Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Types of Scoring Instruments Available

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Basic Methods Handbook for Clinical Orthopaedic Research

  • 2342 Accesses

Abstract

A myriad of scoring instruments exist for use in clinical research. Choosing the appropriate scoring instrument for a study is difficult and requires at least a basic understanding of the instruments available and the pros and cons of each. However, no single scoring instrument is capable of capturing all of the information from a well-designed study, and, thus, the instruments described in this chapter are regularly used in combination. New scoring instruments are constantly being developed. This chapter is meant to serve as an overview of the different types of scoring instruments that currently exist, with special attention devoted to reviewing the patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that have been recommended by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abrams GD, Harris JD, Gupta AK, et al. Functional performance testing after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Orthop J Sports Med. 2014;2(1):2325967113518305. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967113518305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Angst F, Schwyzer H-K, Aeschlimann A, Simmen BR, Goldhahn J. Measures of adult shoulder function: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire (DASH) and its short version (QuickDASH), Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Society Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, Constant (Murley) Score (CS), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), Shoulder Disability Questionnaire (SDQ), and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(S11):S174–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bartlett JW, Frost C. Reliability, repeatability and reproducibility: analysis of measurement errors in continuous variables. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008;31(4):466–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.5256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuickDASH: comparison of three item-reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(5):1038–46. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.D.02060.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bekkers JEJ, de Windt TS, Raijmakers NJH, Dhert WJA, Saris DBF. Validation of the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) for the treatment of focal cartilage lesions. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2009;17(11):1434–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Berlowitz DR, Foy CG, Kazis LE, et al. Effect of intensive blood-pressure treatment on patient-reported outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(8):733–44. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1611179.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Bhatt A. Evolution of clinical research: a history before and beyond James Lind. Perspect Clin Res. 2010;1(1):6–10.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Boyer P, Djian P, Christel P, Paoletti X, Degeorges R. [Reliability of the KT-1000 arthrometer (Medmetric) for measuring anterior knee laxity: comparison with Telos in 147 knees]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2004;90(8):757–64.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Brand RA. Ernest Amory Codman, MD, 1869–1940. Clin Orthop. 2009;467(11):2763–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-009-1047-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Briggs KK, Steadman JR, Hay CJ, Hines SL. Lysholm score and Tegner activity level in individuals with normal knees. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(5):898–901. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508330149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Browne JP, Cano SJ, Smith S. Using patient-reported outcome measures to improve health care: time for a new approach. Med Care. 2017;55(10):901. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0000000000000792.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Carcia CR, Martin RL, Drouin JM. Validity of the foot and ankle ability measure in athletes with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2008;43(2):179–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Codman EA. The classic: the registry of bone sarcomas as an example of the end-result idea in hospital organization. Clin Orthop. 2009;467(11):2766–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-009-1048-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Collier R. Legumes, lemons and streptomycin: a short history of the clinical trial. Can Med Assoc J. 2009;180(1):23–4. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Collins NJ, Prinsen CA, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Terwee CB, Roos EM. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): systematic review and meta-analysis of measurement properties. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2016;24(8):1317–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Davis JC, Bryan S. Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) have arrived in sports and exercise medicine: why do they matter? Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(24):1545–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-093707.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dawson J, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A. Questionnaire on the perceptions of patients about shoulder surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78(4):593–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dawson J, Rogers K, Fitzpatrick R, Carr A. The Oxford shoulder score revisited. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(1):119–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-007-0549-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Devlin NJ, Brooks R. EQ-5D and the EuroQol group: past, present and future. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2017;15(2):127–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-017-0310-5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Eechaute C, Vaes P, Van Aerschot L, Asman S, Duquet W. The clinimetric qualities of patient-assessed instruments for measuring chronic ankle instability: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-8-6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Emerson Kavchak AJ, Cook C, Hegedus EJ, Wright AA. Identification of cut-points in commonly used hip osteoarthritis-related outcome measures that define the patient acceptable symptom state (PASS). Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(11):2773–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-013-2813-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Engelhart L, Nelson L, Lewis S, et al. Validation of the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score subscales for patients with articular cartilage lesions of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(10):2264–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512457646.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fairbank JC, Couper J, Davies JB, O’Brien JP. The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire. Physiotherapy. 1980;66(8):271–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Frobell RB, Roos EM, Roos HP, Ranstam J, Lohmander LS. A randomized trial of treatment for acute anterior cruciate ligament tears. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(4):331–42. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Garratt A, Schmidt L, Mackintosh A, Fitzpatrick R. Quality of life measurement: bibliographic study of patient assessed health outcome measures. BMJ. 2002;324(7351):1417.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Greco NJ, Anderson AF, Mann BJ, et al. Responsiveness of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form in comparison to the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, modified Cincinnati Knee Rating System, and Short Form 36 in patients with focal articular cartilage defects. Am J Sports Med. 2010;38(5):891–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546509354163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hains F, Waalen J, Mior S. Psychometric properties of the neck disability index. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1998;21(2):75–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hale SA, Hertel J. Reliability and sensitivity of the foot and ankle disability index in subjects with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2005;40(1):35–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Hays RD, Bjorner JB, Revicki DA, Spritzer KL, Cella D. Development of physical and mental health summary scores from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) global items. Qual Life Res. 2009;18(7):873–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9496-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Higgins LD, Taylor MK, Park D, et al. Reliability and validity of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(6):594–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.01.036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Hu Y, Lv G, Ren S, Johansen D. Mid- to long-term outcomes of cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for treatment of symptomatic cervical disc disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight prospective randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996;29(6):602–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199606)29:6<602::AID-AJIM4>3.0.CO;2-L.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ingelsrud LH, Granan L-P, Terwee CB, Engebretsen L, Roos EM. Proportion of patients reporting acceptable symptoms or treatment failure and their associated KOOS values at 6 to 24 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a study from the Norwegian Knee Ligament Registry. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(8):1902–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515584041.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(5):600–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290051301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, et al. Responsiveness of the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(10):1567–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506288855.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Johnson DS, Smith RB. Outcome measurement in the ACL deficient knee—what’s the score? Knee. 2001;8(1):51–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Jones D, Kazis L, Lee A, et al. Health status assessments using the veterans SF-12 and SF-36: methods for evaluating otucomes in the Veterans Health Administration. J Ambul Care Manage. 2001;24(3):68–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Kazis LE, Ren XS, Lee A, et al. Health status in VA patients: results from the Veterans Health Study. Am J Med Qual. 1999;14(1):28–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/106286069901400105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kirkley A, Griffin S, Dainty K. Scoring systems for the functional assessment of the shoulder. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(10):1109–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2003.10.030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kirkley A, Griffin S, McLintock H, Ng L. The development and evaluation of a disease-specific quality of life measurement tool for shoulder instability. The Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI). Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(6):764–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260060501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Klässbo M, Larsson E, Mannevik E. Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score. An extension of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Scand J Rheumatol. 2003;32(1):46–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kohn MD, Sassoon AA, Fernando ND. Classifications in brief: Kellgren-Lawrence classification of osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop. 2016;474(8):1886–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Kvien TK, Heiberg T, Hagen KB. Minimal clinically important improvement/difference (MCII/MCID) and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS): what do these concepts mean? Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(Suppl 3):iii40–1. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.079798.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Laucis NC, Hays RD, Bhattacharyya T. Scoring the SF-36 in orthopaedics: a brief guide. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(19):1628–34. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.O.00030.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Lyman S, Lee Y-Y, Franklin PD, Li W, Cross MB, Padgett DE. Validation of the KOOS, JR: a short-form knee arthroplasty outcomes survey. Clin Orthop. 2016;474(6):1461–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4719-1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Lyman S, Lee Y-Y, Franklin PD, Li W, Mayman DJ, Padgett DE. Validation of the HOOS, JR: a short-form hip replacement survey. Clin Orthop. 2016;474(6):1472–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-016-4718-2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Martin RL, Irrgang JJ. A survey of self-reported outcome instruments for the foot and ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007;37(2):72–84. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2403.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Martin RL, Irrgang JJ, Burdett RG, Conti SF, Van Swearingen JM. Evidence of validity for the foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM). Foot Ankle Int. 2005;26(11):968–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Marx RG, Stump TJ, Jones EC, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Development and evaluation of an activity rating scale for disorders of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(2):213–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Michener LA, McClure PW, Sennett BJ. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form, patient self-report section: reliability, validity, and responsiveness. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2002;11(6):587–94. https://doi.org/10.1067/mse.2002.127096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Muller B, Yabroudi MA, Lynch A, et al. Defining thresholds for the patient acceptable symptom state for the IKDC Subjective Knee Form and KOOS for patients who underwent ACL reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(11):2820–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516652888.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Nilsdotter AK, Lohmander LS, Klässbo M, Roos EM. Hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS)—validity and responsiveness in total hip replacement. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2003;4:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-4-10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Nilsson-Helander K, Thomeé R, Silbernagel KG, et al. The Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS): development and validation. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(3):421–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506294856.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Oak SR, Strnad GJ, Bena J, et al. Responsiveness comparison of the EQ-5D, PROMIS Global Health, and VR-12 questionnaires in knee arthroscopy. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(12):2325967116674714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116674714.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Peterfy CG, Guermazi A, Zaim S, et al. Whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging score (WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartil. 2004;12(3):177–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2003.11.003.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Pietrosimone B, Luc BA, Duncan A, Saliba SA, Hart JM, Ingersoll CD. Association between the single assessment numeric evaluation and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. J Athl Train. 2017;52(6):526–33. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.5.07.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Provencher MT, Frank RM, Macian D, et al. An analysis of shoulder outcomes scores in 275 consecutive patients: disease-specific correlation across multiple shoulder conditions. Mil Med. 2012;177(8):975–82. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-11-00234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Radcliff K, Davis RJ, Hisey MS, et al. Long-term evaluation of cervical disc arthroplasty with the Mobi-C© cervical disc: a randomized, prospective, multicenter clinical trial with seven-year follow-up. Int J Spine Surg. 2017;11:31. https://doi.org/10.14444/4031.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Richards RR, An KN, Bigliani LU, et al. A standardized method for the assessment of shoulder function. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 1994;3(6):347–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80019-0.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Roos EM, Brandsson S, Karlsson J. Validation of the foot and ankle outcome score for ankle ligament reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22(10):788–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110070102201004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Roos EM, Roos HP, Lohmander LS, Ekdahl C, Beynnon BD. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)—development of a self-administered outcome measure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998;28(2):88–96. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.28.2.88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Samuelsen BT, Webster KE, Johnson NR, Hewett TE, Krych AJ. Hamstring autograft versus patellar tendon autograft for ACL reconstruction: is there a difference in graft failure rate? A meta-analysis of 47,613 patients. Clin Orthop. 2017;475(10):2459–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5278-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Schalet BD, Rothrock NE, Hays RD, et al. Linking physical and mental health summary scores from the veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12) to the PROMIS® Global Health Scale. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(10):1524–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-015-3453-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Schmidt S, Franke J, Rauschmann M, Adelt D, Bonsanto MM, Sola S. Prospective, randomized, multicenter study with 2-year follow-up to compare the performance of decompression with and without interlaminar stabilization. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;28:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.11.SPINE17643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Shelbourne KD, Barnes AF, Gray T. Correlation of a single assessment numeric evaluation (SANE) rating with modified Cincinnati knee rating system and IKDC subjective total scores for patients after ACL reconstruction or knee arthroscopy. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(11):2487–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546512458576.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Smith MV, Calfee RP, Baumgarten KM, Brophy RH, Wright RW. Upper extremity-specific measures of disability and outcomes in orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94(3):277–85. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.01744.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Spindler KP, Huston LJ. O’Donoghue Sports Injury Award 10 year outcomes and risk factors after ACL reconstruction: a multicenter cohort study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(7 Suppl 6):2325967117S00247. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117S00247.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Spindler KP, Kuhn JE, Freedman KB, Matthews CE, Dittus RS, Harrell FE. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction autograft choice: bone-tendon-bone versus hamstring: does it really matter? A systematic review. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(8):1986–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Sur RL, Dahm P. History of evidence-based medicine. Indian J Urol. 2011;27(4):487–9. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.91438.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Svensson M, Sernert N, Ejerhed L, Karlsson J, Kartus JT. A prospective comparison of bone-patellar tendon-bone and hamstring grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in female patients. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14(3):278–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-005-0708-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Tarlov AR, Ware JE, Greenfield S, Nelson EC, Perrin E, Zubkoff M. The Medical Outcomes Study. An application of methods for monitoring the results of medical care. JAMA. 1989;262(7):925–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tegner Y, Lysholm J. Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop. 1985;198:43–9.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409–15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Williams GN, Gangel TJ, Arciero RA, Uhorchak JM, Taylor DC. Comparison of the single assessment numeric evaluation method and two shoulder rating scales. Outcomes measures after shoulder surgery. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27(2):214–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465990270021701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Williams GN, Taylor DC, Gangel TJ, Uhorchak JM, Arciero RA. Comparison of the single assessment numeric evaluation method and the Lysholm score. Clin Orthop. 2000;373:184–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Wright AA, Hensley CP, Gilbertson J, Leland JM III, Jackson S. Defining patient acceptable symptom state thresholds for commonly used patient reported outcomes measures in general orthopedic practice. Man Ther. 2015;20(6):814–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.03.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Wright RW, Baumgarten KM. Shoulder outcomes measures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2010;18(7):436–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Wright RW, Ross JR, Haas AK, et al. Osteoarthritis classification scales: interobserver reliability and arthroscopic correlation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(14):1145–51. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.00929.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Younis F, Sultan J, Dix S, Hughes PJ. The range of the Oxford Shoulder Score in the asymptomatic population: a marker for post-operative improvement. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011;93(8):629–33. https://doi.org/10.1308/003588411X13165261994193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Zaina F, Tomkins-Lane C, Carragee E, Negrini S. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(1):CD010264. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010264.pub2.

  81. Zimerman AL. Evidence-based medicine: a short history of a modern medical movement. Virtual Mentor. 2013;15(1):71. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.1.mhst1-1301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA

    José F. Vega

  2. Cleveland Clinic Sports Health Center, Garfield Heights, OH, USA

    Kurt P. Spindler

Authors
  1. José F. Vega
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kurt P. Spindler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kurt P. Spindler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UPMC Rooney Sports Complex, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Volker Musahl

  2. Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

    Jón Karlsson

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland (Bruderholz, Laufen und Liestal), Bruderholz, Switzerland

    Michael T. Hirschmann

  4. McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Olufemi R. Ayeni

  5. Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA

    Robert G. Marx

  6. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA

    Jason L. Koh

  7. Institute for Medical Science in Sports, Osaka Health Science University, Osaka, Japan

    Norimasa Nakamura

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 ISAKOS

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Vega, J.F., Spindler, K.P. (2019). Types of Scoring Instruments Available. In: Musahl, V., et al. Basic Methods Handbook for Clinical Orthopaedic Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58254-1_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58254-1_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-58253-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-58254-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation