Abstract
Up to date, there is no nationwide specific legislation to address the contaminated land issue in China. Existing provisions under the current legal system, particularly in the context of environmental regulatory system are mainly about soil or land protections. This Chapter examines the environmental legislative frameworks of China which have addressed the contaminated land problem. Several key mechanisms such as land contamination remediation and environmental liability system have been discussed.
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Notes
- 1.
《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》[Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Soil Contamination 2018] (People’s Republic of China), Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, Order No 8, 31 August 2018. The first and second drafts of the law were released for public comments in July and September 2017 respectively. The law has been brought into force from 1 January 2019.
- 2.
Province (省) is a standard provincial government is nominally led by a provincial committee, headed by a secretary. The committee secretary is first-in-charge of the province; come in second is the governor of the provincial government. 23 provinces are Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian and Taiwan.
- 3.
Autonomous Regions (自治区) is a minority subject which has a higher population of a particular minority ethnic group along with its own local government, but an autonomous region theoretically has more legislative rights than in actual practice. There are five autonomous regions in China: the Tibetans in Tibet, the Zhuangs in Guangxi, the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, the Mongols in Inner Mongolia, and the Huis in Ningxia.
- 4.
Municipalities (直辖市) are higher level of city which is directly under the Chinese government, with status equal to that of the provinces. Four Municipalities in China today are Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.
- 5.
Special Administrative Regions (SARs) (特别行政区) are highly autonomous and self-governing subnational subject of the People’s Republic of China. Each SAR has a provincial level chief executive as head of the region and head of government. The region’s government is not fully independent, as foreign policy and military defense are the responsibility of the central government, according to the constitution. Hong Kong and Macau are two SARs in China.
- 6.
Jahiel (1998).
- 7.
《中华人民共和国宪法》[Constitution of the People’s Republic of China ] art 62.
- 8.
《中华人民共和国宪法》[Constitution of the People’s Republic of China ] art 67.
- 9.
《中华人民共和国宪法》[Constitution of the People’s Republic of China ] art 89.
- 10.
SEPA was initiatively created as the Environmental Protection Leading Group under the State Council in Oct. 1974, following the first world conference on the environment held in Stockholm in 1972. In 1982, an Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) was established within the newly created Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection. In July1988, the EPB was upgraded to the National Environmental Protection Agency , as an affiliated institution of the State Council in charge of environmental protection. In Jun 1998, the National Environmental Protection Agency was renamed as SEPA and updated to the Ministerial level. In July 2008, the SEPA was upgraded to the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP), which is an integral department of the State Council. The MEP was superseded by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment (MEE) in 2018 pursuant to 《国务院关于机构设置的通知》[the Notice of the State Council on the Setup of Institutions] (People’s republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2018] 6.
- 11.
According to the same Decision, the former Ministry of Land and Resources PRC is replaced by the Ministry of Natural Resource P.R.C (MNR). MNR was formed on 19 March 2018. It is the successor of the former Ministry of Land and Resources, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping and State Oceanic Administration, responsible for the natural resource management of China.
- 12.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China ] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 22, 26 December 1989; amended in 2014.
- 13.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 31, 29 December 2004.
- 14.
《中华人民共和国农业法》[the Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revised)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 74, December 28, 2012.
- 15.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》[Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 6, 30 October 1995.
- 16.
《中华人民共和国基本农田保护条例》[Regulation on the Primary farmland Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council , Decree No 257, December 24, 1998.
- 17.
《中华人民共和国宪法》 [The Constitution Law of the People’s Republic of China].
- 18.
There have been four Constitution Laws since that establishment of the PRC, which were enacted in 1954, 1975, 1978 and 1982. The most recent Constitution Law was promulgated by the NPC in December 1982 at the Fifth National People’s Congress . It has been amended in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004, the latest amendment was made in 2018.
- 19.
The Constitution Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 9.
- 20.
The Constitution Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 26.
- 21.
The Constitution Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 10.
- 22.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China ] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 22, 26 December 1989, as amended in 2014.
- 23.
The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 2.
- 24.
The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 32.
- 25.
The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 33.
- 26.
Instruction to the Administrative Measures for the Soil Environment of the Contaminated sites (Draft for Comment), former MEP , China Environment News, 8 November 2016, at 5, 7.
- 27.
Instruction to the Administrative Measures for the Soil Environment of the Contaminated sites (Draft for Comment), art 50.
- 28.
