Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Atemregulation

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Neurologische Beatmungsmedizin

Zusammenfassung

Atmung und Atemregulation sind für das Überleben der Tiere und des Menschen unabdingbar. Atemregulation ist ein hochkomplexes, lebenserhaltendes System, das kontinuierlich verschiedene Aufgaben miteinander abstimmen muss: Aufrechterhaltung des Gasaustauschs durch Steuerung von Inspiration und Exspiration, Anpassung der Atmung an die besonderen Erfordernisse bei körperlicher Aktivität, Sicherung des Atemwegs durch Koordination der Atmung mit Schutzreflexen wie Schlucken, Würgen, Husten und Niesen, Koordination der Atmung mit anderen Reflexen wie Gähnen, Koordination der Atmung mit Willküraktivitäten wie Sprechen, Pfeifen, Singen und Spielen von Instrumenten, Auswirkungen von Schmerz, Emotion, Körpertemperatur und Schwangerschaft auf die Atmung, Adaptation der Atmung an den Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus. Störungen der Atemregulation sind häufig und bleiben in vielen Fällen unerkannt. In diesem Kapitel werden die beatmungsmedizinisch bedeutsamen Grundlagen der Neuroanatomie, Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Atemregulation sowie die komplexe Interaktion von Atmung und Schlaf erörtert.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

Literatur Abschn. 3.1

  • Alheid GF et al (2011) Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 190:207–227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Amiel J et al (2009) PHOX2B in respiratory control: lessons from congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and its mouse models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 168(1–2):125–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson TM et al (2016) A novel excitatory network for the control of breathing. Nature 536(7614):76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson TM und Ramirez JM (2017) Respiratory rhythm generation: triple oscillator hypothesis. F1000Research, 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annane D et al (1999) Mechanisms underlying effects of nocturnal ventilation on daytime blood gases in neuromuscular diseases. Eur Respir J 13(1):157–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baertsch NA et al (2018) The interdependence of excitation and inhibition for the control of dynamic breathing rhythms. Nat Commun 9(1):843

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Balanyi K et al. (2010) Control of breathing by “nerve glue”. Sci Signal, 3(147), pe41-pe41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett WH et al (2018) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus orchestrates the timing of expiratory abdominal nerve bursting. J Neurophysiol 119(2):401–412

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bautista TG, Dutschmann M (2014) Ponto-medullary nuclei involved in the generation of sequential pharyngeal swallowing and concomitant protective laryngeal adduction in situ. J Physiol 592(12):2605–2623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berry RB et al (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. J Clin Sleep Med 8(05):597–619

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bjerrum S, Rosendal F (2015) A rare case of tension pneumocephalus after head trauma. International J Surg Case R 6:300–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bochorishvili G et al (2012) Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. J Comp Neurol 520(5):1047–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bolser DC et al (2015) Role oft he dorsal medulla in the neurogenesis of airway protection. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 35:105–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bonin-Vilaplana M et al (2012) Cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with first-ever lacunar stroke. Sleep Disord 2012:257890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonis JM et al (2011) The effects of lesions in the dorsolateral pons on the coordination of swallowing and breathing in awake goats. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 175(2):272–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonis JM et al (2013) Contributions of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 189(1):10–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bordoni B et al (2016) A review of analgesic and emotive breathing: a multidisciplinary approach. J Multi Healthc 9:97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boutin RCT et al (2017) Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group. J Physiol 595(4):1377–1392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Browaldh N et al (2016) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans. Eur Arch ORL 273(11):3505–3510

    Google Scholar 

  • Browne HA et al (2003) Ageing does not influence the sleep-related decrease in the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Eur Respir J 21(3):523–529

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock S, Hales M (2012) Principles of Pathology. Pearson, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke PG et al (2015) State-dependent control of breathing by the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 593(13):2909–2926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chowdhuri S et al (2017) Control of ventilation in health and disease. Chest 151(4):917–929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cinelli E et al (2018) Inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex by acetylcholine in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 257:93–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran AE et al (2015) Functional link between the hypocretin and serotonin systems in the neural control of breathing and central chemosensitivity. J Neurophysiol 114(1):381–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Critchlex HD et al (2015) Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0127082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Lascio S et al (2018) Structural and functional differences in PHOX2B frameshift mutations underlie isolated or syndromic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Hum Mutat 39(2):219–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinghra RR et al (2017) Kölliker-Fuse nuclei regulate respiratory rhythm variability via a gain-control mechanism. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Com Physiol 312(2):R172–R188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dinh QT (2006) Die sensible und sympathische Innervation bei allergischen Atemwegserkrankungen. Habilitationsschrift, Düsseldorf

