Status Quo of Land Contamination in China: Causes, Effects and Features

Zhao, Xiaobo

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59557-2_2

Status Quo of Land Contamination in China: Causes, Effects and Features

Xiaobo Zhao²

Chapter
First Online: 28 August 2019

159 Accesses

Abstract

Causes of land contamination in China are complex. Generally, agricultural Nonpoint Sources Pollution (NSP), heavy metals pollution, radioactive pollution and former industry sites have been reported as main reasons of land contamination in China. Land contamination has raised health damage to the human beings and ecosystem. In the meantime, it has caused tremendous economic loss and greatly endangered the food security , food quality and social stability.

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Notes

1.
Zhou (2006).
2.
According to the Decision of the First Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on the State Council Institutional Reform Proposal released on 17 March 2018, China unveiled the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China (MEE) to replace the former Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEP). MEE, as one of the departments of the State Council of China, is responsible for a broader range of issues, including climate change and emissions reduction policies; environmental monitoring ; air/water/soil pollution; ecological/marine conservation, nuclear safety and radiation safety, etc.
3.
Shen (2006); for details of the survey, see X. Wu (2006).
4.
MEE and MLR (2014).
5.
H. Chen (2005), at 8.
6.
M. H. Wong and Bradshaw (2002), at 19.
7.
Wild (1993), at 11.
8.
Development (2006).
9.
Hill (2004), at 201.
10.
Ritter and Shirmohammadi (2001), at 1.
11.
Hill (2004), p 201. According to Hill, rural non-point sources generally include agriculture, logging, and mining sites; while urban non-point sources include streets and parking lots, roofs, and construction sites, etc.
12.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
13.
Weili Zhang et al. (2004).
14.
MEE (2010).
15.
Poor wastewater treatment was thought to be main reasons. This is especially the case (accounting for 85% of the total wastewater irrigation area) in north China in those areas along the watersheds of the Haihe, Liaohe, Huanghe and Huaihe Rivers where water scarcity is severe. It should be noted that, for a long time, the land application of wastewater was considered as one of the most cost-effective options of sludge disposal. L. Luo et al. (2009).
16.
Zhu (2007).
17.
Zhu (2007).
18.
G. Wang and Lin (2003).
19.
Huang and Iskandar (1999), at 186-188.
20.
G. Wang and Lin (2003).
21.
Anonymous (2008); see also Wenjun Zhang et al. (2011).
22.
CCICED (2006).
23.
N. B. o. S. o. China and MEP (2009).
24.
Ji (2008).
25.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
26.
Studied shows when the volume of spray liquid applied was high (>500 l/ha), only about 20% of the pesticide was deposited on the crop, with most of the chemical being wasted on the soil. See Matthews (2006), at 168.
27.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
28.
In March 1986, Deng Xiaoping named the National Program on High Technology Development, also called the 863 Program-program, which named by the date it has been introduced; similarly, the National Program on the Development of Basic Research was launched in March 1997, also called 973 Program when Jiang Zemin inaugurated it. In both these programs, basic researches on soil environment protection consists the major components. The 973 Program Soil and Air Quality Changing Regularity and Rule of Control in Yangtz River and Pearl (Project No.2002CB410800) was one fundamental research program conducted by the Project Group of National Program on the Development of Basic Research between 2002 and 2005.
29.
J. Li and Zhou (2007).
30.
CCICED (2006).
31.
Williams (2005).
32.
In 2006, it was reported that the application level of chemical fertilizer in China is 368 kg/ha, which overran the upper limit of 225 kg/ha to prevent possible adverse effects of fertilizer on soil and water proposed by developed countries. See Development (2006).
33.
Qiu (2010).
34.
MEP et al. (2010).
35.
Watts (2010).
36.
MEP et al. (2010).
37.
CCICED (2006).
38.
C. Chen et al. (2010); X. Zhao (2016).
39.
For example, F.-J. Zhao et al. (2015)
40.
CCICED (2006).
41.
Qiu (2010). Wang Yanliang was the Ministry of Agriculture Science and Technology Department of Education Inspector in 2010.
42.
Hu (2008).
43.
Wild (1993), at 190.
44.
B. He et al. (2013).
45.
See, e.g., Lu et al. (2015); Zeng et al. (2015).
46.
Zhou (2006).
47.
Sodango et al. (2018).
48.
Teng et al. (2004).
49.
Alloway (1995); see also B. Wei and Yang (2010).
50.
The IPI is defined as the mean value of the pollution index (PI) of an element. In this study, the PI of each element is defined as the ratio of the metal concentration in the city to the background concentration of the corresponding metal as the following formulation: PIi=Ci / Bi, where C_n is the concentration of element in environment, B_n is the background value. The IPI is classified as: IPI≤1 low level of pollution; 1<IPI≤2 moderate level of pollution; 2<IPI≤5 high level of pollution; IPI>5 extreme high level of pollution.
51.
S. Wang et al. (2016).
52.
(China MEP 2014).
53.
See also R. Chen et al. (2014). See also, Duan et al. (2016); Yang et al. (2018).
54.
Z. Luo (2008).
55.
Z. Luo (2008).
56.
Itai-itai disease was found in the cadmium (Cd) polluted Jinzu River basin in Toyama Prefecture, and has been generally recognized since the 1950’s by the effort of inhabitants and Dr. Hagino who was a general practitioner with a private clinic in the polluted area. Itai-itai disease was officially recognized in 1968 as the first disease induced by environmental pollution in Japan after legal proceedings. Especially, the basis that concluded the cause of the disease to be Cd pollution was epidemiological evidence that only cadmium can explain the limited development of itai-itai disease in a specific area around parts of the Jinzu River. More background information about Itai-itai disease can refer to Hamilton (2010).
57.
Z. Luo (2008).
58.
Yanxia Li et al. (2010).
59.
Jaffe and Strode (2008).
60.
L. Zhang and Wong (2007).
61.
Tang et al. (2007).
62.
Celia Y. Chen (2008).
63.
C. Y. Chen et al. (2008).
64.
H. Zhang et al. (2010).
65.
Y. Zhang et al. (2009).
66.
See, e.g., C. Daily (2010a); Agency (2009a); Agency (2009b); Agency (2009a); Agency (2009b); C. Wei (2018).
67.
Robinson (2009).
68.
C. S. C. Wong et al. (2007).
69.
Yan Li et al. (2008).
70.
Deng et al. (2007).
71.
The city of Guiyu is home to 5500 businesses devoted to processing discarded electronics, known as e-waste. According to local websites, the region dismantles 1.5 million pounds of junked computers, cell phones and other devices a year. For more information about the Guiyu ‘e-waste industry’, see Chien-min Chung’s photo collections on the Time Photo 2011. See Chung (2009).
72.
Leung et al. (2008).
73.
Huo et al. (2007).
74.
Leung et al. (2008).
75.
Zhan (2016).
76.
Riley (2004), at 33, 37.
77.
Fang (2005).
78.
Fang (2005).
79.
Hai (2014).
80.
Fang (2005).
81.
Fang (2005).
82.
MEE (2008).
83.
Weekly (2006).
84.
《中华人民共和国放射性污染防治法》[Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution ](People’s Republic of China) National People’s Congress Standing Committee, Order No.6, 28 June, 2003.
85.
Jin et al. (2010).
86.
L. Chen (2010).
87.
Yao (2010).
88.
Yao (2010).
89.
MEE (1995).
90.
Burkitt (2010).
91.
CCICED (2008).
92.
H. Chen (2005), at 12.
93.
CCICED (2008).
94.
K. He et al. (2010); see also Zhuang et al. (2014).
95.
Shen (2009).
96.
Agency (2004).
97.
CCICED (2006).
98.
W. Bank and MEE (2008).
99.
W. Bank and MEE (2008).
100.
W. Bank and MEE (2008).
101.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
102.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
103.
H. M. Chen (2002).
104.
Located in the Yangtze Delta plain, Taihu Lake (Chinese: 太湖; pinyin: Tài Hú; literally ‘Grand Lake’) is the third largest freshwater lake in China. It is on the border of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces with an area of 2,250 km² and an average depth of 2 meters. With rapid and extensive industrial and agricultural development around the lake area, Taihu Lake has suffered severe water pollution in recent years. In May 2007, the lake was overtaken by a major algae bloom and by major pollution with cyanobacteria which drew attention of the whole nation. Long term target to clean the Taihu Lake has been set by the State Council and synthetic pollution remediation projects in Taihu Lake area have been monitored and reported by the former MEP every year.
105.
See E. Liu et al. (2005). See also Jin et al. (2010).
106.
Jin et al. (2010).
107.
Jiaozhou Bay is a semi-enclosed coastal embayment located on the east coast of China and adjacent to the Yellow Sea. The Bay is surrounded by Qingdao, Jiaozhou and Jiaonan cities, which have a combined population of over seven million and is one of the most populated coastal regions on the east coast of China. Over the years, this over 400 km² area is proved highly significant for civil, industrial and commercial development of the seaport city Qingdao.
108.
X. C. Wang et al. (2007).
109.
C. Wu et al. (2010).
110.
J. L. Wong (2010).
111.
G. China (2008).
112.
A. D. Bank (2007).
113.
See, e.g., J. Chen (2007); X. Zhang et al. (2015).
114.
According to residue tests made in January and April 2007, the compliance rate was 93.6% on average, derived from 96.7% from production bases, 93.7% from wholesale markets, 91.7% from supermarkets and 92.5% from farm produce markets. See PRC (2007).
115.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
116.
G. Liu et al. (2006).
117.
The ninth Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco and Health was held in Sydney, Australia with the theme ‘FCTC (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) in Asia Pacific: Change, Challenge and Progress.’ More than 600 people from more than 40 countries and regions attended the conference. See P. s. Daily (2010b).
118.
Only cases with grievous social-economic influence would enter into the MEE’s list.
119.
Zhou (2006).
120.
H. Chen (2005), p. 8.
121.
H. Chen (2005), p. 8.
122.
CCICED (2008).

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School of Law and Justice, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
Xiaobo Zhao

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Zhao, X. (2019). Status Quo of Land Contamination in China: Causes, Effects and Features. In: Developing an Appropriate Contaminated Land Regime in China. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59557-2_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59557-2_2
Published: 28 August 2019
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