Instruction to the Administrative Measures for the Soil Environment of the Contaminated sites (Draft for Comment), art 58.
- 29.
Article 58, the Environmental Protection Law of P.R.C.; Article 97, Soil Pollution Law 2018.
- 30.
Environmental Protection Law of P.R.C, art 6.
- 31.
Article 2, Soil Pollution Law 2018.
- 32.
Brandon (2013), at 100.
- 33.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》 [Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 31, 29 December 2004, amended in 2016.
- 34.
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended), arts 1-2.
- 35.
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended), art 3.
- 36.
Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes (amended), art 35.
- 37.
《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》[The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (2018 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 16, 26 October 2018.
- 38.
The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (2018 revision), art 2.
- 39.
- 40.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》[Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 28, 28 August 2004.
- 41.
Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision), art 35.
- 42.
《中华人民共和国农业法》[the Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 74, December 28, 2012.
- 43.
Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revision), art 58.
- 44.
Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revision), art 25.
- 45.
Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revision), art 66.
- 46.
Agriculture Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 revision).
- 47.
《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》 [the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 49, 29 April 2006.
- 48.
《中华人民共和国无公害农产品管理办法》 [the Regulation on Pollution-free Agricultural Product Management] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China, 4 April 2002.
- 49.
Regulation on Pollution-free Agricultural Product Management, art 9 (1).
- 50.
《土地复垦条例》[The Rules on Land Reclamation] (People’s Republic of China) State Council , 5 March 2011.
- 51.
《中华人民共和国水污染防治法实施细则》[Rules for Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (2000 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) State Council , Order No 284, 20 March 2000.
- 52.
Rules for Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (2000 revision), art 24.
- 53.
《中华人民共和国自然保护区条例》 [Regulations on Nature Reserves of the PRC] (People’s Republic of China) State Council , Decree No 167, 9 October 1994, art 32. As amended in 2017.
- 54.
Regulations on Nature Reserves of the PRC] (People’s Republic of China, art 32(1).
- 55.
Regulations on Nature Reserves of the PRC] (People’s Republic of China, art 32(2).
- 56.
For example, former SEPA , 《关于切实做好企业搬迁过程中环境污染防治工作的通知》[Notice on Readying for preventing environmental pollution when enterprises make move (2004)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, Decree No 47, 1 Jun 2004; Ministry of Finance P.R.C, 《土壤污染防治专项资金管理办法》[Measures for Soil Contamination Special Fund], Caijian [2016] Order No 601, August 1, 2016; Measures for the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Land site (Trial), Order No 42 of the former MEP , December 31, 2016; Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of Agricultural Land (Trial), Order No 46 of the former MEP and the Ministry of Agriculture, September 25, 2017.
- 57.
《污染地块土壤环境管理办法》[Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) former MEP , Order No 42, December 31, 2016.
- 58.
Article 1, Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial).
- 59.
Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial), Article 2, para 1.
- 60.
Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial), para 2.
- 61.
Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial), para 3.
- 62.
《农用地土壤环境管理办法(试行)》[Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of Agricultural Land (Trial)], (People’s Republic of China), former MEP and the Ministry of Agriculture, Order No 46, September 25, 2017.
- 63.
《工矿用地土壤环境管理办法(试行)》[Administrative Measures for Soil Environment of Land for Industrial and Mining Uses (Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) Order No 3 MEE, May 3, 2018.
- 64.
Article 3, the Administrative Measures for Soil Environment of Land for Industrial and Mining Uses (Trial), MEE, Decree No 3, May 3, 2018, came into force since August 1, 2018.
- 65.
《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划》(The National Eleventh Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection (2011-2015)), State Council , 2006. It’s available at http://english.mep.gov.cn/down_load/Documents/200803/P020080306440313293094.pdf.
- 66.
The Regulation requires an environmental risk assessment to be carried out for contaminated soil.
- 67.
The Guidelines mainly stipulate work procedures and technical methods for site environmental assessments within Beijing.
- 68.
The regulations mainly provide that before industrial enterprises may relocate, they should first clean up remaining hazardous materials and wastes and remediate any contaminated soil.
- 69.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理方法(试行)》[The Measures Mainly Stipulate the Evaluation And Identification of Contaminated Sites] (2007), Shenyang City Council, Decree No 87, May 25, 2007.
- 70.