    Google Scholar 

  • Dlouthy BJ et al (2015) Breathing inhibited when seizures spread to the amygdala and upon amygdala stimulation. J Neurosci 35(28):10281–10289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dutschmann M et al (2014) Learning to breathe: Habituation of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 195:44–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutschmann M, Herbert H (2006) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus gates the postinspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle to control inspiratory off-switch and upper airway resistance in rat. European J Neurosci 24(4):1071–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert DJ et al (2009) Mechanisms of apnea. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 51(4):313–323

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Evans KC et al (1999) Functional MRI localisation of central nervous system regions associated with volitional inspiration in humans. J Physiol 520(2):383–392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fu C et al (2017) Chemosensitive Phox2b-expressing neurons are crucial for hypercapnic ventilatory response in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Physiol 595(14):4973–4989

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushi I et al (2018) The role of the hypothalamus in modulation of respiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:172–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG (2008) The 2008 Carl Ludwig lecture: retrotrapezoid nucleus, CO2 homeostasis, and breathing automaticity. J Appl Physiol 105(2):404–416. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535135

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG et al (2012) The retrotrapezoid nucleus and breathing

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA (2015) Neural control of breathing and CO2 homeostasis. Neuron 87(5):946–961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG, Mulkey DK (2010) Retrotrapezoid nucleus and parafacial respiratory group. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 173(3):244–255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG et al (2016) Proton detection and breathing regulation by the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 594(6):1529–1551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG et al (2017) Interdependent feedback regulation of breathing by the carotid bodies and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 596(15):3029–3042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton RD et al (1988) The effect of lung inflation on breathing in man during wakefulness and sleep. Respir Physiol 73(2):145–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heck DH et al (2016) Breathing as a fundamental rhythm of brain function

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrick KS et al (2017) Central hypoventilation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Movement Disord Clin Pract 4(1):42–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holstege G (2014) The periaqueductal gray controls brainstem emotional motor systems including respiration. Prog Brain Res 209:379–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn EM, Waldrop TG (1997) Oxygen-sensing neurons in the caudal hypothalamus and their role in cardiorespiratory control. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda K et al (2017) The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkin SE et al (2017) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus acts as a timekeeper for late-expiratory abdominal activity. Neuroscience 348:63–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karcz M und Papadakos PJ (2013) Respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms. Canadian J Respir Ther: CJRT = Revue canadienne de la therapie respiratoire: RCTR, 49(4), 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koshiya N et al (2014) Anatomical and functional pathways of rhythmogenic inspiratory premotor information flow originating in the pre-Bötzinger complex in the rat medulla. Neuroscience 268:194–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubin L et al (2006) Central pathways of pulmonary and lower airway vagal afferents. J Appl Physiol 101(2):618–627

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar NN et al. (2015) PHYSIOLOGY. Regulation of breathing by CO2 requires the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. Science, 348(6240), 1255-1260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laceuy N et al (2017) Amygdala and hippocampus are symptomatogenic zones for central apneic seizures. Neurology 88(7):701–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen R, Ziegenfuß T (2013) Beatmung: Indikationen – Techniken – Krankheitsbilder. Springer, Heidelberg

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lavezzi AM et al (2004) Cytoarchitectural organization of the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex in man. Brain Dev 26(5):316–320

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lavezzi AM et al (2012) Developmental alterations of the respiratory human retrotrapezoid nucleus in sudden unexplained fetal and infant death. Auton Neurosc 170(1–2):12–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee MC et al (1976) Respiratory rate and pattern disturbances in acute brain stem infarction. Stroke 7(4):382–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • León EJ et al (2016) Role of astrocytes in central respiratory chemoreception. In: von Bernhardi Rommy (Hrsg) Glial cells in health and disease of the CNS. Springer, Cham, S 109–145

