012) Identifying patterns of psychogenic gait by video-recording. J Rehabil Med 44(1):31–35. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0888
Jordbru AA, Smedstad LM, Klungsoyr O, Martinsen EW (2014) Psychogenic gait disorder: a randomized controlled trial of physical rehabilitation with one-year follow-up. J Rehabil Med 46(2):181–187. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1246
Keane JR (1989) Hysterical gait disorders: 60 cases. Neurology 39(4):586–589. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.39.4.586
Kenney C, Diamond A, Mejia N, Davidson A, Hunter C, Jankovic J (2007) Distinguishing psychogenic and essential tremor. J Neurol Sci 263(1–2):94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2007.06.008
Kim YJ, Pakiam AS, Lang AE (1999) Historical and clinical features of psychogenic tremor: a review of 70 cases. Can J Neurol Sci 26(3):190–195. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100000238
Kompoliti K, Wilson B, Stebbins G, Bernard B, Hinson V (2014) Immediate vs. delayed treatment of psychogenic movement disorders with short term psychodynamic psychotherapy: randomized clinical trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20(1):60–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.09.018
Kumru H, Valls-Sole J, Valldeoriola F, Marti MJ, Sanegre MT, Tolosa E (2004) Transient arrest of psychogenic tremor induced by contralateral ballistic movements. Neurosci Lett 370(2–3):135–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.009
Lakie M, Mutch WJ (1989) Finger tremor in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52(3):392–394. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.52.3.392
Laub HN, Dwivedi AK, Revilla FJ, Duker AP, Pecina-Jacob C, Espay AJ (2015) Diagnostic performance of the „Huffing and Puffing“ sign in psychogenic (functional) movement disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2(1):29–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12102
Lempert T, Dieterich M, Huppert D, Brandt T (1990) Psychogenic disorders in neurology: frequency and clinical spectrum. Acta Neurol Scand 82(5):335–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1990.tb03312.x
Lempert T, Brandt T, Dieterich M, Huppert D (1991) How to identify psychogenic disorders of stance and gait. A video study in 37 patients. J Neurol 238(3):140–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00319680
Mainka T, Ganos C (2020) Normale motorische Bewegungsabläufe wiedererlernen. InFo Neurologie + Psychiatrie 22(1):32–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15005-019-0247-3
Masdeu JC, Gorelick PB (1988) Thalamic astasia: inability to stand after unilateral thalamic lesions. Ann Neurol 23(6):596–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410230612
Matzold S, Geritz J, Zeuner KE, Berg D, Paschen S, Hieke J, Sablowsky S, Ortlieb C, Bergmann P, Hofmann W, Espay AJ, Maetzler W (2019) Functional movement disorders in neurogeriatric inpatients: underdiagnosed, often comorbid to neurodegenerative disorders and treatable. Z Gerontol Geriatr 52(4):324–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-019-01562-y
Maurer CW, LaFaver K, Ameli R, Epstein SA, Hallett M, Horovitz SG (2016) Impaired self-agency in functional movement disorders: a resting-state fMRI study. Neurology 87(6):564–570. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002940
McAuley JH, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD, Findley LJ (1998) Electrophysiological aids in distinguishing organic from psychogenic tremor. Neurology 50(6):1882–1884. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.6.1882
McCormack R, Moriarty J, Mellers JD, Shotbolt P, Pastena R, Landes N, Goldstein L, Fleminger S, David AS (2014) Specialist inpatient treatment for severe motor conversion disorder: a retrospective comparative study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(8):895–900. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-305716
McKeon A, Ahlskog JE, Matsumoto JY (2008) Psychogenic tremor occurring after deep brain stimulation surgery for essential tremor. Neurology 70(16 Pt 2):1498–1499. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000310429.30886.bc
McWhirter L, Carson A, Stone J (2015) The body electric: a long view of electrical therapy for functional neurological disorders. Brain 138(Pt 4):1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv009
Mehta AR, Rowe JB, Trimble MR, Edwards MJ, Bhatia KP, Schrag AE (2013) Coactivation sign in fixed dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19(4):474–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.10.014
Meppelink AM, Little S, Oswal A, Erro R, Kilner J, Tijssen MAJ, Brown P, Cordovari C, Edwards M (2016) Event related desynchronisation predicts functional propriospinal myoclonus. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 31:116–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.07.010
Michalec M, Hernandez N, Clark LN, Louis ED (2014) The spiral axis as a clinical tool to distinguish essential tremor from dystonia cases. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 20(5):541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.021
Moene FC, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, van Dyck R (2002) A randomised controlled clinical trial on the additional effect of hypnosis in a comprehensive treatment programme for in-patients with conversion disorder of the motor type. Psychother Psychosom 71(2):66–76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000049348
Monday K, Jankovic J (1993) Psychogenic myoclonus. Neurology 43(2):349–352
Nielsen G (2016) Physical treatment of functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol 139:555–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801772-2.00045-x
Nielsen G, Stone J, Matthews A, Brown M, Sparkes C, Farmer R, Masterton L, Duncan L, Winters A, Daniell L, Lumsden C, Carson A, David AS, Edwards M (2015) Physiotherapy for functional motor disorders: a consensus recommendation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 86(10):1113–1119. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309255
Nielsen G, Buszewicz M, Stevenson F, Hunter R, Holt K, Dudziec M, Ricciardi L, Marsden J, Joyce E, Edwards MJ (2017) Randomised feasibility study of physiotherapy for patients with functional motor symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 88(6):484–490. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2016-314408
Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Foote KD, Fernandez HH (2007) The „chair test“ to aid in the diagnosis of psychogenic gait disorders. Neurologist 13(2):87–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nrl.0000256358.52613.cc
Onofrj M, Thomas A, Tiraboschi P, Wenning G, Gambi F, Sepede G, Di Giannantonio M, Di Carmine C, Monaco D, Maruotti V, Ciccocioppo F, D’Amico MC, Bonanni L (2011) Updates on Somatoform Disorders (SFMD) in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies and discussion of phenomenology. J Neurol Sci 310(1–2):166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.07.010
Parees I, Kojovic M, Pires C, Rubio-Agusti I, Saifee TA, Sadnicka A, Kassavetis P, Macerollo A, Bhatia KP, Carson A, Stone J, Edwards MJ (2014) Physical precipitating factors in functional movement disorders. J Neurol Sci 338(1–2):174–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2013.12.046
Park JE (2018) Clinical characteristics of functional movement disorders: a clinic-based study. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 8:504. https://doi.org/10.7916/d81n9hk4
Park JE, Maurer CW, Hallett M (2015) The „Whack-a-Mole“ sign in functional movement disorders. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2(3):286–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12177
Perez DL, Aybek S, Popkirov S, Kozlowska K, Stephen C, Anderson J, Shura R, Ducharme S, Carson AJ, Hallett M, Nicholson T, Stone J, LaFrance WCJ, Voon V (2020) A review and expert opinion on the neuropsychiatric assessment of motor functional neurological disorders. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci (In press)
Pollak TA, Nicholson TR, Edwards MJ, David AS (2014) A systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of functional (conversion) neurological symptoms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 85(2):191–197. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-304181
Popkirov S, Hoeritzauer I, Colvin L, Carson AJ, Stone J (2019) Complex regional pain syndrome and functional neurological disorders – time for reconciliation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 90(5):608–614. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-318298
Reichel G, Stenner A, Hermann W (2009) Das „Babinski-2-Zeichen“ – ein „neuer“ alter klinischer Test zur Differenzierung des Spasmus hemifacialis und des Blepharospasmus. Akt Neurol 36(2):91–92
Reuber M, Burness C, Howlett S, Brazier J, Grunewald R (2007) Tailored psychotherapy for patients with functional neurological symptoms: a pilot study. J Psychosom Res 63(6):625–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.013
Ricciardi L, Edwards MJ (2014) Treatment of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. Neurotherapeutics 11(1):201–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-013-0246-x
Roper LS, Saifee TA, Parees I, Rickards H, Edwards MJ (2013) How to use the entrainment test in the diagnosis of functional tremor. Pract Neurol 13(6):396–398. https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2013-000549
Sa DS, Mailis-Gagnon A, Nicholson K, Lang AE (2003) Posttraumatic painful torticollis. Mov Disord 18(12):1482–1491. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10594
Schirinzi T, Sancesario A, Romano A, Favetta M, Gobbi M, Valeriani M, Bertini ES, Castelli E, Vasco G, Petrarca M, Della Bella G (2018) Longitudinal gait assessment in a stiff person syndrome. Int J Rehabil Res 41(4):377–379. https://doi.org/10.1097/mrr.0000000000000304
Schmerler DA, Espay AJ (2016) Functional dystonia. Handb Clin Neurol 139:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801772-2.00020-5
Schrag A, Trimble M, Quinn N, Bhatia K (2004) The syndrome of fixed dystonia: an evaluation of 103 patients. Brain 127(Pt 10):2360–2372. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh262
Schwingenschuh P, Katschnig P, Edwards MJ, Teo JT, Korlipara LV, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP (2011a) The blink reflex recovery cycle differs between essential and presumed psychogenic blepharospasm. Neurology 76(7):610–614. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31820c3074