《关于加强我市工业企业原址污染场地治理修复工作的通知》[Notice on Strengthening Industrial Contaminated Sites Treatment and Remediation], Chongqing City Council, Decree No 208, 26 Jun 2008.
- 71.
For example, 《上海市环境保护条例2016》 [the Regulation of Environment Protection of Shanghai City 2016] prescribes that farming producer should scientifically implicating chemicals, pesticides and agricultural film.
- 72.
For example, 《安徽省农业生态环境保护条例》 [the Regulation of Agricultural Ecology Protection of Anhui Province 1999] and 《山东省农业环境保护条例2018》 [the Regulation of Agricultural Environment Protection of Shandong province] (2018) have definitely take soil protection under the catalogue of agricultural environmental protection.
- 73.
For example, the Regulation of the Agricultural Environmental Protection of Anhui Province prescribes that water quality of the nearest irrigation sources around industry areas should meet the irrigation water quality standard.
- 74.
《中华人民共和国环境保护标准管理办法》[Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA , Decree No 3, 1 April 1999, art 3.
- 75.
Measures on the management of Environmental Standards, art 5. According to the Standardization Law, national environmental standards marked as ‘GB’ are mandatory standards, while those marked as ‘GB/T’ are voluntary standards (with the ‘T’ as ‘recommended’). Similarly, standards issued by MEP are marked as ‘HJ’ are mandatory with national scope; however, those marked as ‘HJ/T’ are voluntary ones.
- 76.
Measures on the management of Environmental Standards, art 3.
- 77.
Article 12, Soil Pollution Law 2018.
- 78.
For example, CCICED, reports.
- 79.
《土壤环境监测技术规范》[The Technical Specification for soil Environmental monitoring ] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA , HJ/T 166 -2004, 9 December 2004.
- 80.
The Technical Specification for soil Environmental monitoring.
- 81.
For example,《污染源监测管理办法》[Management Measures of pollution sources monitoring ] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA , Decree No 1999/246; 《城市生活垃圾管理办法》[Management Method for Municipal Domestic Garbage] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Decree No 2007/175, art 28(8);《医疗废物化学消毒集中处理工程技术规范 (试行)》 [Technical Specifications for Chemical Disinfection Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (On Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, 8 February 2006, art12.9.7; 《医疗废物微波消毒集中处理工程技术规范(试行)》[Technical specifications for Microwave Disinfection Centralized Treatment Engineering on Medical Waste (On Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA, 8 February 2006, art 12.9.7.
- 82.
《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》(征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites(Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP , Decree No 1321, 15 December 2009, art 27 (3).
- 83.
《关于征求<污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法>(征求意见稿)意见的函》[Letter about soliciting for opinions for the Technical guidelines for environmental monitoring of sites (Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP , Decree No [2010] 99, 1 February 2010.
- 84.
《污染场地环境监测技术导则》(征求意见稿) [Technical guidelines for environmental monitoring of sites] (People’s Republic of China) MEP , Decree No [2010] 99, 1 February 2010.
- 85.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法(试行)》[the Management Measures of contaminated sites remediation and control of the Shenyang City] (People’s Republic of China) Shenyang EPB, Shenyang Municipal Planning and Land Resources Bureau, Decree No [2007] 87, 25 May 2007.
- 86.
The Management Measures of contaminated sites remediation and control of the Shenyang City, art 12.
- 87.
《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》[the regulation on solid waste pollution prevention and control of Zhejiang province] Article 16.
- 88.
This system is regulated both in the Environmental Protection Law art 13, all sectoral pollution laws and special regulations on EP for construction projects.
- 89.
《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》 [the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 49, 29 April 2006.
- 90.
The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Agricultural Product Quality Safety, art 15.
- 91.
《中华人民共和国土地管理法》[Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 6, 30 October 1995.
- 92.
《农药限制使用管理规定》 [Provisions on the restriction use of Pesticides] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Agriculture, Decree No 17, 28 Jun 2002, art 7(4).
- 93.
《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》[The Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA , Order No 27, 30 August 2005.
- 94.
The Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals, arts 10, 14.
- 95.
《污染地块土壤环境管理办法》(试行) [Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) former MEP , Order No 42, December 31, 2016. Art 6.
- 96.
《危险化学品安全管理条例》[Regulations on the Safety Administration of Dangerous Chemicals] (People’s Republic of China) State Council , Order No 344, 1 February 2002, art 52(3).
- 97.
