Abstract
Before addressing the legal issues, it is first necessary to describe the main online music uses that are subject to the analysis in this study and to name possible copyright relevant acts related to them.
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- 1.
See Sandvine, The Global Internet Phenomena Report, October 2018, available at: https://www.sandvine.com/2018-internet-phenomena-report, pp. 5, 16; see also IFPI, Digital Music Report 2015, available at: http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2015.pdf, p. 38.
- 2.
See Knapp, Study Finds That Streaming And Spyware Are Killing Music Piracy, Forbes of February 26, 2013, available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/02/26/study-finds-that-streaming-and-spyware-are-killing-music-piracy/.
- 3.
See IFPI, Global Music Report 2018, available at: https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2018.pdf, p. 13.
- 4.
See Merriam-Webster Dictionary, available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/download.
- 5.
See Merriam-Webster Dictionary, available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/upload.
- 6.
See also the help page of the content aggregator TuneCore, What are downloads and streams? (published on September 6, 2011, updated on August 31, 2015), available at: http://help.tunecore.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/104/~/what-are-downloads-and-streams%3F, describing limited downloading in the following fashion: “In many ways, it’s like your fans joined a service that lets them rent your music. As soon as they stop paying their monthly subscription fee, they will not have access to listen to your music”. For further details on limited downloading see Bargfrede/Mak, Music Law in the Digital Age, pp. 75–79.
- 7.
See also Tschmuck, Creativity and Innovation in the Music Industry, p. 192.
- 8.
See IFPI, Global Music Report 2018 (supra note 3), p. 11; these numbers are based on statistics for subscription and ad-supported services that are essentially all streaming services, but also include the limited downloading functionality.
- 9.
See Merriam-Webster Dictionary, available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/streaming.
- 10.
Gordon, The Future of the Music Business, p. 27.
- 11.
On the interrelation between interactive streaming and piracy see Thomes, An economic analysis of online streaming.
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Malevanny, N. (2019). Relevant Online Music Uses. In: Online Music Distribution - How Much Exclusivity Is Needed?. Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59699-9_2
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