Schwingenschuh P, Katschnig P, Seiler S, Saifee TA, Aguirregomozcorta M, Cordivari C, Schmidt R, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2011b) Moving toward „laboratory-supported“ criteria for psychogenic tremor. Mov Disord 26(14):2509–2515. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23922
Schwingenschuh P, Saifee TA, Katschnig-Winter P, Macerollo A, Koegl-Wallner M, Culea V, Ghadery C, Hofer E, Pendl T, Seiler S, Werner U, Franthal S, Maurits NM, Tijssen MA, Schmidt R, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ (2016) Validation of „laboratory-supported“ criteria for functional (psychogenic) tremor. Mov Disord 31(4):555–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26525
Sharma VD, Jones R, Factor SA (2017) Psychodynamic psychotherapy for functional (psychogenic) movement disorders. J Mov Disord 10(1):40–44. https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.16038
Stone J, Edwards M (2012) Trick or treat? Showing patients with functional (psychogenic) motor symptoms their physical signs. Neurology 79(3):282–284. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e31825fdf63
Stone J, Hoeritzauer I, Tesolin L, Carson A (2018) Functional movement disorders of the face: a historical review and case series. J Neurol Sci 395:35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2018.09.031
Taib S, Ory-Magne F, Brefel-Courbon C, Moreau Y, Thalamas C, Arbus C, Simonetta-Moreau M (2019) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for functional tremor: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Mov Disord 34(8):1210–1219. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27727
Takahashi K, Osaka A, Tsuda H, Ogasawara H (2017) Isolated astasia caused by a localized infarction in the suprathalamic white matter. J Gen Fam Med 18(5):275–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.54
Tesch M, Severus E, Holdorff B (1998) Agarophobie und „psychogen“ anmutende Gangstörung als Symptome eines „stiff-man“-Syndroms (SMS). Psychiatr Prax 25(6):310–311
Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J (2016) Psychogenic (functional) Parkinsonism. Handb Clin Neurol 139:259–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-801772-2.00022-9
Thomas M, Vuong KD, Jankovic J (2006) Long-term prognosis of patients with psychogenic movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12(6):382–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.03.005
Thompson PD (2012) Frontal lobe ataxia. Handb Clin Neurol 103:619–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00044-9
van der Salm SM, Erro R, Cordivari C, Edwards MJ, Koelman JH, van den Ende T, Bhatia KP, van Rootselaar AF, Brown P, Tijssen MA (2014) Propriospinal myoclonus: clinical reappraisal and review of literature. Neurology 83(20):1862–1870. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000000982
van der Stouwe AM, Elting JW, van der Hoeven JH, van Laar T, Leenders KL, Maurits NM, Tijssen MA (2016) How typical are ‚typical‘ tremor characteristics? Sensitivity and specificity of five tremor phenomena. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 30:23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.06.008
Varanda S, Rocha S, Rodrigues M, Machado Á, Carneiro G (2017) Role of the “Other Babinski Sign” in Hyperkinetic Facial Disorders. Neurol Sci. 378:36–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.036
Vial F, Attaripour S, Hallett M (2019) Differentiating tics from functional (psychogenic) movements with electrophysiological tools. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 4:143–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2019.04.005
Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Ameli R, Roelofs K, LaFrance WC Jr, Hallett M (2010a) Emotional stimuli and motor conversion disorder. Brain 133(Pt 5):1526–1536. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq054
Voon V, Gallea C, Hattori N, Bruno M, Ekanayake V, Hallett M (2010b) The involuntary nature of conversion disorder. Neurology 74(3):223–228. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181ca00e9
Voon V, Brezing C, Gallea C, Hallett M (2011) Aberrant supplementary motor complex and limbic activity during motor preparation in motor conversion disorder. Mov Disord 26(13):2396–2403. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23890
Wissel BD, Dwivedi AK, Merola A, Chin D, Jacob C, Duker AP, Vaughan JE, Lovera L, LaFaver K, Levy A, Lang AE, Morgante F, Nirenberg MJ, Stephen C, Sharma N, Romagnolo A, Lopiano L, Balint B, Yu XX, Bhatia KP, Espay AJ (2018) Functional neurological disorders in Parkinson disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 89(6):566–571. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-317378
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Popkirov, S. (2020). Funktionelle Bewegungsstörungen. In: Funktionelle neurologische Störungen. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61272-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61272-9_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-61271-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-61272-9
eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)