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Loewy A (1888) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bei Muskeltätigkeit gebildeten Atemreize. Pflügers Arch 42, S 281

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumsden T (1923) Observations on the respiratory centres in the cat. J Physiol 57(3–4):153–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lutherer LO et al (1989) Neurons of the rostral fastigial nucleus are responsive to cardiovascular and respiratory challenges. J Auton Ner Syst 27(2):101–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKay LC, Feldman JL (2008) Unilateral ablation of pre-Botzinger complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(1):89–95

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marckwald M (1890) Movements of respiration. Blackie & Son, Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  • Martelli D et al (2013) The emerging role of the parabrachial complex in the generation of wakefulness drive and its implication for respiratory control. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 188(3):318–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meurice JC et al (1995) Influence of sleep on ventilatory and upper airway response to CO2 in normal subjects and patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(5):1620–1626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mörschel M, Dutschmann M (2009) Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase transition. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364(1529):2517–2526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira TS et al (2016) Respiratory and autonomic dysfunction in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. J Neurophysiol 116(2):742–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mutolo D et al (2014) Inhibitory control of the cough reflex by galanin receptors in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Comp Physiol 307(11):R1358–R1367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutolo D (2017) Brainstem mechanisms underlying the cough reflex and its regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 243:60–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nattie E, Li A (2012) Central chemoreceptors: locations and functions. Compr Physiol 2(1):221–254

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nobis WP et al (2018) Amygdala-stimulation-induced apnea is attention and nasal-breathing dependent. Ann Neurol 83(3):460–471

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okada Y et al (2012) Preinspiratory calcium rise in putative pre-Bötzinger complex astrocytes. J Physiol 590(19):4933–4944

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oken BS et al (2006) Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clinical Neurophysiol 117(9):1885–1901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oku Y et al (2007) Respiratory neuron group in the high cervical spinal cord discovered by optical imaging. NeuroReport 19(17):1739–1743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oku Y et al (2016) Respiratory calcium fluctuations in low-frequency oscillating astrocytes in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 226:11–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pape HC et al (2014) Physiologie. Thieme, Stuttgart

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pisanski A, Pagliardini S (2018) The parafacial respiratory group and the control of active expiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:153–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poliacek I et al (2008) Influence of microinjections of D, L-homocysteic acid into the Bötzinger complex area on the cough reflex in the cat. J Physiol Pharmacol: Official J Pol Physiol Soc 59(Suppl 6):585

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahmanian A et al (2014) Effects of intracranial pressure monitoring on outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury; results of a historical cohort study. Bull Emerg Trauma 2(4):151

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rehnberg V, Walters E (2017) The life and work of Adolph Kussmaul 1822–1902: ‚Sword swallowers in modern medicine‘. J Intensive Care Soc 18(1):71–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter DW, Smith JC (2014) Respiratory Rhythm Generation In Vivo. Physiology 29(1):58–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rosin DL et al (2006) Afferent and efferent connections of the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 499(1):64–89

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rybak IA et al (2007) Spatial organization and state-dependent mechanisms for respiratory rhythm and pattern generation. Prog Brain Res 165:201–220

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels ER, Szabadi E (2008) Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(3):235–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer D et al (1996) Sleep and breathing disorders in patients with brain stem lesions. Wien Med Wochenschr 146(13–14):296–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzacher SW et al (2011) Neuroanatomical characteristics of the human pre-Bötzinger complex and its involvement in neurodegenerative brainstem diseases. Brain 134(1):24–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheikhbahaei S et al (2018) Astrocytes modulate brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating circuits and determine exercise capacity. Nat commun 9(1):370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siccoli MM et al (2008) Central periodic breathing during sleep in 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke – neurogenic and cardiogenic factors. J Neurol 255(11):1687–1692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva JN et al (2016a) Inhibition of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus reduces genioglossal activity elicited by stimulation of the retrotrapezoid chemoreceptor neurons. Neuroscience 328:9–21

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva JN et al (2016b) Neuroanatomical and physiological evidence that the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial region regulates expiration in adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 227:9–22

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JC et al (2013) Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits. Trends Neurosci 36(3):152–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobrinho CR et al (2017) Fluorocitrate-mediated depolarization of astrocytes in the retrotrapezoid nucleus stimulates breathing

    Google Scholar 

  • Song G et al (2012) Kölliker-Fuse neurons send collateral projections to multiple hypoxia-activated and nonactivated structures in rat brainstem and spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 217(4):835–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Souza GMPR et al. (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stella G (1938) On the mechanism of production, and the physiological significance of „apneusis“. The Journal of physiology 93(1):10–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart J et al (1996) Apneustic breathing provoked by limbic influences. Postgrad Med J 72(851):559–561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2011) Midbrain and medullary control of postinspiratory activity of the crural and costal diaphragm in vivo. J Neurophysiol 105(6):2852–2862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2009) The nucleus retroambiguus control of respiration. J Neurosci 29(12):3824–3832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2013) Stimulation of the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Modulates Preinspiratory Neurons in the Ventrolateral Medulla in the Rat In Vivo. J Comp Neurol 521(13):3083–3098

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2014) The midbrain periaqueductal gray changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for survival of the individual and of the species. Prog Brain Res 212:351–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian HH et al (2017) The physiological motor patterns produced by neurons in the nucleus retroambiguus in the rat and their modulation by vagal, peripheral chemosensory, and nociceptive stimulation. J Comp Neurol 526(2):229–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takakura AC et al (2013) Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid neurons and the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory control of breathing in conscious rats. Exp Physiol 99(3):571–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teran FA et al (2014) Serotonin neurons and central respiratory chemoreception: Where are we now? Prog Brain Res 209:207–233

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Terziyski K, Draganova A (2018) Central sleep apnea with cheyne-stokes breathing in heart failure – from research to clinical practice and beyond. In: Islam Shahidul (Hrsg) Heart failure: From Res Clin Practice. Springer, Cham, S 327–351

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tulaimat A, Trick WE (2017) DiapHRaGM: A mnemonic to describe the work of breathing in patients with respiratory failure. PLoS ONE 12(7):e0179641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vann NC et al (2018) Dbx1 pre-Bötzinger complex interneurons comprise the core inspiratory oscillator for breathing in unanesthetized adult mice. eNeuro 5(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29845107

  • Whited L und Graham DD (2017) Abnormal Respirations. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL), 30 Jul. 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470309/

  • Wijdicks EFM (2007) Biot´s breathing. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(5):512–513

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wong SK, Duffy GP (1982) Surgical treatment of spontaneous pontine haematoma. J Roy Soc Med 75(3):206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J et al (2017) A V0 core neuronal circuit for inspiration. Nat Comm 8(1):544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Frazier DT (2002) Role of the cerebellar deep nuclei in respiratory modulation. Cerebellum 1(1):35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Frazier DT (1995) Hypoxic respiratory responses attenuated by ablation of the cerebellum or fastigial nuclei. J Appl Physiol 79(4):1181–1189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yackle K et al (2017) Breathing Control Cent Neurons that Promote Arousal in Mice. Science 355(6332):1411–1415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang CF, Feldmann JL (2018) Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons. J Comp Neurol 526(8):1389–1402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yokota et al (2015) Respiratory-related Outputs of Glutamatergic, Hypercapnia-Responsive ParabrachS ial Neurons in Mice. J Comp Neurol 523(6):907–920

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J (2016) Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex. J Comp Neurol 121(5):1041–1046

    Google Scholar 

  • Zafar T et al (2018a) (I) A hypothalamo-midbrain-medullary pathway involved in the inhibition of the respiratory chemoreflex response induced by potassium cyanide in rodents. Neuropharmacology 128:152–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zafar T et al (2018b) (II) Respiratory chemoreflex response inhibition by dorsomedian hypothalamic nucleus activation in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 247:188–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J et al (2017) Alteration of Spontaneous Brain Activity After Hypoxia-Reoxygenation: A Resting-State fMRI Study. High Altitude Med Biol 18(1):20–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zoccal DB et al (2014) The nucleus of the solitary tract and the coordination of respiratory and sympathetic activities. Front Physiol 5:238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zuperku EJ et al (2017) Characteristics of breathing rate control mediated by a subregion within the pontine parabrachial complex. J Neurophysiol 117(3):1030–1042

