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Observations of Ly\(\alpha \) Emitters at High Redshift

  • Masami OuchiEmail author
Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Saas-Fee Advanced Course book series (SAASFEE, volume 46)

Abstract

In this series of lectures, I review our observational understanding of high-z Ly\(\alpha \) emitters (LAEs) and relevant scientific topics. Since the discovery of LAEs in the late 1990s, significant progresses in LAE studies have been made over the past two decades by deep multi-wavelength observations. More than ten thousands of LAEs have been identified photometrically, and more than one thousand spectroscopically, in optical and near-infrared data, and the redshifts of these LAEs range from \(z\sim 0\) to \(z\sim 10\). These large samples of LAEs are useful to address two major astrophysical issues, galaxy formation and cosmic reionization. Statistical studies have revealed the general picture of LAEs’ physical properties: young stellar populations, remarkable luminosity function evolutions, compact morphologies, highly ionized inter-stellar media (ISM) with low metal/dust contents, low masses of dark-matter halos. Typical LAEs represent low-mass high-z galaxies, high-z analogs of dwarf galaxies, some of which are thought to be candidates of population III galaxies. These observational studies have also pinpointed rare bright Ly\(\alpha \) sources extended over \({\sim }10\)–100 kpc, dubbed Ly\(\alpha \) blobs, whose physical origins are under debate. LAEs are used as probes of cosmic reionization history through the Ly\(\alpha \) damping wing absorption given by the neutral hydrogen of the inter-galactic medium (IGM), which complement the cosmic microwave background radiation and 21 cm observations targeting the epoch of reionization. The low-mass and highly-ionized population of LAEs can be major sources of cosmic reionization, and physical parameters including the ionizing photon escape fraction have been extensively investigated. The budget of ionizing photons for cosmic reionization has been constrained, although there remain large observational uncertainties in the parameters. Beyond these two established topics of LAEs, galaxy formation and cosmic reionization, several new usages of LAEs for science frontiers have been suggested such as the distribution of Hi gas in the circum-galactic medium and filaments of large-scale structures. On-going 10 m-class optical telescope programs and future telescope projects, such as JWST, ELTs, and SKA, will address the remaining open questions related to LAEs, and push the horizons of the science frontiers.

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Notes

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Anne Verhamme, Pierre North, Sebastiano Cantalupo, Hakim Atek, and Myriam Burgener Frick for inviting me to give these lectures in the historic and prestigious Saas Fee Advanced Course. I thank my fellow lectures, Mark Dijkstra, J. Xavier Prochaska, and Matthew Hayes for allowing to accommodate my lectures in the early days of the week for resolving my scheduling issue. I also thank the participants of the course who are enthusiastic about discussing scientific problems and presenting their ideas in the discussion time. I acknowledge Kazuhiro Shimasaku and Pierre North for editing these lecture notes and giving me a lot of valuable inputs. Finally, I thank my close colleagues, Yuichi Harikane, Yoshiaki Ono, and Takatoshi Shibuya for improving their figures and giving permissions to show them in this lecture note.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.ICRR, The University of TokyoKashiwaJapan

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