《长江三峡水库库底固体废物清理技术规范》[Technical Standard of Solid Waste Cleaning for Reservoir Bed of The Three Gorges on Yangtze River] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA and State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee Executive Office, , HJ 85-2005, 13 June 2005, art 4.1.
- 98.
《污染地块土壤环境管理办法》(试行) [Measures for the Administration of the Soil Environment of the Contaminated Sites (Trial)] (People’s Republic of China) former MEP , Order No 42, December 31, 2016. Arts 23-28.
- 99.
《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》[the regulation on solid waste pollution prevention and control of Zhejiang province] (People’s Republic of China) NPC Standing Committee of Zhejiang Province, Decree No 54, 9 March 2006, art 17.
- 100.
《本溪市土地开发复垦办法》 [Measures on Land Reclamation in Benxi City] (People’s Republic of China) People’s Government of Benxi City, Decree No 55, 30 March,1998.
- 101.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法(试行)》[the Management Measures of contaminated sites remediation and control of the Shenyang City] (People’s Republic of China) Shenyang EPB, Shenyang Municipal Planning and Land Resources Bureau, Decree No [2007] 87, 25 May 2007.
- 102.
See, e.g., 《最高人民法院 最高人民检察院关于办理环境污染刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》[The Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases of Environmental Pollution] (2016) (People’s Republic of China), the Supreme People’s Court, No. 29 [2016], December 23, 2016. 《矿山地质环境恢复治理专项资金管理办法》[Administrative Measures for the Special Funds for the Restoration and Management of the Geological Environment of Mines] (People’s Republic of China) Ministry of Finance & Ministry of Land & Resources, Decree No 80 [2013], March 27, 2013.
- 103.
《中华人民共和国民法通则》[General Principles of the Civil Law ] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 37, 12 April 1986, amended in 2009.
- 104.
《中华人民共和国民法通则》[General Principles of the Civil Law ], art 124.
- 105.
《中华人民共和国民法总则 》[General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China] , National People’s Congress , Order No 66, 15 March 2017. Article 9.
- 106.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[Environmental Protection Law], art 6.
- 107.
《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》[The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 21, 26 December 2009. To guide the local courts’ to properly apply the Tort Law, the Supreme People’s Court issued an interpretation in 2015. See 《最高人民法院关于审理环境侵权责任纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》[Interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court of Several Issues on the Application of Law in the Trial of Disputes over Liability for Environmental Torts] (People’s Republic of China), the Supreme People’s Court, Interpretation No. 12 [2015], January 6, 2015.
- 108.
See, e.g., 《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》 [Marine Environmental Protection Law ] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 26, 1April 2000, arts 32-40;《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》(People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 87, 1 Jun 2008, art 46; 《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》[The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution (2018 revision)], art 46; 《中华人民共和国水土保持法》[Law on Water and Soil Conservation] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 39, 1 March 2011, arts 32-42; 《固体废物污染环境防治法》[Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 31, 1 April 2005, arts 53-64; 《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》[Law on Radioactive Pollution Prevention and Control] (promulgated by the President), (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress, Order No 6, 1 October 2003, arts 42-5.
- 109.
《中华人民共和国环境保护法》[Environmental Protection Law] art 41: ‘If environmental pollution losses result solely from irresistible natural disasters which cannot be averted even after the prompt adoption of reasonable measures, the party concerned shall be exempted from liability.’
- 110.
《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》[The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , Order No 21, 26 December 2009.
- 111.
The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 65.
- 112.
The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 65.
- 113.
The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 68.
- 114.
The Tort Law of the People’s Republic of China, art 67.
- 115.
《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》[Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes], art 58.
- 116.
《废弃危险化学品污染环境防治办法》[The Measures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Discarded Dangerous Chemicals] SEPA Order No 27, August 30, 2005, article 25(1).
- 117.
《沈阳市污染场地环境治理及修复管理办法》[the Management Measures of contaminated sites remediation and control of the Shenyang City], chapter 5;《浙江省固体废物污染环境防治条例》[the regulation on solid waste pollution prevention and control of Zhejiang province], art 52.
- 118.
It should be noticed that article 40 the Environmental Protection Law, article 61 of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution and article 57 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution are all related to article 338 of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (1997).
- 119.
《中华人民共和国刑法(1997)》[Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China (1997 revision)] (People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress , 14 March 1997, art 338.
- 120.
《中华人民共和国刑法(1997)》[Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China ], art 338.
- 121.
Article 342 of the Criminal Law provides that: ‘those who illegally occupy farmland for other uses in violation of land administrative law and regulations in a relatively large area and cause damage to large tracts of farmland are to be sentenced to not more than five years of fixed-term imprisonment or criminal detention, and in addition be sentenced to a fine or may be sentenced to a simple fine.’
- 122.
For example,《关于切实做好企业搬迁过程中环境污染防治工作的通知》[Notice on Readying for preventing environmental pollution when enterprises make move (2004)] (People’s Republic of China) SEPA , Decree No 47, 1 Jun 2004;《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》[Decision of the State Council on the Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection], (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2005] 39, 3 December 2005;《污染场地土壤环境管理暂行办法》(征求意见稿) [Interim Measures for the Soil Environment Management of Contaminated Sites(Draft)] (People’s Republic of China) MEP , Decree No 1321, 15 December 2009.
- 123.
Prime Minister Zhou Shenxian commenced at a ceremony to mark World Environment Day. See J. Li (2010); China.org.cn (2010).
- 124.
Zhou (2009).
- 125.
《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》[Decision of the State Council on the Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2005] 39, 3 December 2005.
- 126.
Those three main forms of transformations are as follows: to transform from giving weight to economic growth and making light of environmental protection to paying equal attention to both matters; to transform from the fact that environmental protection lags behind economic growth to enabling the former to keep pace with the latter; to transform from protecting the environment mainly by administrative means to resorting to a combination of legal, economic, technical, and administrative instruments if necessary, to address environmental issues. See SEPA (2006).
- 127.
《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》[Decision of the State Council on the Implementation of the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection] (People’s Republic of China) State Council, Decree No [2005] 39, 3 December 2005.
- 128.
Zeng (2006).
- 129.
The report said that there was striking rural environmental problems with increasing soil pollution. Environmental pollution caused by such factors as hazardous waste, vehicle emissions and POPs is on the rise. See PRC (2006).
- 130.
See PRC (2011).
- 131.
S. Li (2006).
- 132.
《关于加强土壤污染防治工作的意见》[Opinions on Enhancing the Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution ] (2008) (People’s Republic of China) former MEP , Decree No 48, Jun 6, 2008.
- 133.
Wu (2006).
- 134.
Former MEP and the Ministry of Land Resources, Gazette of the National Soil Pollution Survey, 17 April 2014, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/qt/201404/W020140417558995804588.pdf.
- 135.
See Y. Zhang and Zhou (2016).
- 136.
C. Zhang (2018).
- 137.
C. Zhang (2017).
- 138.
State Council , 《国务院关于印发土壤污染防治行动计划的通知》 [Circular of the State Council on Issuing the Action Plan for Soil Pollution Control] (People’s Republic of China), State Council, Guo Fa [2016] No 31, May 28, 2016.
- 139.
China.org.cn (2008).
- 140.
China.org.cn (2008).
- 141.
As we’ve discussed in earlier Chapters, specific contaminated land legislation has been recommended by almost all of the advocates of the law. For example, see Shuyi (2008).
- 142.
W. Bank (2017).
- 143.
《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》[Soil environmental quality Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land ] (GB 15618-2018).
- 144.
As we discussed earlier in [chapter 3.3.7], a number of technical guidelines have been issued to meet the challenges. Terms of Contaminated Sites (HJ 682-2014), Technical Guidelines for Environmental Site Monitoring (HJ 25.2-2014), Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.3-2014), and Technical Guidelines for Site Soil Remediation (2014).
- 145.
A. D. Bank (May 2007) 63.
- 146.
OECD (2009).
- 147.
For example, Dongling Lead and Zinc Smelting Co in Fengxiang County in the city of Baoji, had been ordered to suspend lead and zinc production after sporadic cases of villages’ lead poisoning near the factory site. The scandal has shed light once again on the dilemma facing many parts of China when industrial development poses threat to the environment and people’s health. The smelter, which started production in 2006, contributed to 17 percent of Fengxiang County’s GDP in 2008. To some extent, the plant also benefited the villagers, some of whom secured factory jobs while others earned extra money by leasing houses to migrant workers or running grocery stores and eateries that were more often frequented by the factory workers than local peasants. Agency (2009).
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Zhao, X. (2019). The Regulatory Frameworks to Address Land Contamination in China. In: Developing an Appropriate Contaminated Land Regime in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59557-2_3
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