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Literatur Abschn. 3.2

  • Berry RB et al, for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2018) The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications, Version 2.5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL

    Google Scholar 

  • Aboussouan LS (2015) Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(9):979–989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adori C et al (2015) Exploring the role of neuropeptide S in the regulation of arousal: a functional anatomical study. Brain Struct Func 221(7):3521–3546

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allada R, Siegel JM (2008) Unearthing the Phylogenetic Roots of Sleep. Curr Biol 18(15):R670–R679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anaclet C et al (2014) The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep–promoting center. Nat Neurosci 17(9):1217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arrigioni E et al (2016) The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 594(19):5391–5414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE (1984) Ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans. J Appl Physiol 57(1):59–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedont JL, Blackshaw S (2015) Constructing the suprachiasmatic nucleus: a watchmaker’s perspective on the central clockworks. Frontiers Syst Neurosci 9:74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell-Pedersen D et al (2005) Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms. Nat Rev Genet 6(7):544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Berry RB, Gleeson K (1997) Respiratory arousal from sleep. Sleep 20(8):654–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhadra U et al (2017) Evolution of circadian rhythms: from bacteria to human. Sleep Med 35:49–61

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boentert M et al (2016) Sleep-disordered breathing and effects of noninvasive ventilation in patients with late-onset pompe disease. Sleep Med 35:49–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Boes AD et al. (2018) Connectivity of sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus observed during resting wakefulness. Sleep, 41(9), zsy108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonis JM et al (1985) A role for the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus in cholinergic modulation of breathing at night during wakefulness and NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 109(1):159–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borbély AA (1982) A Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1(3):195–204

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borbély AA, Achermann P (1999) Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms 14(6):557–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Borbély AA et al (2016) The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 25(2):131–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boucetta S et al (2014) Discharge Profiles across the Sleep-Waking Cycle of Identified Cholinergic, GABAergic, and Glutamatergic Neurons in the Pontomesencephalic Tegmentum of the Rat. J Neurosci 34(13):4708–4727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brillante R (2017) Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Austin J Sleep Disord 4(1):1031

    Google Scholar 

  • Bringmann M (2018) Sleep-active neurons: conserved motors of sleep. Genetics 208(4):1279–1289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Burke PG et al (2015) State-dependent control of breathing by the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 593(13):2909–2926

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carberry JC et al (2016) Upper airway collapsibility (Pcrit) and pharyngeal dilator muscle activity are sleep stage dependent. Sleep 39(3):511–521

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chokroverty S (2017) Sleep disorders medicine. basic science, technical considerations and clinical aspects. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary SS, Choudhary SR (2009) Sleep effects on breathing and respiratory diseases. Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Soc 26(4):117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cirelli C, Tonnoni G (2008) Is sleep essential?

    Google Scholar 

  • Clément O et al (2011) Evidence that neurons of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus triggering paradoxical (REM) sleep are glutamatergic. Sleep 34(4):419–423

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clément O et al (2012) The lateral hypothalamic area controls paradoxical (REM) Sleep by means of descending projections to brainstem GABAergic neurons. J Neurosci 32(47):16763–16774

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • De Cicco V et al (2017) Trigeminal, Visceral and Vestibular Inputs May Improve Cognitive Functions by Acting through the Locus Coeruleus and the Ascending Reticular Activating System: A New Hypothesis. Front Neuroanat 11:130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Lecea L et al (2012) Shining light on wakefulness and arousal. Biol Psychiatry 71(12):1046–1052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas NJ et al (1982a) Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 126(5):758–762

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas NJ et al (1982b) Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal me. Am Rev Respir Dis 125(3):286–289

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas NJ et al (1982c) Respiration during sleep in normal man. Thorax 37(11):840–844

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eban-Rothschild A et al (2018) Neuronal mechanisms for sleep/wake regulation and modulatory drive

    Google Scholar 

  • Edlow BL (2012) Neuroanatomic connectivity of the human ascending arousal system critical to consciousness and its disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71(6):531–546

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fisk AS et al (2018) Light and Cognition: Roles for Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Arousal. Front Neurol 9:56

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Forster H et al (2014) Contributions of the pre-Bötzinger complex and the Kölliker-fuse nuclei to respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in awake and sleeping goats. Prog Brain Res 209:73–89

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foutz AS et al (1979) Sleep state effects on breathing after spinal cord transection and vagotomy in the cat. Respir Physiol 37(1):89–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerashchenko D et al (2018) Sleep state dependence of optogenetically evoked responses in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 379:189–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1990) Parabrachial neuron discharge in the cat is altered during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb). Neuroscience Lett 120(2):241–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1994) Pontine cholinergic reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. Integr Comp Physiol 266(1):R136–R150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez G et al (2016) Respiratory rate variability in sleeping adults without obstructive sleep apnea. Physiol R 4(17):e12949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG (2014) Regulation of Breathing and Autonomic Outflows by Chemoreceptors. Comp Physiol 4(4):1511–1562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyenet PG et al (2016) Proton detection and breathing regulation by the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 594(6):1529–1551

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halász P et al (2004) The nature of arousal in sleep. J Sleep Res 13(1):1–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassani OK et al (2009) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons discharge in a reciprocal manner to orexin neurons across the sleep–wake cycle. Proc Nat Acad Sci 106(7):2418–2422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hong EY (2011) Differential distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)- and hypocretin (Hcrt)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the mesopontine cholinergic complex in the rat. Brain Res 1424:20–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horner L et al. (2017) Brain circuitry controlling sleep and wakefulness. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learn Neurol, 23(4), 955–972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang J et al (2008) Effect of sleep stage on breathing in children with central hypoventilation. J Applied physiology 105(1):44–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudgel DW et al (1984) Mechanics of the respiratory system and breathing pattern during sleep in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 56(1):133–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan AS et al (2015) Arousal from Sleep Does Not Lead to Reduced Dilator Muscle Activity or Elevated Upper Airway Resistance on Return to Sleep in Healthy Individuals. Sleep 38(1):53–59

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Koo P et al (2017) Change in End-Expiratory Lung Volume During Sleep in Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 13(08):941–947

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger JM et al (2016) Sleep Function: Toward Elucidating an Enigma. Sleep Med Rev 28:46–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger J et al (1990) Breathing during sleep in normal middle-aged subjects. Sleep 13(2):143–154

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubin L et al (1992) Behavior of VRG neurons during the atonia of REM sleep induced by pontine carbachol in decerebrate cats. Brain Res 592(1–2):91–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubin L (2016) Neural control of the upper airway: respiratory and state-dependent mechanisms. Comp Physiol 6(4):1801–1850

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lechan RM und Toni R (2016) Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary. Endotext, South Dartmouth

    Google Scholar 

  • Leirão et al (2018) Hypercapnia-induced active expiration increases in sleep and enhances ventilation in unanaesthetized rats. J Physiol 596(15):3271–3283

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leu-Semenescu S et al (2011) Hallucinations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy: contrasts with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep Med 12(5):497–504

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer et al (2013) Physiologische Grundlagen des normalen und gestörten Schlafs. In: Maurer S, Weeß S (Hrsg) Praxis der Schlafmedizin. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Mihalcescu I et al (2004) Resilient circadian oscillator revealed in individual cyanobacteria. Nature 430(6995):81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morairty SR et al (2013) A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci 110(50):20272–20277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira TS et al (2016) Respiratory and autonomic dysfunction in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. J Neurophysiol 116(2):742–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Netick A, Foutz AS (1980) Respiratory activity and sleep-wakefulness in the deafferented paralyzed cat. Sleep 3(1):1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunn CL et al (2016) Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. Evol, Med, Pub Health 1:227–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O´Callaghan C et al (2016) Adult-onset Pompe’s disease presenting with insidious hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respirol case R 4(5):e00178

    Google Scholar 

  • Orem JM (1985) Augmenting expiratory neuronal activity in sleep and wakefulness and in relation to duration of expiration. J Appl Physiol 85(4):1260–1266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orem JM (1995) Central respiratory activity in rapid eye movement sleep: augmenting and late inspiratory cells (corrected). Sleep 17(8):665–673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orem JM, Kubin L (2005) Respiratory physiology: central neural control. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (Hrsg) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4. Aufl. Elsevier, Philadelphia, S 213–223

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Orem JM et al (2005) Excitation of medullary respiratory neurons in REM sleep. Sleep 28(7):801–807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oruc O et al (2016) Is polysomnographic examination necessary for subjects with diaphragm pathologies? Clinics 71(9):506–510

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qui MH et al (2016) Stimulation of the pontine parabrachial nucleus promotes wakefulness via extra-thalamic forebrain circuit nodes. Curr Biol 26(17):2301–2312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenwasser AM (2009) Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. Brain Res Rev 61(2):281–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rukhadze I, Fenik VB (2018) Neuroanatomical basis of state-dependent activity of upper airway muscles. Front Neurol 9:752

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Scammel TE et al (2017) Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 93(4):747–765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffmann PL et al (1983) Sleep deprivation decreases ventilatory response to CO2 but not load compensation. Chest 84(6):695–698

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel JM (2008) Do all animals sleep? 31(4), 208–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieck GE, Harper RM (1980) Pneumotaxic area neuronal discharge during sleep-waking states in the cat. Exp Neurol 67(1):79–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherin JE et al (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271(5246):216–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siclari F et al (2017) The neural correlates of dreaming. Nat Neurosci 20(6):872

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith HR et al (2017) Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Mediate CO2-Induced Arousal from Sleep. J Neurosci 38(8):1915–1925

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souza GMPR et al (2018) Breathing regulation and blood gas homeostasis after near complete lesions of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in adult rats. J Physiol 596(13):2521–2545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sowho M et al (2014) Sleep and respiratory physiology in adults. Clin Chest Med 35(3):469–481

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spengler CM et al (2000) An endogenous circadian rhythm of respiratory control in humans. J Physiol 526(3):683–694

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stradling JR et al (1985) Changes in ventilation and its components in normal subjects during sleep. Thorax 40(5):364–370

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sunnetcioglu A et al (2016) Obstructive sleep apnea related to rapid-eye-movement or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep: comparison of demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic features. Jornal Bras Pneumologia 42(1):48–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnik E et al (1981) Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during sleep in normal adolescents. J Appl Physiol 51(3):557–564

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toth LA, Bhargava P (2013) Animal models of sleep disorders. Comp Med 63(2):91–104

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vetrivelan R et al (2016) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons specifically promote rapid eye movement sleep in mice. Neuroscience 336:102–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Lunteren E, Strohl KP (1986) The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med 7(2):171

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White DP et al (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128(6):984–986

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wijnen H, Young MW (2006) Interplay of circadianclocks and metabolic rhythms. Ann Rev Genet 40:409–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu M et al (2015) Basal forebrain circuit for sleep-wake control. Nat Neurosci 18(11):1641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yang SR et al (2018) The rostromedial tegmental nucleus is essential for non-rapid eye movement sleep. PLoS Biol 16(4):e2002909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoba M et al (2016) Parasternal intercostal and diaphragm function during sleep. J Appl Physiol 121(1):59–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski MR et al (2016) Functions and Mechanisms of Sleep. AIMS Neurosci 3(1):67

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Neurologische Intensivmedizin und Frührehabilitation und Interdisziplinäres Palliativzentrum, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland

    Martin Groß

  2. Universitätsklinik für Neurologie, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland

    Bahareh Vedadinezhad

  3. Klinik für Neurologische Intensivmedizin und Frührehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Deutschland

    Nahid Hassanpour

Authors
  1. Martin Groß
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bahareh Vedadinezhad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nahid Hassanpour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Klinik für Neurologische Intensivmedizin und Frührehabilitation, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

    Martin Groß

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Groß, M., Vedadinezhad, B., Hassanpour, N. (2020). Atemregulation. In: Groß, M. (eds) Neurologische Beatmungsmedizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59014-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59014-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-59013-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-59014-0

  • eBook Packages: Medicine (German Language)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation